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Kadian S, Sahoo SS, Shukla S, Narayan RJ. Development of 3D-printed conducting microneedle-based electrochemical point-of-care device for transdermal sensing of chlorpromazine. J Mater Chem B 2025; 13:2114-2123. [PMID: 39783843 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb01808g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
Abstract
Despite the various benefits of chlorpromazine, its misuse and overdose may lead to severe side effects, therefore, creating a user-friendly point-of-care device for monitoring the levels of chlorpromazine drug to manage the potential side effects and ensure the effective and safe use of the medication is highly desired. In this report, we have demonstrated a simple and scalable manufacturing process for the development of a 3D-printed conducting microneedle array-based electrochemical point-of-care device for the minimally invasive sensing of chlorpromazine. We used an inkjet printer to print the carbon and silver ink onto a customized 3D-printed ultrasharp microneedle array for the preparation of counter, working, and reference electrodes. After physical characterization and electrochemical parameter optimization, the developed microneedle array-based three-electrode system was explored for the detection of chlorpromazine. The analytical results showed high sensitivity and selectivity toward chlorpromazine with a good linearity range from 5-120 μM and a low detection limit (0.09 μM). The proof-of-concept study results obtained from the skin-mimicking model indicated that the developed conductive microneedle array-based sensor can easily monitor the micromolar levels of chlorpromazine in artificial interstitial fluid; this type of system can be further explored for the development of other minimally invasive electrochemical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kadian
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Siba Sundar Sahoo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Shubhangi Shukla
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Roger J Narayan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Kadian S, Sahoo SS, Kumari P, Shukla S, Narayan RJ. Minimally invasive detection of buprenorphine using a carbon-coated 3D-printed microneedle array. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:672. [PMID: 39404861 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/29/2024] [Indexed: 11/10/2024]
Abstract
A machine learning-assisted 3D-printed conducting microneedle-based electrochemical sensing platform was developed for wireless, efficient, economical, and selective determination of buprenorphine. The developed microneedle array-based sensing platform used 3D printing and air spray coating technologies for rapid and scalable manufacturing of a conducting microneedle surface. Upon optimization and understanding of the electrode stability, redox behavior, and electrochemical characteristics of as-prepared conducting microneedle array, the developed electrochemical platform was investigated for monitoring different levels of buprenorphine in the artificial intestinal fluid and found to be highly sensitive and selective towards buprenorphine for a wide detection range from 2 to 140 μM, with a low limit of detection of 0.129 μM. Furthermore, to make the sensing platform user accessible, the experimentally recorded sensing data was used to train a machine learning model and develop a web application for the numerical demonstration of buprenorphine levels at the point of site. Finally, the proof-of-concept study demonstrated that by advancing our prevailing 3D printing and additive manufacturing techniques, a low-cost, user-accessible, and compelling wearable electrochemical sensor could be manufactured for minimally invasive determination of buprenorphine in interstitial fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kadian
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Division of Research & Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Siba Sundar Sahoo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Pratima Kumari
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Shubhangi Shukla
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Roger J Narayan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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Kasi V, Tien JH, Rahman MM, Rana MM, Heredia Rivera UA, Shang Z, Vidhyadhiraja A, Zhang J, Youngblood JP, Bahr DF, Rahimi R. Enhanced Corrosion Protection of Printed Circuit Board Electronics using Cold Atmospheric Plasma-Assisted SiO x Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:48293-48306. [PMID: 39222057 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c09751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The miniaturization and widespread deployment of electronic devices across diverse environments have heightened their vulnerability to corrosion, particularly affecting copper traces within printed circuit boards (PCBs). Conventional protective methods, such as conformal coatings, face challenges including the necessity for a critical thickness to ensure effective barrier properties and the requirement for multiple steps of drying and curing to eliminate solvent entrapment within polymer coatings. This study investigates cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) as an innovative technique for directly depositing ultrathin silicon oxide (SiOx) coatings onto copper surfaces to enhance corrosion protection in PCBs. A systematic investigation was undertaken to examine how the scanning speed of the CAP deposition head impacts the film quality and corrosion resistance. The research aims to determine the optimal scanning speed of the CAP deposition head that achieves complete surface coverage while promoting effective cross-linking and minimizing unreacted precursor