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Morino Y, Takase K, Kanazawa A, Nagaoka N, Koshitani N. In-Situ Internal Observation of Silicon Composite Anode in All-Solid-State Battery Using X-ray CT. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2025; 17:23786-23794. [PMID: 40219939 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c20859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2025]
Abstract
Silicon is anticipated to be a next-generation anode active material with a high theoretical capacity density of ∼3600 mAh g-1 around room temperature. However, the volume expansion and contraction derived from lithiation (charging) and delithiation (discharging) are understood to be significant challenges. Particularly in all-solid-state batteries, not only does cracking of the silicon particles themselves occur, but also the disruption of contact between silicon and the solid electrolyte, leading to difficulties in maintaining battery performance, which requires a certain level of mechanical restraint for effective battery operation. Therefore, accurately understanding the internal nanometer-order structure of the silicon/solid electrolyte composite electrode under restrained conditions is crucial for improving the performance of all-solid-state batteries by using silicon anodes. In this study, an all-solid-state battery with a composite anode consisting of silicon and the sulfide solid electrolyte Li6PS5Cl was charged and discharged under constrained conditions, and the internal structure during battery operation was observed using in situ computed tomography measurements. As a result of the observation, different cracking modes were identified during charging and discharging. The modes of cracking and subsequent reattachment were observed during the charging process, whereas anisotropic void formation became evident during the discharge process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Morino
- Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd., 1-10-1 Higashikotari, Nagaokakyo-shi, Kyoto 617-8555, Japan
| | - Kentaro Takase
- Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd., 1-10-1 Higashikotari, Nagaokakyo-shi, Kyoto 617-8555, Japan
| | - Aiko Kanazawa
- Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd., 1-10-1 Higashikotari, Nagaokakyo-shi, Kyoto 617-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Nagaoka
- Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd., 1-10-1 Higashikotari, Nagaokakyo-shi, Kyoto 617-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Koshitani
- Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd., 1-10-1 Higashikotari, Nagaokakyo-shi, Kyoto 617-8555, Japan
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Han A, Xu S, Wang X, Chang H, Tian R, Zhang X, Chen X, Song D, Yang Y. Toward High-Quality Sulfide Solid Electrolytes: A Liquid-Phase Approach Featured with an Interparticle Coupled Unification Effect. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307997. [PMID: 38148323 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Sulfide solid electrolytes (SSEs) are highly wanted for solid-state batteries (SSBs). While their liquid-phase synthesis is advantageous over their solid-phase strategy in scalable production, it confronts other challenges, such as low-purity products, user-unfriendly solvents, energy-inefficient solvent removal, and unsatisfactory performance. This article demonstrates that a suspension-based solvothermal method using single oxygen-free solvents can solve those problems. Experimental observations and theoretical calculations together show that the basic function of suspension-treatment is "interparticle-coupled unification", that is, even individually insoluble solid precursors can mutually adsorb and amalgamate to generate uniform composites in nonpolar solvents. This anti-intuitive concept is established when investigating the origins of impurities in SSEs electrolytes made by the conventional tetrahydrofuran-ethanol method and then searching for new solvents. Its generality is supported by four eligible alkane solvents and four types of SSEs. The electrochemical assessments on the former three SSEs show that they are competitive with their counterparts in the literature. Moreover, the synthesized SSEs presents excellent battery performance, showing great potential for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Han
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shijie Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Haolong Chang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Rongzheng Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Dawei Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Yongan Yang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
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Xu S, Cheng X, Yang S, Yin Y, Wang X, Zhang Y, Ren D, Sun Y, Sun X, Yao H, Yang Y. Performance Enhancement of the Li 6PS 5Cl-Based Solid-State Batteries by Scavenging Lithium Dendrites with LaCl 3-Based Electrolyte. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310356. [PMID: 38232743 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Li6PS5Cl (LPSC) is a very attractive sulfide solid electrolyte for developing high-performance all-solid-state lithium batteries. However, it cannot suppress the growth of lithium dendrites and then can only tolerate a small critical current density (CCD) before getting short-circuited to death. Learning from that a newly-developed LaCl3-based electrolyte (LTLC) can afford a very large CCD, a three-layer sandwich-structured electrolyte is designed by inserting LTLC inside LPSC. Remarkably, compared with bland LPSC, this hybrid electrolyte LPSC/LTLC/LPSC presents extraordinary performance improvements: the CCD gets increased from 0.51 to 1.52 mA cm-2, the lifetime gets prolonged from 7 h to >500 h at the cycling current of 0.5 mA cm-2 in symmetric cells, and the cyclability gets extended from 10 cycles to >200 cycles at the cycling rate of 0.5 C and 30 °C in Li|electrolyte|NCM721 full cells. The enhancing reasons are assigned to the capability of LTLC to scavenge lithium dendrites, forming a passive layer of Ta, La, and LiCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiaobin Cheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shunjin Yang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yichen Yin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yuzhe Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Dehang Ren
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yujiang Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hongbin Yao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yongan Yang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
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Wang X, Xu S, Han A, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Yang S, Sun X, Yan Y, Qian H, Wang Y, Wang J, Yang Y. A "solo-solvent de novo liquid-phase" method for synthesizing sulfide solid electrolyte Li 6PS 5Cl. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2645-2648. [PMID: 38348771 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06239b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
We report a "solo-solvent de novo liquid-phase" method of synthesizing a highly-favored sulfide electrolyte (Li6PS5Cl) for developing all-solid-state lithium batteries. The key chemistry for such a successful method is that tetrahydropyrrole enables in situ synthesis of the critical precursor Li2S from cheap and air-stable precursors of lithium chloride and sodium sulfide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Shijie Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Aiguo Han
