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Yang D, Ng YXA, Zhang K, Chang Q, Chen J, Liang T, Cheng S, Sun Y, Shen W, Ang EH, Xiang H, Song X. Imaging the Surface/Interface Morphologies Evolution of Silicon Anodes Using in Situ/ Operando Electron Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:20583-20602. [PMID: 37087764 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Si-based rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have generated interest as silicon has remarkably high theoretical specific capacity. It is projected that LIBs will meet the increasing need for extensive energy storage systems, electric vehicles, and portable electronics with high energy densities. However, the Si-based LIB has a substantial problem due to the volume cycle variations brought on by Si, which result in severe capacity loss. Making Si-based anodes-enabled high-performance LIBs that are easy to utilize requires an understanding of the fading mechanism. Due to its distinct advantage in morphological changes from microscale to nanoscale, even approaching atomic resolution, electron microscopy is one of the most popular methods. Based on operando electron microscopy characterization, the general comprehension of the fading mechanism and the morphology evolution of Si-based LIBs are debated in this review. The current advancements in compositional and structural interpretation for Si-based LIBs using advanced electron microscopy characterization methods are outlined. The future development trends in pertinent silicon materials characterization methods are also highlighted, along with numerous potential research avenues for Si-based LIBs design and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Yun Xin Angel Ng
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Kuanxin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Qiang Chang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Junhao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Tong Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Sheng Cheng
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Yi Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Wangqiang Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Edison Huixiang Ang
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Hongfa Xiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Xiaohui Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
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Ronneburg A, Silvi L, Cooper J, Harbauer K, Ballauff M, Risse S. Solid Electrolyte Interphase Layer Formation during Lithiation of Single-Crystal Silicon Electrodes with a Protective Aluminum Oxide Coating. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:21241-21249. [PMID: 33909399 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The lithiation of crystalline silicon was studied over several cycles using operando neutron reflectometry over six cycles. A thin layer of aluminum oxide was employed as an artificial coating on the silicon to suppress the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer-related aging effects. Initially, the artificial SEI prevented side effects but led to increased lithium trapping. This layer degraded after two cycles, followed by side reactions, which decrease the coulombic efficiency. No hint for electrode fracturization was found even though the lithiation depth exceeded 1 μm. Two distinct zones with high and low lithium concentrations were found, initially separated by a sharp interface, which broadens with cycling. The correlation of the reflectometry results with the electrochemical current showed the lithium fraction that is lithiated in the silicon and the lithium consumed in side reactions. Also, neutron reflectometry was used to quantify the amount of lithium that remained inside of the silicon. Additional electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to gain insights into the electrical properties of the sample via fitting to an equivalent circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Ronneburg
- Department for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca Silvi
- Department for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joshaniel Cooper
- ISIS, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, STFC, Oxon OX11 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Karsten Harbauer
- Institute for Solar Fuels, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Ballauff
- Department for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Risse
- Department for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
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Zhao Y, Zhang L, Liu J, Adair K, Zhao F, Sun Y, Wu T, Bi X, Amine K, Lu J, Sun X. Atomic/molecular layer deposition for energy storage and conversion. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:3889-3956. [PMID: 33523063 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00156b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Energy storage and conversion systems, including batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, solar cells, and photoelectrochemical water splitting, have played vital roles in the reduction of fossil fuel usage, addressing environmental issues and the development of electric vehicles. The fabrication and surface/interface engineering of electrode materials with refined structures are indispensable for achieving optimal performances for the different energy-related devices. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) and molecular layer deposition (MLD) techniques, the gas-phase thin film deposition processes with self-limiting and saturated surface reactions, have emerged as powerful techniques for surface and interface engineering in energy-related devices due to their exceptional capability of precise thickness control, excellent uniformity and conformity, tunable composition and relatively low deposition temperature. In the past few decades, ALD and MLD have been intensively studied for energy storage and conversion applications with remarkable progress. In this review, we give a comprehensive summary of the development and achievements of ALD and MLD and their applications for energy storage and conversion, including batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, solar cells, and photoelectrochemical water splitting. Moreover, the fundamental understanding of the mechanisms involved in different devices will be deeply reviewed. Furthermore, the large-scale potential of ALD and MLD techniques is discussed and predicted. Finally, we will provide insightful perspectives on future directions for new material design by ALD and MLD and untapped opportunities in energy storage and conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