entrapment, resulting in superior electrical barrier and mechanical properties. The CAP coating process demonstrated the capability of depositing SiOx onto copper surfaces at various thicknesses ranging from 70 to 1110 nm through a single deposition process by simply adjusting the scanning speed of the plasma head (5-75 mm/s). Evaluation of material corrosion barrier characteristics revealed that scanning speeds of 45 mm/s of the plasma deposition head provided an effective coating thickness of 140 nm, exhibiting superior corrosion resistance (30-fold) compared to that of uncoated copper. As a proof of concept, the efficacy of CAP-deposited SiOx coatings was demonstrated by protecting an LED circuit in saltwater and by coating printed circuits for potential agricultural sensor applications. These CAP-deposited coatings offer performance comparable to or superior to traditional conformal polymeric coatings. This research presents CAP-deposited SiOx coatings as a promising approach for effective and scalable corrosion protection in miniaturized electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkat Kasi
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jia-Huei Tien
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Md Mahabubur Rahman
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Muhammad Masud Rana
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ulisses Alberto Heredia Rivera
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zhongxia Shang
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Advika Vidhyadhiraja
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jingxuan Zhang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - David F Bahr
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Rahim Rahimi
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Heredia-Rivera U, Krishnakumar A, Kasi V, Rana MM, Gopalakrishnan S, Nejati S, Gundala G, Barnard JP, Wang H, Rahimi R. Cold atmospheric plasma deposition of antibacterial polypyrrole-silver nanocomposites on wearable electronics for prolonged performance. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2024; 12:11861-11876. [PMID: 39132258 PMCID: PMC11308805 DOI: 10.1039/d4tc00844h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Wearable electronics have become integral for monitoring physiological parameters in diverse applications, particularly in medical and military fields. e-Textiles, featuring integrated conductive threads or fabrics, offer seamless integration and comfort for prolonged contact with the body. Despite their potential, the biofouling of textile-based electrode systems by skin microbes remains a significant challenge, limiting their operational lifespan. Recent studies have highlighted the efficacy of conductive nanocomposites with antibacterial agents, such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), in addressing biofouling concerns. However, implementing such systems on 3D fibrous structures and textile surfaces often proves complex and inefficient. To overcome these challenges, we explored cold atmospheric plasma (CAP)-based in situ polymerization for the direct deposition of functional conductive polypyrrole-silver (PPy-Ag) nanocomposites onto conductive textile surfaces. For this process, a customized CAP deposition system was engineered, enabling precise material deposition through robotic control of the plasma jet. This process achieved direct, conformal attachment onto textile fibrous structures, ensuring uniform distribution of conductive polypyrrole and silver in the form of AgNPs throughout the polymer polypyrrole matrix without compromising fabric flexibility and breathability, which was validated through different surface electron microscopy and chemical analysis (e.g., EDX, FTIR, Raman, and XRD). Systematic studies with various precursor mixtures identified an optimized PPy-Ag composition that demonstrated stable antibacterial properties and biocompatibility against common skin microbes and epithelial cells. Systematic studies with various precursor mixtures identified an optimized PPy-Ag composition, with the precursor mixture containing 96 wt% pyrrole and 4 wt% AgNO3 weight ratios as the optimal surface coating process, demonstrating stable antibacterial properties and biocompatibility against common skin microbes and epithelial cells respectively. As a proof of concept, the nanocomposite coating was applied to conductive carbon fabric surfaces as dry electrodes in a wearable garment for continues electrocardiography (ECG) monitoring over 10 days. Results revealed a significantly longer performance of the dry electrodes as comparable to standard gel-based Ag/AgCl electrodes (1 day) while providing less noise in ECG signal measurements from the subject, showcasing the potential of this technology for practical wearable applications. Envisioned as a groundbreaking solution, this technology opens new avenues for the scalable and effective integration of functional conductive circuits and sensors into everyday garments, ensuring prolonged and efficient performance in wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulisses Heredia-Rivera
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Centre, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Akshay Krishnakumar
- Birck Nanotechnology Centre, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Venkat Kasi
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Centre, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Muhammad Masud Rana
- Birck Nanotechnology Centre, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Sarath Gopalakrishnan
- Birck Nanotechnology Centre, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Sina Nejati
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Centre, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Gagan Gundala
- Birck Nanotechnology Centre, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - James P Barnard
