1
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Li M, Zhao S, Wei F, Shen Y, Ma ZF. Electrostatic Self-Assembly to Construct MXene@PS@CF x Electrode for High Power Density Lithium Primary Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2025; 21:e2412387. [PMID: 40018869 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202412387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2025] [Indexed: 03/01/2025]
Abstract
The low power density has emerged as a pivotal challenge impeding the broader application of fluorinated carbon (CFx). Herein, a strategy for the fabrication of MXene@PS@CFx electrodes is proposed through electrostatic self-assembly. The method leverages polystyrene (PS) microspheres as a sacrificial template to introduce MXene onto the CFx surface via electrostatic interactions. The surface ─OH groups of MXene are harnessed to modulate and weaken the C─F bonds, ultimately yielding an electrode enrich with C─F semi-ionic bonds and sp2 C═C bonds. Atomic force microscope (AFM) visualization techniques monitor the cathode interface under various states of charge (SOC), revealing the reaction kinetics mechanisms of the cathode in CFx cells. The modified material demonstrates a lower height distribution and moderate roughness which facilitates the availability of additional reaction sites and effectively mitigates volume expansion. Consequently, the MXene@PS@CFx electrode demonstrates superior rate performance, achieving a remarkable energy density of 852 Wh kg⁻¹ at a high-power density of 10692 W kg⁻¹. These exceptional electrochemical properties underscore the efficacy of the modification strategy, offering meaningful insights to enhance the power density in primary lithium cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Li
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Department of Chemical Power Source and Technology, Shaanxi Applied Physics Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Shuzhi Zhao
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Fei Wei
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yixing Shen
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zi-Feng Ma
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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2
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Liu B, Zhao L, Liu Y, Chen H, Li H, Yang M, Qiu J. Triazine-containing Covalent Organic Polymer-derived Grid-Like Multilocular Spheres for Aqueous Supercapacitors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025; 37:e2419124. [PMID: 39945025 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202419124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/03/2025]
Abstract
Triazine-containing covalent organic polymers (TCOPs) with unique structures and physicochemical properties are of great potential in energy storage and conversion applications, yet how to finely tune the morphology, and the accessible active sites, and to enhance capacitive activity remains a challenge. Here, the grid-like multilocular spheres derived from TCOP with abundant redox active sites and unique structures are fabricated via a molecular twist-induced regulation strategy, of which the number and size of cavities can be finely modulated by changing the conformers of the twisted unit and the Ostwald ripening time. The unique structure of the as-fabricated TCOP results in unprecedented high specific capacitance (8412 F g-1 at 1 A g-1) and enables the as-assembled supercapacitor with an ultra-high energy density of 675 Wh kg-1 in redox-active electrolyte (KI-mixed H2SO4), much better than all reported aqueous supercapacitors thus far. It is found that the high electro-activity is due to the synergistic effect of the enhanced accessibility of active sites and the enhanced interaction of the abundant active sites with the redox-active electrolytes. This approach may pave a new way to precise synthesis of COPs with tuned structure and properties for application-inspired cutting-edge electrochemical energy storage and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Liu
- College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, P. R. China
| | - Lipu Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, P. R. China
| | - Yijiang Liu
- College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, P. R. China
| | - Hongbiao Chen
- College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, P. R. China
| | - Huaming Li
- College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, P. R. China
| | - Mei Yang
- College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, P. R. China
| | - Jieshan Qiu
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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3
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Liu B, Ma J, Feng J, Lin T, Suo L. Bifunctional Fluorocarbon Electrode Additive Lowers the Salt Dependence of Aqueous Electrolytes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2413573. [PMID: 39460444 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202413573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2024] [Revised: 10/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024]
Abstract
