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Ma C, Yang X, Chen Y, Chu J. Mechanical Mapping of Nanoblisters Confined by Two-Dimensional Materials Reveals Complex Ridge Patterns. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:8409-8417. [PMID: 38588456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanics of blisters confined by two-dimensional (2D) materials is of great importance for either fundamental studies or for their practical applications. In this work, we investigate the mechanical properties of nanoscale 2D material blisters using contact-resonance atomic force microscopy (CR-AFM). From the measurement results at the blister centers, the blisters' internal pressures are characterized, which are shown to be inversely proportional to the blisters' sizes. Our measurements agree considerably well with values predicted by theoretical mechanic analyses of the blisters. In addition, high-resolution mechanical mapping with CR-AFM reveals fine, complex ridge patterns of the blisters' confining membranes, which can hardly be distinguished from their topographies. The pattern complexity of a blister system is shown to increase with an increase in its bendability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfu Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xu Yang
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiaru Chu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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2
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Stellino E, D'Alò B, Blundo E, Postorino P, Polimeni A. Fine-Tuning of the Excitonic Response in Monolayer WS 2 Domes via Coupled Pressure and Strain Variation. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:3945-3951. [PMID: 38506837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
We present a spectroscopic investigation of the vibrational and optoelectronic properties of WS2 domes in the 0-0.65 GPa range. The pressure evolution of the system morphology, deduced by the combined analysis of Raman and photoluminescence spectra, revealed a significant variation in the dome's aspect ratio. The modification of the dome shape caused major changes in the mechanical properties of the system resulting in a sizable increase of the out-of-plane compressive strain while keeping the in-plane tensile strain unchanged. The variation of the strain gradients drives a nonlinear behavior in both the exciton energy and radiative recombination intensity, interpreted as the consequence of a hybridization mechanism between the electronic states of two distinct minima in the conduction band. Our results indicate that pressure and strain can be efficiently combined in low dimensional systems with unconventional morphology to obtain modulations of the electronic band structure not achievable in planar crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stellino
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Beatrice D'Alò
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Elena Blundo
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Postorino
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Polimeni
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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3
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Di Giorgio C, Blundo E, Basset J, Pettinari G, Felici M, Quay CHL, Rohart S, Polimeni A, Bobba F, Aprili M. Imaging the Quantum Capacitance of Strained MoS 2 Monolayers by Electrostatic Force Microscopy. ACS NANO 2024; 18:3405-3413. [PMID: 38236606 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
We implemented radio frequency-assisted electrostatic force microscopy (RF-EFM) to investigate the electric field response of biaxially strained molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) monolayers (MLs) in the form of mesoscopic bubbles, produced via hydrogen (H)-ion irradiation of the bulk crystal. MoS2 ML, a semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenide, has recently attracted significant attention due to its promising optoelectronic properties, further tunable by strain. Here, we take advantage of the RF excitation to distinguish the intrinsic quantum capacitance of the strained ML from that due to atomic scale defects, presumably sulfur vacancies or H-passivated sulfur vacancies. In fact, at frequencies fRF larger than the inverse defect trapping time, the defect contribution to the total capacitance and to transport is negligible. Using RF-EFM at fRF = 300 MHz, we visualize simultaneously the bubble topography and its quantum capacitance. Our finite-frequency capacitance imaging technique is noninvasive and nanoscale and can contribute to the investigation of time- and spatial-dependent phenomena, such as the electron compressibility in quantum materials, which are difficult to measure by other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Di Giorgio
- Department of Physics E.R. Caianiello, University of Salerno, Fisciano, 84084, Italy
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Elena Blundo
- Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Julien Basset
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Giorgio Pettinari
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council (CNR-IFN), Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Marco Felici
- Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Charis H L Quay
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Stanislas Rohart
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Antonio Polimeni
- Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bobba
- Department of Physics E.R. Caianiello, University of Salerno, Fisciano, 84084, Italy
- SuPerconducting and other INnovative materials and devices institute, National Research Council (CNR-SPIN), Fisciano, 84084, Italy
| | - Marco Aprili
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91405, France
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4
