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Rowett AC, Heard DM, Koria P, Dean AC, Sweeting SG, Lennox AJJ. 200 Years of The Haloform Reaction: Methods and Applications. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202403045. [PMID: 39345024 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202403045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Revised: 09/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Discovered in 1822, the haloform reaction is one of the oldest synthetic organic reactions. The haloform reaction enables the synthesis of carboxylic acids, esters or amides from methyl ketones. The reaction proceeds via exhaustive α-halogenation and then substitution by a nucleophile to liberate a haloform. The methyl group therefore behaves as a masked leaving group. The reaction methodology has undergone several important developments in the last 200 years, transitioning from a diagnostic test of methyl ketones to a synthetically useful tool for accessing complex esters and amides. The success of the general approach has been exhibited through the use of the reaction in the synthesis of many different complex molecules in fields ranging from natural product synthesis, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, fragrants and flavourings. The reaction has not been extensively reviewed since 1934. Therefore, herein we provide details of the history and mechanism of the haloform reaction, as well as an overview of the developments in the methodology and a survey of examples, particularly in natural product synthesis, in which the haloform reaction has been used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert C Rowett
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - David M Heard
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Priya Koria
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Alice C Dean
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen G Sweeting
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair J J Lennox
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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2
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Wang JY, Balakrishna A, Martínez C, Chen GE, Sioud S, de Lera AR, Al‐Babili S. The rice orobanchol synthase catalyzes the hydroxylation of the noncanonical strigolactone methyl 4-oxo-carlactonoate. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 244:2121-2126. [PMID: 39297385 PMCID: PMC11579440 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 11/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian You Wang
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert AgricultureKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Aparna Balakrishna
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert AgricultureKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Claudio Martínez
- Universidade de Vigo, CINBIO and Facultade de Química36310VigoSpain
| | - Guan‐Ting Erica Chen
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert AgricultureKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
- The Plant Science Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Sioud
- Analytical Chemistry Core LabKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Angel R. de Lera
- Universidade de Vigo, CINBIO and Facultade de Química36310VigoSpain
| | - Salim Al‐Babili
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert AgricultureKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
- The Plant Science Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
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3
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Daignan-Fornier S, Keita A, Boyer FD. Chemistry of Strigolactones, Key Players in Plant Communication. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400133. [PMID: 38607659 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Today, the use of artificial pesticides is questionable and the adaptation to global warming is a necessity. The promotion of favorable natural interactions in the rhizosphere offers interesting perspectives for changing the type of agriculture. Strigolactones (SLs), the latest class of phytohormones to be discovered, are also chemical mediators in the rhizosphere. We present in this review the diversity of natural SLs, their analogs, mimics, and probes essential for the biological studies of this class of compounds. Their biosynthesis and access by organic synthesis are highlighted especially concerning noncanonical SLs, the more recently discovered natural SLs. Organic synthesis of analogs, stable isotope-labeled standards, mimics, and probes are also reviewed here. In the last part, the knowledge about the SL perception is described as well as the different inhibitors of SL receptors that have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Daignan-Fornier
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Antoinette Keita
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - François-Didier Boyer
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Rowett AC, Sweeting SG, Heard DM, Lennox AJJ. A Stoichiometric Haloform Coupling for Ester Synthesis with Secondary Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400570. [PMID: 38533790 PMCID: PMC11497235 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The haloform reaction from methyl ketones to carboxylic acids is one of the oldest known synthetic organic reactions, which has been used in myriad applications over the decades. The corresponding reaction to produce esters is, however, less developed, as the reaction is generally limited to simple, primary alcohols that are used in solvent-level quantities, thereby restricting the complexity of esters that can be directly formed. Herein, we detail the development of a general ester-forming haloform coupling reaction using one equivalent of alcohol. Mechanistic and kinetic modelling studies demonstrated that the key intermediates are formed under equilibrium, which facilitated the development of conditions that are amenable to secondary alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert C. Rowett
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | | | - David M. Heard
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
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Tabassum S, Zahoor AF, Ahmad S, Noreen R, Khan SG, Ahmad H. Cross-coupling reactions towards the synthesis of natural products. Mol Divers 2022; 26:647-689. [PMID: 33609222 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cross-coupling reactions are powerful synthetic tools for the formation of remarkable building blocks of many naturally occurring molecules, polymers and biologically active compounds. These reactions have brought potent transformations in chemical and pharmaceutical disciplines. In this review, we have focused on the use of cross-coupling reactions such as Suzuki, Negishi, Heck, Sonogashira and Stille in the total synthesis of some natural products of recent years (2016-2020). A short introduction of mentioned cross-coupling reactions along with highlighted aspects of natural products has been stated in separate sections. Additionally, few examples of natural products via incorporation of more than one type of cross-coupling reaction have also been added to demonstrate the importance of these reactions in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheera Tabassum