The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) plays a crucial role in extending the life of aqueous batteries. The traditional anion-derived SEI formation in aqueous electrolytes highly depends on high-concentrated organic fluorinating salts, resulting in low forming efficiency and long-term consumption. In response, this study proposes a bifunctional fluorocarbon electrode additive (BFEA) that enables electrochemical pre-reduction instead of TFSI anion to form the LiF-rich SEI and in situ produce conductive graphite inside the anode before the lithiation. The BFEA lowers the salt dependence of aqueous electrolytes, enabling the inorganic LiCl electrolyte to work first, but also successfully achieves a high SEI formation efficiency in the relatively low 10 m LiTFSI without mass transfer concerns, suppressing the parasitic hydrogen evolution from 11.24 to 4.35 nmol min-1. Besides, BFEA strengthens the intrinsic superiority of Li storage reaction by lowering battery polarization resulting from the in situ production of graphite, promoting charge transfer of electrode kinetics. Compared with the control group, the demonstrated Ah-level pouch cell employing BFEA exhibits better cycle stability above 300 cycles with higher capacity retention of 78.2% and the lower decay of the round-trip efficiency (△RTE = 2%), benefiting for maintaining the high efficiency and reducing heat accumulation in large-scale electric energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghang Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jintao Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jingnan Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ting Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Liumin Suo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
- Yangtze River Delta Physics Research Center Co. Ltd, Liyang, 213300, China
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Zhang F, Gao M, Lan Y, Yang W, Lai C, Yue H, Zhao Y, Cai L, Yuan Z, Wang W. Operando Optical Imaging of Cathode Swelling Process Inside Lithium Primary Batteries: Comparative Studies between Different Structured CF x. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:64898-64906. [PMID: 39540886 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c15782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
As a crucial cathode material with ultrahigh theoretical capacity (865 mAh/g) and energy density (>2100 Wh/kg), fluorinated carbon (CFx) is promising for lithium primary batteries. However, the operating performance of CFx cathode is hindered by nonuniform volume expansion during discharging. To investigate this, we used operando confocal microscopy to visualize the thickness evolution of two different CFx cathodes and quantified their swelling ratios as a function of the discharge depth. Our findings show that CFx synthesized from hard carbon (FHC), featuring a disordered structure and abundant pores, exhibits a swelling ratio lower than that of conventional layered fluorinated graphite (FG). This is due to different electrochemical mechanisms: lithium enters FG interlayers nonuniformly through "edge propagation" pathways while lithiation occurs homogeneously in FHC, unraveled by single-particle Raman and photoluminescence measurement. This work enhances our understanding on CFx volume expansion, offering important opportunities to address the cathode swelling issue and optimize electrochemical performance in Li/CFx batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Meiting Gao
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingying Lan
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Wei Yang
- EVE Energy Co. Ltd., Huizhou 516006, China
| | | | - Hongjun Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Surface Physics, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lejuan Cai
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Zhongzhi Yuan
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- State Key Laboratory for Surface Physics, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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5
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Li D, Yu Y, Li C. Enable Rechargeable Carbon Fluoride Batteries with Unprecedented High Rate and Long Life by Oxygen Doping and Electrolyte Formulation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2408301. [PMID: 39375988 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202408301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
Here, a rechargeable carbon fluoride battery is demonstrated with unprecedented high rate and long life by oxygen doping and electrolyte formulation. The introductions of Mn2+-O catalyst and porous structure during the oxidation process of CFx cathode can promote the splitting of Li-F during charging. By further modulating the electrolyte with triphenylantimony chloride (TSbCl) as anion acceptor and CsF as product modulator, the more readily dissociable CsLiF2 product instead of LiF is preferentially formed, and the TSbCl-salt protection interface is constructed to confine Li-F based products and reduce fluoride loss at cathode side. These effects endow Li-CFx batteries with durable reversible conversion reaction (for at least 600 cycles), ultrahigh rate performance (e.g., 364 mAh g-1 at 20 A g-1) and low charging plateau voltage down to 3.2 V. The cathode exhibits the maximum power density of 38342 W kg-1 and energy density of 1012 Wh kg-1. Furthermore, this Li-CFx system demonstrates the promising prospects for applications in view of its low temperature operation (e.g., 280 mAh g-1 at -20 °C), low self-discharge ability, large-scale pouch cell fabrication and high cathode loading (5-6 mg cm-2), enabling it to move beyond previous role as primary battery and into new role as fast-charging rechargeable battery with high energy density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 585 He Shuo Road, Shanghai, 201899, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201899, China