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Pandey M, Ahuja R, Kumar R. Viscous fingering instabilities in spontaneously formed blisters of MoS 2 multilayers. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:6617-6625. [PMID: 38024300 PMCID: PMC10662142 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00563a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The viscous fingering in the Hele-Shaw cell can be suppressed by replacing the upper-bounding rigid plate with an elastic membrane. Recently, graphene multilayers while polymer-curing-induced blistering showed the dynamical evolution of viscous fingering patterns on a viscoelastic substrate due to their thickness-dependent elasticity. Under certain conditions, the elastic solid-based instability couples with the viscoelastic substrate-based instability. The mechanisms underlying such a coupling in the blisters of 2D materials and the dynamical evolution of the viscous fingering patterns underneath the blisters are yet to be addressed. Herein, we investigate the viscous fingering instabilities in spontaneously formed blisters of MoS2 multilayers, and provide thorough analytical and experimental insights for the elucidation of the dynamical evolution of the viscous fingering patterns and the coupled instabilities in the blisters. We also estimate the interfacial adhesion energy of the MoS2 flakes over a (poly)vinyl alcohol (PVA) substrate and the confinement pressure inside the MoS2 blisters using a conventional blister-test model. It is observed that the presence of instability gives rise to anomalies in the modeling of the blister test. The adhesion mechanical insights would be beneficial for fundamental research as well as practical applications of 2D material blisters in flexible optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Pandey
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Rupnagar Punjab-140001 India
| | - Rajeev Ahuja
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Rupnagar Punjab-140001 India
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University Box 516 Uppsala-75120 Sweden
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Rupnagar Punjab-140001 India
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5
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Korneva M, Zhilyaev P. Solid-liquid phase transition inside van der Waals nanobubbles: an atomistic perspective. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37432424 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01285a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The liquid-solid phase transition during the confinement of a van der Waals bubble is studied using molecular dynamics simulations. In particular, argon is considered inside a graphene bubble, where the outer membrane is a sheet of graphene, and the substrate is atomically flat graphite. A methodology to avoid metastable states of argon is developed and implemented to derive a melting curve of trapped argon. It is found that in the confinement, the melting curve of argon shifts toward higher temperatures, and the temperature shift is about 10-30 K. The ratio of the height to the radius of the GNB (H/R) decreases with increasing temperature. It also most likely undergoes an abrupt change through the liquid-crystal phase transition. The semi-liquid state of argon was detected in the transition region. At this state, the argon structure stays layered, but the atoms travel distances of several lattice constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Korneva
- Center for Materials Technologies, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Building 3, Moscow, 143026, Russia.
| | - Petr Zhilyaev
- Center for Materials Technologies, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Building 3, Moscow, 143026, Russia.
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Fang Z, Dai Z, Wang B, Tian Z, Yu C, Chen Q, Wei X. Pull-to-Peel of Two-Dimensional Materials for the Simultaneous Determination of Elasticity and Adhesion. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:742-749. [PMID: 36472369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The flexible and clinging nature of ultrathin films requires an understanding of their elastic and adhesive properties in a wide range of circumstances from fabrications to applications. Simultaneously measuring both properties, however, is extremely difficult as the film thickness diminishes to the nanoscale. Here we address such difficulties through peeling by pulling thin films off from the substrates (we thus refer to it as "pull-to-peel"). Particularly, we perform in situ pull-to-peel of graphene and MoS2 films in a scanning electron microscope and achieve simultaneous determination of their Young's moduli and adhesions to gold substrates. This is in striking contrast to other conceptually similar tests available in the literature, including indentation tests (only measuring elasticity) and spontaneous blisters (only measuring adhesion). Furthermore, we show a weakly nonlinear Hooke's relation for the pull-to-peel response of two-dimensional materials, which may be harnessed for the design of nanoscale force sensors or exploited in other thin-film systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohe Dai
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongzheng Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanli Yu
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Chen
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianlong Wei
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing100871, People's Republic of China
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7