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Liu Z, Bi Z, Shang Y, Liang Y, Yang P, Li X, Zhang C, Shang G. Development of electrochemical high-speed atomic force microscopy for visualizing dynamic processes of battery electrode materials. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:103701. [PMID: 33138593 DOI: 10.1063/5.0024425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Development of lithium ion batteries with ultrafast charging rate as well as high energy/power densities and long cycle-life is one of the imperative works in the field of batteries. To achieve this goal, it requires not only to develop new electrode materials but also to develop nano-characterization techniques that are capable of investigating the dynamic evolution of the surface/interface morphology and property of fast charging electrode materials during battery operation. Although electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM) holds high spatial resolution, its imaging speed is too slow to visualize dynamics occurring on the timescale of minutes. In this article, we present an electrochemical high-speed AFM (EC-HS-AFM), developed by addressing key technologies involving optical detection of small cantilever deflection, dual scanner capable of high-speed and wide-range imaging, and electrochemical cell with three electrodes. EC-HS-AFM imaging from 1 fpm to ∼1 fps with a maximum scan range of 40 × 40 µm2 has been stably and reliably realized. Dynamic morphological changes in the LiMn2O4 nanoparticles during cyclic voltammetry measurements in the 0.5 mol/l Li2SO4 solution were successfully visualized. This technique will provide the possibility of tracking dynamic processes of fast charging battery materials and other surface/interface processes such as the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengliang Liu
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuanfang Bi
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Shang
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372, Singapore
| | - Yaowen Liang
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Peifa Yang
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuandi Zhang
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyi Shang
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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Liu D, Shadike Z, Lin R, Qian K, Li H, Li K, Wang S, Yu Q, Liu M, Ganapathy S, Qin X, Yang QH, Wagemaker M, Kang F, Yang XQ, Li B. Review of Recent Development of In Situ/Operando Characterization Techniques for Lithium Battery Research. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806620. [PMID: 31099081 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demands of energy storage require the significant improvement of current Li-ion battery electrode materials and the development of advanced electrode materials. Thus, it is necessary to gain an in-depth understanding of the reaction processes, degradation mechanism, and thermal decomposition mechanisms under realistic operation conditions. This understanding can be obtained by in situ/operando characterization techniques, which provide information on the structure evolution, redox mechanism, solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, side reactions, and Li-ion transport properties under operating conditions. Here, the recent developments in the in situ/operando techniques employed for the investigation of the structural stability, dynamic properties, chemical environment changes, and morphological evolution are described and summarized. The experimental approaches reviewed here include X-ray, electron, neutron, optical, and scanning probes. The experimental methods and operating principles, especially the in situ cell designs, are described in detail. Representative studies of the in situ/operando techniques are summarized, and finally the major current challenges and future opportunities are discussed. Several important battery challenges are likely to benefit from these in situ/operando techniques, including the inhomogeneous reactions of high-energy-density cathodes, the development of safe and reversible Li metal plating, and the development of stable SEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Liu
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zulipiya Shadike
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Ruoqian Lin
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Kun Qian
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Nano Energy Materials Laboratory (NEM), Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hai Li
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kaikai Li
- Interdisciplinary Division of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Shuwei Wang
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qipeng Yu
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 15, Delft, 2629JB, The Netherlands
| | - Swapna Ganapathy
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 15, Delft, 2629JB, The Netherlands
| | - Xianying Qin
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Quan-Hong Yang
- Nanoyang Group, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Marnix Wagemaker
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 15, Delft, 2629JB, The Netherlands
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Nano Energy Materials Laboratory (NEM), Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Baohua Li