| | - Yifan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 585 He Shuo Road, Shanghai, 201899, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201899, China
| | - Chilin Li
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 585 He Shuo Road, Shanghai, 201899, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201899, China
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6
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Lei H, Wei T, Tu J, Li S, Jiao S. Enhancing Electrochemical Performance of Aluminum-Ion Batteries with Fluorinated Graphene Cathode. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202400423. [PMID: 38687091 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
In pursuit of high-performance aluminum-ion batteries, the selection of a suitable positive electrode material assumes paramount importance, and fluorinated graphene (FG) nanostructures have emerged as an exceptional candidate. In the scope of this study, a flexible tantalum foil is coated with FG to serve as the positive electrode for aluminum-ion batteries. FG positive electrode demonstrates a remarkable discharge capacity of 109 mA h g-1 at a current density of 200 mA g-1, underscoring its tremendous potential for energy storage applications. Concurrently, the FG positive electrode exhibits a discharge capacity of 101 mA h g-1 while maintaining an impressive coulombic efficiency of 95 % over 300 cycles at a current density of 200 mA g-1, which benefiting from the significant structure of FG. The results of the in-situ Raman spectroscopy signified the presence of intercalation/de-intercalation processes of AlCl4 - behavior within the FG layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Lei
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tianwei Wei
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiguo Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, Beijing, PR China
| | - Suqin Li
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuqiang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, Beijing, PR China
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7
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Luo S, Gao M, Cai D, Zhu L, Lai C, Peng Y, Yue H, Xie H, Yuan Z. Boosting the Electrochemical Performance of Primary and Secondary Lithium Batteries with Mn-Doped All-Fluoride Cathodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:28719-28730. [PMID: 38801672 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal fluorides are potentially high specific energy cathode materials of next-generation lithium batteries, and strategies to address their low conductivity typically involve a large amount of carbon coating, which reduces the specific energy of the electrode. In this study, MnyFe1-yF3@CFx was generated by the all-fluoride strategy, converting most of the carbon in MnyFe1-yF3@C into electrochemical active CFx through a controllable NF3 gas phase fluorination method, while still retaining a tightly bound graphite layer to provide initial conductivity, which greatly improved the energy density of the composite. This synergistic effect of nonfluorinated residual carbon (∼11%) and Mn doping ensures the electrochemical kinetics of the composite. The loading mass of the active substance had been increased to 86%. The theoretical and actual discharge capacity of MnyFe1-yF3@CFx composite was up to 765 mAh g-1 (pure FeF3 is 712 mAh g-1) and 728 mAh g-1, respectively. The discharge capacity at the high-voltage (3.0 V) platform was more than three times higher than that of the non-Mn-doped composite (FeF3@CFx).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifei Luo
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Meiting Gao
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Danmin Cai
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Licai Zhu
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Caiting Lai
- EVE Energy Co., Ltd., Huizhou 516006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanqiu Peng
- EVE Energy Co., Ltd., Huizhou 516006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongjun Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Haijiao Xie
- Hangzhou Yanqu Information Technology Co. Ltd, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongzhi Yuan
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
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8
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Peng C, Zhang S, Kong L, Xu H, Li Y, Feng W. Fluorinated Carbon Nanohorns as Cathode Materials for Ultra-High Power Li/CFx Batteries. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301090. [PMID: 38009765 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated carbon (CFx) has ultrahigh theoretical energy density among cathode materials for lithium primary batteries. CFx, as an active material in the cathode, plays a decisive role in performance. However, the performance of commercialized fluorinated graphite (FG) does not meet this continuously increasing performance demand. One effective way to increase the overall performance is to manipulate carbon-fluorine (C─F) bonds. In this study, carbon nanohorns are first used as a carbon source and are fluorinated at relatively low temperatures to obtain a new type of CFx with semi-ionic C─F bonds. Carbon nanohorns with a high degree of fluorination achieved a specific capacity comparable to that of commercial FG. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that curvature structure regulated its C─F bond configuration, thermodynamic parameters, and ion diffusion pathway. The dominant semi-ionic C─F bonds guarantee good conductivity, which improves rate performance. Fluorinated carbon nanohorns delivered a power density of 92.5 kW kg-1 at 50 C and an energy density of 707.6 Wh kg-1 . This result demonstrates the effectiveness of tailored C─F bonds and that the carbon nanohorns shorten the Li+ diffusion path. This excellent performance indicates the importance of designing the carbon source and paves new possibilities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Peng