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Razia Noreen
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Samreen Gul Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hamad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
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Xu E, Chai L, Zhang S, Yu R, Zhang X, Xu C, Hu Y. Catabolism of strigolactones by a carboxylesterase. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1495-1504. [PMID: 34764442 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-01011-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid-derived plant hormones that control shoot branching and communications between host plants and symbiotic fungi or root parasitic plants. Extensive studies have identified the key components participating in SL biosynthesis and signalling, whereas the catabolism or deactivation of endogenous SLs in planta remains largely unknown. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis carboxylesterase 15 (AtCXE15) and its orthologues function as efficient hydrolases of SLs. We show that overexpression of AtCXE15 promotes shoot branching by dampening SL-inhibited axillary bud outgrowth. We further demonstrate that AtCXE15 could bind and efficiently hydrolyse SLs both in vitro and in planta. We also provide evidence that AtCXE15 is capable of catalysing hydrolysis of diverse SL analogues and that such CXE15-dependent catabolism of SLs is evolutionarily conserved in seed plants. These results disclose a catalytic mechanism underlying homoeostatic regulation of SLs in plants, which also provides a rational approach to spatial-temporally manipulate the endogenous SLs and thus architecture of crops and ornamental plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Chai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruixue Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Chongyi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing, China.
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7
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Takikawa H. Studies on Strigolactone Based on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2021. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.79.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirosato Takikawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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Wakabayashi T, Shinde H, Shiotani N, Yamamoto S, Mizutani M, Takikawa H, Sugimoto Y. Conversion of methyl carlactonoate to heliolactone in sunflower. Nat Prod Res 2020; 36:2215-2222. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1826477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Wakabayashi
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hikaru Shinde
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nanami Shiotani
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunya Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaharu Mizutani
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hirosato Takikawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Sugimoto
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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Bürger M, Chory J. The Many Models of Strigolactone Signaling. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:395-405. [PMID: 31948791 PMCID: PMC7184880 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are a class of plant hormones involved in several biological processes that are of great agricultural concern. While initiating plant-fungal symbiosis, SLs also trigger germination of parasitic plants that pose a major threat to farming. In vascular plants, SLs control shoot branching, which is linked to crop yield. SL research has been a fascinating field that has produced a variety of different signaling models, reflecting a complex picture of hormone perception. Here, we review recent developments in the SL field and the crystal structures that gave rise to various models of receptor activation. We also highlight the increasing number of discovered SL molecules, reflecting the existence of cross-kingdom SL communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bürger
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Joanne Chory
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Yamamoto S, Atarashi T, Kuse M, Sugimoto Y, Takikawa H. Concise synthesis of heliolactone, a non-canonical strigolactone isolated from sunflower. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:1113-1118. [PMID: 32116121 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1734444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Heliolactone is one of the earliest identified non-canonical strigolactones. Its concise synthesis was achieved by employing Knoevenagel-type condensation and semi-reduction of a malonate intermediate as the key steps. This synthesis was performed in a non-stereoselective manner, and thus a racemic and diastereomeric mixture of heliolactone was obtained. The developed synthetic route is fairly concise and straightforward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiki Atarashi
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masaki Kuse
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Sugimoto
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hirosato Takikawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Yoshimura M, Fonné‐Pfister R, Screpanti C, Hermann K, Rendine S, Dieckmann M, Quinodoz P, De Mesmaeker A. Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Heliolactone. Helv Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201900211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Yoshimura
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Raymonde Fonné‐Pfister
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Chemical Research Schaffhauserstrasse 101 CH-4332 Stein Switzerland
| | - Claudio Screpanti
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Chemical Research Schaffhauserstrasse 101 CH-4332 Stein Switzerland
| | - Katrin Hermann
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Chemical Research Schaffhauserstrasse 101 CH-4332 Stein Switzerland
| | - Stefano Rendine
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Chemical Research Schaffhauserstrasse 101 CH-4332 Stein Switzerland
| | - Michael Dieckmann
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Chemical Research Schaffhauserstrasse 101 CH-4332 Stein Switzerland
| | - Pierre Quinodoz
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Chemical Research Schaffhauserstrasse 101 CH-4332 Stein Switzerland
| | - Alain De Mesmaeker
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Chemical Research Schaffhauserstrasse 101 CH-4332 Stein Switzerland
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