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Inoue D, Ohashi K, Takasuka TE, Kakugo A. In Vitro Synthesis and Design of Kinesin Biomolecular Motors by Cell-Free Protein Synthesis. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:1624-1631. [PMID: 37219894 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin is a biomolecular motor that generates force and motility along microtubule cytoskeletons in cells. Owing to their ability to manipulate cellular nanoscale components, microtubule/kinesin systems show great promise as actuators of nanodevices. However, classical in vivo protein production has some limitations for the design and production of kinesins. Designing and producing kinesins is laborious, and conventional protein production requires specific facilities to create and contain recombinant organisms. Here, we demonstrated the in vitro synthesis and editing of functional kinesins using a wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system. The synthesized kinesins propelled microtubules on a kinesin-coated substrate and showed a higher binding affinity with microtubules than E. coli-produced kinesins. We also successfully incorporated affinity tags into the kinesins by extending the original sequence of the DNA template by PCR. Our method will accelerate the study of biomolecular motor systems and encourage their wider use in various nanotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Inoue
- Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Room 605, Building 3, Shiobaru 4-9-1, Minami-Ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ohashi
- Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Taichi E Takasuka
- Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Akira Kakugo
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Nasrin SR, Kabir AMR, Kakugo A. Cargo Transport by Microtubule-Associated Motor Protein Along Mechanically Deformed Microtubules. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2430:291-302. [PMID: 35476340 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1983-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces play pivotal roles in regulating various cellular functions. Biomolecular motor protein-driven intracellular transportation is one example which is affected by mechanical forces, although the mechanism at molecular level is unknown. In this chapter, we describe deformation of microtubules under compressive stress and we show that such deformation of microtubules affects the kinetics of dynein-driven cargo transportation along the microtubules. The extent of alteration in the kinetics of dynein-driven transportation is found strongly dependent on the extent of deformation of microtubules under compressive stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Akira Kakugo
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Nasrin SR, Afroze F, Kabir AMR, Kakugo A. Mechanical Deformation of Microtubules on a Two-Dimensional Elastic Medium. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2430:303-314. [PMID: 35476341 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1983-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule, the most rigid filamentous protein in cytoskeleton, plays significant roles in cellular mechano-transduction and mechano-regulation of cellular functions. In cells, the mechanical stress serves as a prevalent stimulus to frequently cause deformation of the microtubules participating in various cellular events. While the experimental and simulation-based approaches have confirmed the role of mechanical stress to tune mechanical properties of microtubule. Yet, the effect of mechanical force on the structural stability and the mechanism of microtubule deformation have remained obscure. Here, we describe the mechanical stress-induced deformation of microtubules using a custom-made mechanical device. We designed the device in a way which allows the microtubules to undergo deformation as response to the applied stress while attached on a two-dimensional elastic substrate through interaction with microtubule-associated motor protein, kinesin. We provide here the method to cause controlled bucking or fragmentation of microtubules by applying compressive or tensile stress on the microtubules, respectively. Such study is crucial to understand the mechanism of deformation in microtubules in cellular environment and their consequences in physiological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farhana Afroze
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Akira Kakugo
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Nasrin SR, Ganser C, Nishikawa S, Kabir AMR, Sada K, Yamashita T, Ikeguchi M, Uchihashi T, Hess H, Kakugo A. Deformation of microtubules regulates translocation dynamics of kinesin. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf2211. [PMID: 34644102 PMCID: PMC10763888 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules, the most rigid components of the cytoskeleton, can be key transduction elements between external forces and the cellular environment. Mechanical forces induce microtubule deformation, which is presumed to be critical for the mechanoregulation of cellular events. However, concrete evidence is lacking. In this work, with high-speed atomic force microscopy, we unravel how microtubule deformation regulates the translocation of the microtubule-associated motor protein kinesin-1, responsible for intracellular transport. Our results show that the microtubule deformation by bending impedes the translocation dynamics of kinesins along them. Molecular dynamics simulation shows that the hindered translocation of kinesins can be attributed to an enhanced affinity of kinesins to the microtubule structural units in microtubules deformed by bending. This study advances our understanding of the role of cytoskeletal components in mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Ganser
- Department of Creative Research, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Seiji Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | | | - Kazuki Sada
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takefumi Yamashita
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Ikeguchi
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takayuki Uchihashi
- Department of Creative Research, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Henry Hess
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Akira Kakugo
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
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