- Institute of advanced technology and equipment, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shixue Zhang
- Institute of advanced technology and equipment, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Lingchen Kong
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Hang Xu
- Institute of advanced technology and equipment, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yu Li
- Institute of advanced technology and equipment, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- Institute of advanced technology and equipment, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
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9
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Luo Z, Luo S, Yang M, Mao W, Dai C, Pan Y, Wu D, Pan J, Ouyang X. Revealing the Mechano-Electrochemical Coupling Behavior and Discharge Mechanism of Fluorinated Carbon Cathodes toward High-Power Lithium Primary Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305980. [PMID: 37800615 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Unclear reaction mechanisms and unsatisfactory power performance hinder the further development of advanced lithium/fluorinated carbon (Li/CFx ) batteries. Herein, the mechano-electrochemical coupling behavior of a CFx cathode is investigated by in situ monitoring strain/stress using digital image correlation (DIC) techniques, electrochemical methods, and theoretical equations. The DIC monitoring results present the distribution and dynamic evolution of the plane strain and indicate strong dependence toward the material structure and discharge rate. The average plane principal strain of fully discharged 2D fluorinated graphene nanosheets (FGNSs) at 0.5 C is 0.50%, which is only 38.5% that of conventional bulk-structure CFx . Furthermore, the superior structural stability of the FGNSs is demonstrated by the microstructure and component characterization before and after discharge. The plane stress evolution is calculated based on theoretical equations, and the contributions of electrochemical and mechanical factors are examined and discussed. Subsequently, a structure-dependent three-region discharge mechanism for CFx electrodes is proposed from a mechanical perspective. Additionally, the surface deformation of Li/FGNSs pouch cells formed during the discharge process is monitored using in situ DIC. This study reveals the discharge mechanism of Li/CFx batteries and facilitates the design of advanced CFx materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenya Luo
- College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
| | - Shun Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
| | - Mei Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
| | - Weiguo Mao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410076, China
| | - Cuiying Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410076, China
| | - Yong Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
| | - Dazhuan Wu
- College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Junan Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
| | - Xiaoping Ouyang
- College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
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10
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Luo Z, Ma J, Wang X, Chen D, Wu D, Pan J, Pan Y, Ouyang X. Surface Engineering of Fluorinated Graphene Nanosheets Enables Ultrafast Lithium/Sodium/Potassium Primary Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303444. [PMID: 37395554 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated carbon (CFx ) is considered as a promising cathode material for lithium/sodium/potassium primary batteries with superior theoretical energy density. However, achieving high energy and power densities simultaneously remains a considerable challenge due to the strong covalency of the C-F bond in the highly fluorinated CFx . Herein, an efficient surface engineering strategy combining surface defluorination and nitrogen doping enables fluorinated graphene nanosheets (DFG-N) to possess controllable conductive nanolayers and reasonably regulated C-F bonds. The DFG-N delivers an unprecedented dual performance for lithium primary batteries with a power density of 77456 W kg-1 and an energy density of 1067 Wh kg-1 at an ultrafast rate of 50 C, which is the highest level reported to date. The DFG-N also achieves a record power density of 15 256 and 17 881 W kg-1 at 10 C for sodium and potassium primary batteries, respectively. The characterization results and density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the excellent performance of DFG-N is attributed to surface engineering strategies that remarkably improve electronic and ionic conductivity without sacrificing the high fluorine content. This work provides a compelling strategy for developing advanced ultrafast primary batteries that combine ultrahigh energy density and power density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenya Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
