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Nandi N, Sarkar P, Barnwal N, Sahu K. Intricacies of Carbon Dot Photoluminescence for Emerging Applications: A Review. Chem Asian J 2025; 20:e202401470. [PMID: 39907296 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202401470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2025] [Accepted: 02/04/2025] [Indexed: 02/06/2025]
Abstract
Discovered only in 2004, carbon dots (CDs) have already traversed a long journey, generating many promising research directions. Its cheapness, ease of synthesis, high water-solubility, tunable emission, and excellent biocompatibility make it a single-point solution to many problems, and tremendous efforts were invested into understanding the structure-property-function relationship, which eases the engineering of the CD properties suitable for a desired application. From the usual random choice of precursors or carbon materials as a starting point in the early days, more systematic approaches are now available for choosing proper starting materials and appropriate experimental conditions (solvent medium, reaction temperature, reaction duration, pH, etc) to customize its photoluminescence. The presence of impurities has a crucial role in the outcome and applicability of photoluminescence. Recently, a significant focus has been on the long-wavelength emissive CDs, particularly in the red to near-infrared (NIR) regions, for better penetration into live cells and to circumvent autofluorescence problems. Proper design can harvest phosphorescence from CDs. Many excellent reviews are available, focusing on different facets of CD prospects. Hence, we will only highlight the importance of the optical properties of CDs and ways to modulate them. We will mention some of the new works that have appeared in the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjana Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Priyanka Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Neha Barnwal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Kalyanasis Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Ding L, Jin X, Gao Y, Kang S, Bai H, Ma X, Ai T, Zhou H, Chen W. Precise Regulation Strategy for Fluorescence Wavelength of Aggregation-Induced Emission Carbon Dots. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2409345. [PMID: 39488789 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202409345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Revised: 10/24/2024] [Indexed: 11/04/2024]
Abstract
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) carbon dot (CDs) in solid state with tunable multicolor emissions have sparked significant interest in multidimensional anti-counterfeiting. However, the realization of solid-state fluorescence (SSF) by AIE effect and the regulation of fluorescence wavelength in solid state is a great challenge. In order to solve this dilemma, the AIE method to prepare multi-color solid-state CDs with fluorescence wavelengths ranging from bright blue to red emission is employed. Specifically, by using thiosalicylic acid and carbonyl hydrazine as precursors, the fluorescence wavelength can be accurately adjusted by varying the reaction temperature from 150 to 230 °C or changing the molar ratio of the precursors from 1:1 to 1:2. Structural analysis and theoretical calculations consistently indicate that increasing the sp2 domains or doping with graphite nitrogen both cause a redshift in the fluorescence wavelength of CDs in the solid state. Moreover, with the multi-dimensional and adjustable fluorescence wavelength, the application of AIE CDs in the fields of multi-anti-counterfeiting encryption, ink printing, and screen printing is demonstrated. All in all, this work opens up a new way for preparing solid-state multi-color CDs using AIE effect, and further proposes an innovative strategy for controlling fluorescence wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Light Stabilizers for Polymer Materials Universities of Shaanxi Province, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723000, P. R. China
| | - Xilang Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Light Stabilizers for Polymer Materials Universities of Shaanxi Province, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Yuchong Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Shouwang Kang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723000, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Bai
- Engineering Research Center of Light Stabilizers for Polymer Materials Universities of Shaanxi Province, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Xuehao Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Light Stabilizers for Polymer Materials Universities of Shaanxi Province, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Taotao Ai
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723000, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Light Stabilizers for Polymer Materials Universities of Shaanxi Province, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Weixing Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Light Stabilizers for Polymer Materials Universities of Shaanxi Province, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
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Ding Y, Liu S, Yang L, Du G, Wan J, Chen Z, Li S. Use of Interfacial Interactions and Complexation of Carbon Dots to Construct Ultra-Robust and Efficient Photothermal Film From Micro-Carbonized Polysaccharides. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2401942. [PMID: 38593325 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Solar energy conversion technologies, particularly solar-driven photothermal conversion, are both clean and manageable. Although much progress has been made in designing solar-driven photothermal materials, significant challenges remain, not least the photobleaching of organic dyes. To tackle these issues, micro-carbonized polysaccharide chains, with carbon dots (CDs) suspended from the chains, are conceived, just like grapes or tomatoes hanging from a vine. Carbonization of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) produces just such a structure (termed CMC-g-CDs), which is used to produce an ultra-stable, robust, and efficient solar-thermal film by interfacial interactions within the CMC-g-CDs. The introduction of the CDs into the matrix of the photothermal material effectively avoided the problem of photobleaching. Manipulating the interfacial interactions (such as electrostatic interactions, van der Waals interactions, π-π stacking, and hydrogen bonding) between the CDs and the polymer chains markedly enhances the mechanical properties of the photothermal film. The CMC-g-CDs are complexed with Fe3+ to eliminate leakage of the photothermal reagent from the matrix and to solve the problem of poor water resistance. The resulting film (CMC-g-CDs-Fe) has excellent prospects for practical application as a photothermal film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Ding
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shouxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Long Yang
- Yunnan Province Key Lab of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, International Joint Research Center for Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Guanben Du
- Yunnan Province Key Lab of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, International Joint Research Center for Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Jianyong Wan