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Centre, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Haiyan Wang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Centre, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Rahim Rahimi
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Centre, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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Soulat A, Mohsenpour T, Roshangar L, Naghshara H. A Two-Stage Transferred Cold Atmospheric Plasma as a Unique Therapeutic Strategy for Targeting Colon Cancer Stem Cells. Adv Pharm Bull 2024; 14:400-411. [PMID: 39206394 PMCID: PMC11347729 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2024.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The study examines the induction of apoptosis in colon cancer stem cells (CCSCs) within a 3D culture setting, employing an innovative cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) transmission method known as two-stage transferred cold atmospheric plasma (TS-TCAP). TS-TCAP is a partially or fully ionized non-thermal gaseous mixture that comprises photons, charged and neutral particles, and free radicals, which has gained traction in biomedical applications such as cancer therapy. TS-TCAP impacts CCSCs via a continuous, two-step transport process, facilitating the efficient delivery of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). The key cellular factors of CCSCs impacted by TS-TCAP treatment, encompassing the secretion and expression levels of IL-6 and IL-8, apoptotic cell count, and expression of BAX, BCL-2, and KI-67 proteins, were evaluated using qrt-ELISA, Annexin V, and qrt-PCR procedures, respectively. The outcomes of CCSCs treatment with TS-TCAP reveal a notable rise in the number of apoptotic cells (P<0.0001), diminished secretion, and gene expression of IL-6 and IL-8 (P<0.0001), accompanied by favorable alterations in BCL-2 and BAX gene expression (P<0.0001). Additionally, a notable decrease in KI-67 expression was observed, correlating with a reduction in CCSCs proliferation (P<0.0001). As well, this study underscores the anti-cancer potential of TS-TCAP, showcasing its efficacy in reducing CCSCs survival rates. However, further pre-clinical and clinical trials are necessary to evaluate CAP's efficacy, safety, and potential synergistic effects with other therapies thoroughly. Overall, TS-TCAP presents a promising alternative for CCSCs treatment, pending further investigation and refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Soulat
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mazandaran, 47416-13534, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Taghi Mohsenpour
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mazandaran, 47416-13534, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166614766, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Naghshara
- Faculty of Physics, University of Tabriz, 5166616471, Tabriz, Iran
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Bedir T, Kadian S, Shukla S, Gunduz O, Narayan R. Additive manufacturing of microneedles for sensing and drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:1053-1068. [PMID: 39049741 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2384696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microneedles (MNs) are miniaturized, painless, and minimally invasive platforms that have attracted significant attention over recent decades across multiple fields, such as drug delivery, disease monitoring, disease diagnosis, and cosmetics. Several manufacturing methods have been employed to create MNs; however, these approaches come with drawbacks related to complicated, costly, and time-consuming fabrication processes. In this context, employing additive manufacturing (AM) technology for MN fabrication allows for the quick production of intricate MN prototypes with exceptional precision, providing the flexibility to customize MNs according to the desired shape and dimensions. Furthermore, AM demonstrates significant promise in the fabrication of sophisticated transdermal drug delivery systems and medical devices through the integration of MNs with various technologies. AREAS COVERED This review offers an extensive overview of various AM technologies with great potential for the fabrication of MNs. Different types of MNs and the materials utilized in their fabrication are also discussed. Recent applications of 3D-printed MNs in the fields of transdermal drug delivery and biosensing are highlighted. EXPERT OPINION This review also mentions the critical obstacles, including drug loading, biocompatibility, and regulatory requirements, which must be resolved to enable the mass-scale adoption of AM methods for MN production, and future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Bedir
- Center for Nanotechnology and Biomaterials Application and Research (NBUAM), Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sachin Kadian
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shubhangi Shukla
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Oguzhan Gunduz
- Center for Nanotechnology and Biomaterials Application and Research (NBUAM), Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Roger Narayan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Khane Y, Albukhaty S, Sulaiman GM, Fennich F, Bensalah B, Hafsi Z, Aouf M, Amar ZH, Aouf D, Al-kuraishy HM, Saadoun H, Mohammed HA, Mohsin MH, Al-aqbi ZT. Fabrication, characterization and application of biocompatible nanocomposites: A review. Eur Polym J 2024; 214:113187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2024.113187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2025]