- National-Provincial Laboratory of Special Function Thin Film Materials, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
- College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Jun Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
- National-Provincial Laboratory of Special Function Thin Film Materials, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
- National-Provincial Laboratory of Special Function Thin Film Materials, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
| | - Duanwei Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
- National-Provincial Laboratory of Special Function Thin Film Materials, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
| | - Dazhuan Wu
- College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Junan Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
- National-Provincial Laboratory of Special Function Thin Film Materials, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
| | - Yong Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
- National-Provincial Laboratory of Special Function Thin Film Materials, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
| | - Xiaoping Ouyang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
- National-Provincial Laboratory of Special Function Thin Film Materials, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
- College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
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11
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Chen P, Liu W, Wang H, Jiang Y, Niu X, Wang L. Semi-Ionic C-F bond enabling fluorinated carbons rechargeable as Li-ion batteries cathodes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 649:255-263. [PMID: 37348345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated carbon (CFx) cathodes possess the highest theoretical energy density among lithium primary batteries. However, achieving reversibility in CFx remains a significant challenge. This work employs a high-voltage sulfolane electrolyte and achieves a highly reversible CFx cathodes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) via fine modification of the C-F bond character. The improved reversibility of CFx originates from the semi-ionic CFx phase, with a superior bond length and weaker bond energy than a covalent bond. This characteristic significantly mitigates the challenges encountered during the charging process. We screen and identify the fluorinated graphene CF1.12 as a suitable cathode, providing an appropriate fluorine content and sufficient semi-ionic C-F bonds for rechargeable LIBs. This fluorinated graphene CF1.12 exhibits an initial discharge specific capacity of 814 mAh g-1 and a reversible discharge specific capacity of 350 mAh g-1. This work provides a new clue for chemical bond regulation studies and provides insights into stimulating reversibility of primary-cell cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Chen
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yao Jiang
- 21C Innovation Laboratory, Contemporary Amperex Technology Ltd. (21C LAB), Ningde 352100, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaobin Niu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
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12
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Chen L, Li Y, Liu C, Guo F, Wu X, Zhou P, Fang Z, Zhou J. Fluorinated saccharide-derived hard carbon as a cathode material of lithium primary batteries: effect of the polymerization degree of the starting saccharide. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14797-14807. [PMID: 37197186 PMCID: PMC10184521 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01695a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorinated hard carbon materials have been considered to be a good candidate of cathode materials of Li/CFx batteries. However, the effect of the precursor structure of the hard carbon on the structure and electrochemical performance of fluorinated carbon cathode materials has yet to be fully studied. In this paper, a series of fluorinated hard carbon (FHC) materials are prepared by gas phase fluorination using saccharides with different degrees of polymerization as a carbon source, and their structure and electrochemical properties are studied. The experimental results show that the specific surface area, pore structure, and defect degree of hard carbon (HC) are enhanced as the polymerization degree (i.e. molecular weight) of the starting saccharide increases. At the same time, the F/C ratio increases after fluorination at the same temperature, and the contents of electrochemically inactive -CF2 and -CF3 groups also become higher. At the fluorination temperature of 500 °C, the obtained fluorinated glucose pyrolytic carbon shows good electrochemical properties, with a specific capacity of 876 mA h g-1, an energy density of 1872 W kg-1, and a power density of 3740 W kg-1. This study provides valuable insights and references for selecting suitable hard carbon precursors to develop high-performance fluorinated carbon cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 China