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yujiang Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yuzhe Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Shunjin Yang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Xiao Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yifan Yan
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Haoran Qian
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yanru Wang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jiakai Wang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yongan Yang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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Sun Y, Zhang Q, Yang S, Sun X, Yang Y. Making the Unfeasible Feasible: Synthesis of the Battery Material Lithium Sulfide via the Metathetic Reaction between Lithium Sulfate and Sodium Sulfide. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:485-493. [PMID: 38101320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Lithium sulfide (Li2S) is a highly desired material for advanced batteries. However, its current industrial production is not suitable for large-scale applications in the long run because the process is carbon-emissive, energy-intensive, and cost-ineffective. This article demonstrates a new method that can overcome these challenges by reacting lithium sulfate (Li2SO4) with sodium sulfide. This approach, which seems unfeasible initially because Li2SO4 is barely soluble in ethanol at room temperature, becomes feasible when heated ethanol and an excess amount of Li2SO4 are used. More interestingly, product purification is easier than that in other metathetic reactions, thanks to the poor solubility of Li2SO4. In order to further minimize the overall costs of producing Li2S, the concomitant byproduct LiNaSO4 and the unfinished precursor Li2SO4 are converted into more valuable materials, Li2CO3 and Na2SO4. Moreover, the homemade Li2S is competitive with the commercial Li2S in cathode performance and gains further enhancement when being composited with the Co9S8 catalyst. Thus, this Li2SO4-based metathesis of Li2S has great potential for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiang Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qiaran Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shunjin Yang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yongan Yang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Caron and Electrochemical Energy Storage, Tianjin 300072, China
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Yang S, Hu X, Xu S, Han A, Zhang X, Zhang N, Chen X, Tian R, Song D, Yang Y. Synthesis of Deliquescent Lithium Sulfide in Air. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:40633-40647. [PMID: 37581568 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
In the field of lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) and all-solid-state batteries, lithium sulfide (Li2S) is a critical raw material. However, its practical application is greatly hindered by its high price due to its deliquescent property and production at high temperatures (above 700 °C) with carbon emission. Hereby, we report a new method of preparing Li2S, in air and at low temperatures (∼200 °C), which presents enriched and surprising chemistry. The synthesis relies on the solid-state reaction between inexpensive and air-stable raw materials of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and sulfur (S), where lithium sulfite (Li2SO3), lithium thiosulfate (Li2S2O3), and water are three major byproducts. About 57% of lithium from LiOH is converted into Li2S, corresponding to a material cost of ∼$64.9/kg_Li2S, less than 10% of the commercial price. The success of conducting this water-producing reaction in air lies in three-fold: (1) Li2S is stable with oxygen below 220 °C; (2) the use of excess S can prevent Li2S from water attack, by forming lithium polysulfides (Li2Sn); and (3) the byproduct water can be expelled out of the reaction system by the carrier gas and also absorbed by LiOH to form LiOH·H2O. Two interesting and beneficial phenomena, i.e., the anti-hydrolysis of Li2Sn and the decomposition of Li2S2O3 to recover Li2S, are explained with density functional theory computations. Furthermore, our homemade Li2S (h-Li2S) is at least comparable with the commercial Li2S (c-Li2S), when being tested as cathode materials for LSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunjin Yang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaohu Hu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shijie Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Aiguo Han
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - RongZheng Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Dawei Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yongan Yang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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Zhang Q, Han A, Zhang X, Tian R, Yang S, Xu S, Song D, Yang Y. Green Synthesis for Battery Materials: A Case Study of Making Lithium Sulfide via Metathetic Precipitation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:1358-1366. [PMID: 36573465 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
For some future clean-energy technologies (such as advanced batteries), the concept of green chemistry has not been exercised enough for their material synthesis. Herein, we report a waste-free method of synthesizing lithium sulfide (Li2S), a critical material for both lithium-sulfur batteries and sulfide-electrolyte-based all-solid-state lithium batteries. The key novelty lies in directly precipitating crystalline Li2S out of an organic solution after the metathetic reaction between a lithium salt and sodium sulfide. Compared with conventional methods, this method is advantageous in operating at ambient temperatures, releasing no hazardous wastes, and being economically more competitive. To collect the valuable byproduct out of the liquid phases, a "solventing-out crystallization" technique is employed by adding an antisolvent (AS) of low boiling point. The subsequent distillation of the new solution under vacuum evaporates off the AS rather than the high-boiling-point reaction solvent (RS), saving a lot of energy. Consequently, the separated AS and RS containing the unreacted lithium salt can be directly reused. For industrial production, the entire process may be operated continuously in a closed loop without discharging any wastes. Moreover, Li2S cathodes and sulfide-electrolyte Li6PS5Cl derived from the synthesized Li2S show impressive battery performance, displaying the great potential of this method for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaran Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Aiguo Han
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Rongzheng Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin300384, China
| | - Shunjin Yang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Shijie Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Dawei Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin300384, China
| | - Yongan Yang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin300192, China
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