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Kadian S, Gopalakrishnan S, Selvamani V, Khan S, Meyer T, Thomas R, Rana MM, Irazoqui PP, Verma MS, Rahimi R. Smart Capsule for Targeted Detection of Inflammation Levels Inside the GI Tract. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2024; 71:1565-1576. [PMID: 38096093 PMCID: PMC11187759 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2023.3343337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Effective management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is contingent upon frequent monitoring of inflammation levels at targeted locations within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This is crucial for assessing disease progression and detecting potential relapses. To address this need, a novel single-use capsule technology has been devised that enables region-specific inflammation measurement, thereby facilitating repeatable monitoring within the GI tract. The capsule integrates a pH-responsive coating for location-specific activation, a chemiluminescent paper-based myeloperoxidase (MPO) sensor for inflammation detection, and a miniaturized photodetector, complemented by embedded electronics for real-time wireless data transmission. Demonstrating linear sensitivity within the physiological MPO concentration range, the sensor is capable of effectively identifying inflammation risk in the GI fluid. Luminescence emitted by the sensor, proportional to MPO concentration, is converted into an electrical signal by the photodetector, generating a quantifiable energy output with a sensitivity of 6.14 µJ/U.ml-1. The capsule was also tested with GI fluids collected from pig models simulating various inflammation states. Despite the physiological complexities, the capsule consistently activated in the intended region and accurately detected MPO levels with less than a 5% variation between readings in GI fluid and a PBS solution. This study heralds a significant step towards minimally invasive, in situ GI inflammation monitoring, potentially revolutionizing personalized IBD management and patient-specific therapeutic strategies.
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Zareei A, Kasi V, Thornton A, Rivera UH, Sawale M, Maruthamuthu MK, He Z, Nguyen J, Wang H, Mishra DK, Rahimi R. Non-destructive processing of silver containing glass ceramic antibacterial coating on polymeric surgical mesh surfaces. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:11209-11221. [PMID: 37345366 PMCID: PMC10552273 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01317k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Surgical meshes composed of bioinert polymers such as polypropylene are widely used in millions of hernia repair procedures to prevent the recurrence of organ protrusion from the damaged abdominal wall. However, post-operative mesh infection remains a significant complication, elevating hernia recurrence risks from 3.6% to 10%, depending on the procedure type. While attempts have been made to mitigate these infection-related complications by using antibiotic coatings, the rise in antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains threatens their effectiveness. Bioactive glass-ceramics featuring noble metals, notably silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), have recently gained traction for their wide antibacterial properties and biocompatibility. Yet, conventional methods of synthesizing and coating of such materials often require high temperatures, thus making them impractical to be implemented on temperature-sensitive polymeric substrates. To circumvent this challenge, a unique approach has been explored to deposit these functional compounds onto temperature-sensitive polypropylene mesh (PP-M) surfaces. This approach is based on the recent advancements in cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) assisted deposition of SiO2 thin films and laser surface treatment (LST), enabling the selective heating and formation of functional glass-ceramic compounds under atmospheric conditions. A systematic study was conducted to identify optimal LST conditions that resulted in the effective formation of a bioactive glass-ceramic structure without significantly altering the chemical and mechanical properties of the underlying PP-M (less than 1% change compared to the original properties). The developed coating with optimized processing conditions demonstrated high biocompatibility and persistent antibacterial properties (>7 days) against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The developed process is expected to provide a new stepping stone towards depositing a wide range of functional bioceramic coatings onto different implant surfaces, thereby decreasing their risk of infection and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Zareei
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
- Birck Nanotechnology Canter, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Venkat Kasi
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
- Birck Nanotechnology Canter, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Allison Thornton
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
- Birck Nanotechnology Canter, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ulisses Heredia Rivera
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
- Birck Nanotechnology Canter, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Manoj Sawale
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Murali Kannan Maruthamuthu
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zihao He
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Juliane Nguyen
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Haiyan Wang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Dharmendra K Mishra
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Rahim Rahimi
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
- Birck Nanotechnology Canter, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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