| | - Yanyan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 China
- Shandong Zhongshan Photoelectric Materials Co., Ltd. Zibo 255138 China
| | - Feifei Guo
- Shandong Zhongshan Photoelectric Materials Co., Ltd. Zibo 255138 China
| | - Xiaozhong Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 China
| | - Pengfei Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 China
| | - Zhiwen Fang
- Shandong Zhongshan Photoelectric Materials Co., Ltd. Zibo 255138 China
| | - Jin Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 China
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13
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Dubey P. A comprehensive overview of MXene‐based anode materials for univalent metal ions (Li
+
, Na
+
, and K
+
) and bivalent zinc ion capacitor application. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Dubey
- Centre of Material Sciences Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies (IIDS) University of Allahabad Prayagraj 211002 Uttar Pradesh India
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14
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Li L, Wu R, Ma H, Cheng B, Rao S, Lin S, Xu C, Li L, Ding Y, Mai L. Toward the High-Performance Lithium Primary Batteries by Chemically Modified Fluorinate Carbon with δ-MnO 2. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2300762. [PMID: 36950757 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Li/CFx battery is one of the most promising lithium primary batteries (LPBs) which yields the highest energy density but with poor rate capability. This Achilles'' heel hinders the large-scale applications of Li/CFx batteries. This work first reports a facile chemical modification method of CFx with δ-MnO2 . Having benefited from the chemical bonding, the electrochemical performance at high-rate discharge is remarkably enhanced without compromising the specific capacity. The coin cells exhibit an energy density of 1.94 × 103 Wh kg-1 at 0.2 C, which is approaching the theoretical energy density of commercial fluorinated graphite (2.07 × 103 Wh kg-1 ). A power density of 5.49 × 104 W kg-1 at 40 C associated with an energy density of 4.39 × 102 Wh kg-1 , which is among the highest value of Li/CFx batteries, are obtained. Besides, the punch batteries achieve an ultrahigh power density of 4.39 × 104 W kg-1 with an energy density of 7.60 × 102 Wh kg-1 at 30 C. The intrinsic reasons for this outstanding electrochemical performance, which are known as the fast Li+ diffusion kinetics guided by thin δ-MnO2 flakes and the low formation energy barrier caused by chemical bonding, are explored by the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) and theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Ruizhe Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Hancheng Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Bingbing Cheng
- Wuhan Institute of Marine Electric Propulsion, Wuhan, 430064, P. R. China
| | - Shaoqing Rao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Chunbo Xu
- Wuhan Institute of Marine Electric Propulsion, Wuhan, 430064, P. R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Wuhan Institute of Marine Electric Propulsion, Wuhan, 430064, P. R. China
| | - Yao Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Liqiang Mai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
- Hainan Institute, Wuhan University of Technology, Sanya, 572000, P. R. China
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15
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Lenus S, Thakur P, Samantaray SS, Narayanan TN, Dai Z. Two-Dimensional Iron Phosphorus Trisulfide as a High-Capacity Cathode for Lithium Primary Battery. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020537. [PMID: 36677596 PMCID: PMC9865732 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metal phosphorus trichalcogenide (MPX3) materials have aroused substantial curiosity in the evolution of electrochemical storage devices due to their environment-friendliness and advantageous X-P synergic effects. The interesting intercalation properties generated due to the presence of wide van der Waals gaps along with high theoretical specific capacity pose MPX3 as a potential host electrode in lithium batteries. Herein, we synthesized two-dimensional iron thio-phosphate (FePS3) nanoflakes via a salt-template synthesis method, using low-temperature time synthesis conditions in single step. The electrochemical application of FePS3 has been explored through the construction of a high-capacity lithium primary battery (LPB) coin cell with FePS3 nanoflakes as the cathode. The galvanostatic discharge studies on the assembled LPB exhibit a high specific capacity of ~1791 mAh g-1 and high energy density of ~2500 Wh Kg-1 along with a power density of ~5226 W Kg-1, some of the highest reported values, indicating FePS3's potential in low-cost primary batteries. A mechanistic insight into the observed three-staged discharge mechanism of the FePS3-based primary cell resulting in the high capacity is provided, and the findings are supported via post-mortem analyses at the electrode scale, using both electrochemical- as well as photoelectron spectroscopy-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syama Lenus
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Pallavi Thakur
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | | | | | - Zhengfei Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Correspondence: (T.N.N.); (Z.D.)