- Engineering Laboratory for the Next Generation Power and Energy Storage Batteries, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Materials and Devices Testing Center, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Crompton K, Hladky M, Park HH, Prokes S, Love C, Landi B. Lithium-ion cycling performance of multi-walled carbon nanotube electrodes and current collectors coated with nanometer scale Al2O3 by atomic layer deposition. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.08.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Tripathi AM, Su WN, Hwang BJ. In situ analytical techniques for battery interface analysis. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:736-851. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00180k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interface is a key to high performance and safe lithium-ion batteries or lithium batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok M. Tripathi
- Nano-electrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Wei-Nien Su
- Nano-electrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Bing Joe Hwang
- Nano-electrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei
- Taiwan
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Lu W, Liang L, Sun X, Sun X, Wu C, Hou L, Sun J, Yuan C. Recent Progresses and Development of Advanced Atomic Layer Deposition towards High-Performance Li-Ion Batteries. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 7:E325. [PMID: 29036916 PMCID: PMC5666490 DOI: 10.3390/nano7100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Electrode materials and electrolytes play a vital role in device-level performance of rechargeable Li-ion batteries (LIBs). However, electrode structure/component degeneration and electrode-electrolyte sur-/interface evolution are identified as the most crucial obstacles in practical applications. Thanks to its congenital advantages, atomic layer deposition (ALD) methodology has attracted enormous attention in advanced LIBs. This review mainly focuses upon the up-to-date progress and development of the ALD in high-performance LIBs. The significant roles of the ALD in rational design and fabrication of multi-dimensional nanostructured electrode materials, and finely tailoring electrode-electrolyte sur-/interfaces are comprehensively highlighted. Furthermore, we clearly envision that this contribution will motivate more extensive and insightful studies in the ALD to considerably improve Li-storage behaviors. Future trends and prospects to further develop advanced ALD nanotechnology in next-generation LIBs were also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Longwei Liang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Xuan Sun
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Chen Wu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Linrui Hou
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Jinfeng Sun
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Changzhou Yuan
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
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Zhu C, Han K, Geng D, Ye H, Meng X. Achieving High-Performance Silicon Anodes of Lithium-Ion Batteries via Atomic and Molecular Layer Deposited Surface Coatings: an Overview. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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In Situ Stress Measurement Techniques on Li-ion Battery Electrodes: A Review. ENERGIES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/en10050591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Danis L, Gateman SM, Kuss C, Schougaard SB, Mauzeroll J. Nanoscale Measurements of Lithium-Ion-Battery Materials using Scanning Probe Techniques. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Danis
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Samantha M Gateman
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Christian Kuss
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Steen B. Schougaard
- Department of Chemistry; Université du Québec À Montréal; 2101 rue Jeanne-Mance post 3911 Montreal, Quebec Canada
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
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Breitung B, Baumann P, Sommer H, Janek J, Brezesinski T. In situ and operando atomic force microscopy of high-capacity nano-silicon based electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:14048-14056. [PMID: 27222212 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr03575b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Silicon is a promising next-generation anode material for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. While the alloying of nano- and micron size silicon with lithium is relatively well understood, the knowledge of mechanical degradation and structural rearrangements in practical silicon-based electrodes during operation is limited. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, in situ and operando atomic force microscopy (AFM) of nano-silicon anodes containing polymer binder and carbon black additive. With the help of this technique, the surface topography is analyzed while electrochemical reactions are occurring. In particular, changes in particle size as well as electrode structure and height are visualized with high resolution. Furthermore, the formation and evolution of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) can be followed and its thickness determined by phase imaging and nano-indentation, respectively. Major changes occur in the first lithiation cycle at potentials below 0.6 V with respect to Li/Li(+) due to increased SEI formation - which is a dynamic process - and alloying reactions. Overall, these results provide insight into the function of silicon-based composite electrodes and further show that AFM is a powerful technique that can be applied to important battery materials, without restriction to thin film geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Breitung
- Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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