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Moazzami Gudarzi M, Aboutalebi SH. Mapping the Binding Energy of Layered Crystals to Macroscopic Observables. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2204001. [PMID: 36253141 PMCID: PMC9685473 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Van der Waals (vdW) integration of two dimensional (2D) crystals into functional heterostructures emerges as a powerful tool to design new materials with fine-tuned physical properties at an unprecedented precision. The intermolecular forces governing the assembly of vdW heterostructures are investigated by first-principles models, yet translating the outcome of these models to macroscopic observables in layered crystals is missing. Establishing this connection is, therefore, crucial for ultimately designing advanced materials of choice-tailoring the composition to functional device properties. Herein, components from both vdW and non-vdW forces are integrated to build a comprehensive framework that can quantitatively describe the dynamics of these forces in action. Specifically, it is shown that the optical band gap of layered crystals possesses a peculiar ionic character that works as a quantitative indicator of non-vdW forces. Using these two components, it is then described why only a narrow range of exfoliation energies for this class of materials is observed. These findings unlock the microscopic origin of universal binding energy in layered crystals and provide a general protocol to identify and synthesize new crystals to regulate vdW coupling in the next generation of heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Moazzami Gudarzi
- National Graphene InstituteUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
- Department of MaterialsSchool of Natural SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Seyed Hamed Aboutalebi
- Condensed Matter National LaboratoryInstitute for Research in Fundamental SciencesTehran19395‐5531Iran
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8
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Pandey M, Kumar R. Polymer curing assisted formation of optically visible sub-micron blisters of multilayer graphene for local strain engineering. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:245401. [PMID: 35344935 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac61b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The local or global straining techniques are used to modulate the electronic, vibrational and optical properties of the two-dimensional (2D) materials. However, manipulating the physical properties of a 2D material under a local strain is comparatively more challenging. In this work, we demonstrate an easy and efficient polymer curing assisted technique for the formation of optically visible multilayer graphene (MLG) blisters of different shapes and sizes. The detailed spectroscopic and morphological analyses have been employed for exploring the dynamics of the confined matter inside the sub-micron blisters, which confirms that the confined matter inside the blister is liquid (water). From further analyses, we find the nonlinear elastic plate model as an acceptable model under certain limits for the mechanical analyses of the MLG blisters over the (poly)vinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer film to estimate the MLG-substrate interfacial adhesion energy and confinement pressure inside the blisters. The findings open new pathways for exploiting the technique for the formation of sub-micron blisters of the 2D materials for local strain-engineering applications, as well as the temperature-controlled release of the confined matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Pandey
- T-GraMS Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab - 140001, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- T-GraMS Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab - 140001, India
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9
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Blundo E, Surrente A, Spirito D, Pettinari G, Yildirim T, Chavarin CA, Baldassarre L, Felici M, Polimeni A. Vibrational Properties in Highly Strained Hexagonal Boron Nitride Bubbles. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1525-1533. [PMID: 35107287 PMCID: PMC8880391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is widely used as a protective layer for few-atom-thick crystals and heterostructures (HSs), and it hosts quantum emitters working up to room temperature. In both instances, strain is expected to play an important role, either as an unavoidable presence in the HS fabrication or as a tool to tune the quantum emitter electronic properties. Addressing the role of strain and exploiting its tuning potentiality require the development of efficient methods to control it and of reliable tools to quantify it. Here we present a technique based on hydrogen irradiation to induce the formation of wrinkles and bubbles in hBN, resulting in remarkably high strains of ∼2%. By combining infrared (IR) near-field scanning optical microscopy and micro-Raman measurements with numerical calculations, we characterize the response to strain for both IR-active and Raman-active modes, revealing the potential of the vibrational properties of hBN as highly sensitive strain probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Blundo
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Surrente
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department
of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw 50-370, Poland
| | - Davide Spirito
- IHP-Leibniz
Institut fur Innovative Mikroelektronik, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Giorgio Pettinari
- Institute
for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN), National Research Council, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Tanju Yildirim
- Center
for Functional Sensor & Actuator (CFSN), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Carlos Alvarado Chavarin
- IHP-Leibniz
Institut fur Innovative Mikroelektronik, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Leonetta Baldassarre
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IHP-Leibniz
Institut fur Innovative Mikroelektronik, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Marco Felici
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Polimeni
- Physics
Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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