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16
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Worsley EA, Margadonna S, Bertoncello P. Application of Graphene Nanoplatelets in Supercapacitor Devices: A Review of Recent Developments. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3600. [PMID: 36296790 PMCID: PMC9609597 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As worldwide energy consumption continues to increase, so too does the demand for improved energy storage technologies. Supercapacitors are energy storage devices that are receiving considerable interest due to their appealing features such as high power densities and much longer cycle lives than batteries. As such, supercapacitors fill the gaps between conventional capacitors and batteries, which are characterised by high power density and high energy density, respectively. Carbon nanomaterials, such as graphene nanoplatelets, are being widely explored as supercapacitor electrode materials due to their high surface area, low toxicity, and ability to tune properties for the desired application. In this review, we first briefly introduce the theoretical background and basic working principles of supercapacitors and then discuss the effects of electrode material selection and structure of carbon nanomaterials on the performances of supercapacitors. Finally, we highlight the recent advances of graphene nanoplatelets and how chemical functionalisation can affect and improve their supercapacitor performance.
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17
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Yin S, Chen Y, Li C, Qiu X, Zhang Y, Li Y. Er3+-doped ZnAl-LDH with near-infrared emissions used for the delivery and release of 5-fluorouracil in vitro. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-022-02513-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Liu Y, Su MY, Gu ZY, Zhang KY, Wang XT, Du M, Guo JZ, Wu XL. Advanced Lithium Primary Batteries: Key Materials, Research Progresses and Challenges. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200081. [PMID: 35585030 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, with the vigorous development and gradual deployment of new energy vehicles, more attention has been paid to the research on lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Compared with the booming LIBs, lithium primary batteries (LPBs) own superiority in specific energy and self-discharge rate and are usually applied in special fields such as medical implantation, aerospace, and military. Widespread application in special fields also means more stringent requirements for LPBs in terms of energy density, working temperature range and shelf life. Therefore, how to obtain LPBs with high energy density, wide operational temperature range and long storage life is of great importance in future development. In view of the above, this paper reviews the latest research on LPBs in cathode, anode and electrolyte over the years, and puts forward relevant insights for LPBs, along with the intention to explore avenues for the design of LPBs components in the coming decades and promote further development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Yuan Su
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Yi Gu
- MOE Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Yang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Tong Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P.R. China
| | - Miao Du
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Zhi Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Long Wu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P.R. China.,MOE Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, P.R. China
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19
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20
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A drug delivery system with red fluorescence for the delivery and release of 5-fluorouracil in vitro. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-02028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Fu A, Xiao Y, Jian J, Huang L, Tang C, Chen X, Zou Y, Wang J, Yang Y, Zheng J. Boosting the Energy Density of Li||CF x Primary Batteries Using a 1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone-Based Electrolyte. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:57470-57480. [PMID: 34816716 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Elevating the discharge voltage plateau is regarded as the most effective strategy to improve the energy density of Li||CFx batteries in consideration of the finite capacity of CFx (x ∼ 1) cathodes. Here, an electrolyte, with LiBF4 in 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI)/1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), is developed for the first time to substantially promote the discharge voltage of CFx without compromising the available discharge capacity. DME possesses the property of low viscosity, while DMI functions to increase the voltage plateau during discharge owing to its moderate nucleophilicity and donor number, which decreases the energy barrier for breaking C-F bonds. The optimized electrolyte exhibits a significantly high average discharge voltage of 2.69 V at a current density of 10 mA g-1, which is 11.6% higher than the control electrolyte (2.41 V). In addition, a high energy density of 2099 Wh kg-1 is achieved in the optimized electrolyte (vs 1905 Wh kg-1 in the control electrolyte), showing great potential for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yukang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Junhua Jian
- Ningde Amperex Technology Limited, Ningde 352100, China
| | - Lin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chao Tang
- Ningde Amperex Technology Limited, Ningde 352100, China
| | - Xunxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yue Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jiuzhou Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Power Sources, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jianming Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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