- Yunnan Province Key Lab of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, International Joint Research Center for Biomass Materials, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shujun Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China
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Aryamol KS, Kanagaraj K, Nangan S, Haponiuk JT, Okhawilai M, Pandiaraj S, Hanif MB, Alodhayb AN, Thomas S, Thirumalaivasan N, Gopi S. Recent Advances of carbon Pathways for Sustainable Environment development. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 250:118513. [PMID: 38368918 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are an emerging type of carbon nanomaterial with strong biocompatibility, distinct chemical and physical properties, and low toxicity. CDs may emit fluorescence in the ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared (NIR) range, which renders them beneficial for biomedical applications. CDs are usually made from carbon precursors and can be synthesized using top-down and bottom-up methods and it can be easily functionalized using different methods. For specific cases of biomedical applications carbon dot functionalization augments the materials' characteristics. Novel functionalization techniques are still being investigated. This review will look at the benefits of functionalization to attain a high yield and various biological applications. Biomedical applications such as photodynamic and photothermal therapy, biosensing, bioimaging, and antiviral and antibacterial properties will be covered in this review. The future applications of green synthesized carbon dots will be determined in part by this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Aryamol
- School of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Athirampuzha, Kerala, India, 686560
| | - Kuppusamy Kanagaraj
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Senthilkumar Nangan
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jozef T Haponiuk
- Polymers Technology Department, Gdansk University of Technology Building Chemia C, Room 201, Poland
| | - Manunya Okhawilai
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Polymeric Materials for Medical Practice Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Saravanan Pandiaraj
- Biological and Environmental Sensing Research Unit, King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Bilal Hanif
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Abdullah N Alodhayb
- Biological and Environmental Sensing Research Unit, King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Athirampuzha, Kerala, India, 686560; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box, 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Natesan Thirumalaivasan
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sreeraj Gopi
- Polymers Technology Department, Gdansk University of Technology Building Chemia C, Room 201, Poland; Molecules Biolabs, Kinfra Industrial Estate, Koratty, Kerala, India, 680309.
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Liang P, Bi T, Zhou Y, Wang C, Ma Y, Xu H, Shen H, Ren W, Yang S. Carbonized Platycladus orientalis Derived Carbon Dots Accelerate Hemostasis through Activation of Platelets and Coagulation Pathways. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303498. [PMID: 37607318 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Achieving rapid and effective hemostasis remains a multidisciplinary challenge. Here, distinctive functional carbon dots derived from carbonized Platycladus orientalis (CPO-CDs) are developed using one-step hydrothermal method. The negatively charged surface of CPO-CDs retains partial functional groups from CPO precursor, exhibiting excellent water solubility and high biocompatibility. Both rat liver injury model and tail amputation model have confirmed the rapid and effective hemostatic performance of CPO-CDs on exogenous hemorrhage. Further, on endogenous blood-heat hemorrhage syndrome rat model, CPO-CDs could inhibit hemorrhage and alleviate inflammation response. Interestingly, the excellent hemostasis performance of CPO-CDs is ascribed to activate exogenous coagulation pathway and common coagulation pathway. More importantly, metabolomics of rat plasma suggests that the hemostasis effect of CPO-CDs is closely related to platelet functions. Therefore, the designed in vitro experiments are performed and it is discovered that CPO-CDs significantly promote platelets adhesion, activation, and aggregation. Further, the underlying mechanism investigation suggests that Src/Syk signal pathway plays a key role in platelets activation triggered by CPO-CDs. Overall, CPO-CDs with rapid and excellent hemostatic performance are discovered for the first time, which could be an excellent candidate for the treatment of hemorrhagic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- State Key Laboratories for Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Tao Bi
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yanan Zhou
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Chengmei Wang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yining Ma
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Houping Xu
- Preventive Treatment Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Hongping Shen
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Wei Ren
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Sijin Yang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- State Key Laboratories for Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
- Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
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Fu D, Yang F, Zhang J, Xiang Z, Wang Y. Near-Infrared Rechargeable Persistent Luminescence Nanoparticles for Biomedical Implants In Vivo Noninvasive Bioimaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:53310-53317. [PMID: 37947316 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent imaging has garnered significant attention for in vivo tracking of biomedical implants during and after surgery due to its human friendliness, affordability, and high sensitivity. However, conventional fluorescent probes are susceptible to background autofluorescence interference from living tissues, often resulting in poor signal-to-noise ratios. Herein, we report a background interference-free persistent luminescent implant (PLI) with excellent persistent luminescence (PL) performance, which can be clearly and long-term detected by an optical imaging system after implantation. Rechargeable near-infrared persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) were prepared first via a simple hydrothermal approach and then modified by PEGylation to improve their hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and compatibility with polymer substrates. The PEGylated PLNPs were facilely complexed into a polymer matrix to fabricate the PLI. The obtained PLIs can well inherit the PL properties of PLNPs, exhibiting good PL optical imaging performance without tissue autofluorescence interference. Furthermore, both PLNPs and PLIs possess good biocompatibility, and the addition of PLNPs has no negative impact on the biocompatibility of the polymer matrix. This work fully utilizes the luminescent properties of PLNPs and adapts this PL to the field of biomedical implant imaging, which provides new insight for designing biomedical imaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daihua Fu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Fan Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhen Xiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yunbing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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