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Sirithunge C, Wang H, Iida F. Soft touchless sensors and touchless sensing for soft robots. Front Robot AI 2024; 11:1224216. [PMID: 38312746 PMCID: PMC10830750 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2024.1224216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Soft robots are characterized by their mechanical compliance, making them well-suited for various bio-inspired applications. However, the challenge of preserving their flexibility during deployment has necessitated using soft sensors which can enhance their mobility, energy efficiency, and spatial adaptability. Through emulating the structure, strategies, and working principles of human senses, soft robots can detect stimuli without direct contact with soft touchless sensors and tactile stimuli. This has resulted in noteworthy progress within the field of soft robotics. Nevertheless, soft, touchless sensors offer the advantage of non-invasive sensing and gripping without the drawbacks linked to physical contact. Consequently, the popularity of soft touchless sensors has grown in recent years, as they facilitate intuitive and safe interactions with humans, other robots, and the surrounding environment. This review explores the emerging confluence of touchless sensing and soft robotics, outlining a roadmap for deployable soft robots to achieve human-level dexterity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huijiang Wang
- Bio-Inspired Robotics Lab, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Sun R, Zou Z, Yan R, Shou M, Zhang H, Zeng S, Feng H, Liao C. Magnetically Induced Grid Structure for Enhancing the Performance of a Dual-Mode Flexible Sensor with Tactile/Touchless Perception. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:59876-59886. [PMID: 38105477 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
As an advanced sensing technology, dual-mode flexible sensing, integrating both tactile and touchless perception, propels numerous intelligent devices toward a more practical and efficient direction. The ability to incorporate multiple sensing modes and accurately distinguish them in real time has become crucial for technological advancements. Here, we proposed a dual-mode sensing system (B-MIGS) consisting of a dual-layer sensing device with a magnetically induced grid structure and a testing device. The system was capable of utilizing mechanical pressure to perceive tactile stimulation and magnetic sensing to simultaneously transduce touchless stimulation simultaneously. By leveraging the triboelectric effect, the decoupling of tactile and touchless signals in the presence of unknown signal sources was achieved. Additionally, the sensing characteristics of the B-MIGS were optimized by varying the curing magnetic induction intensity and magnetic particle concentration. The influence of the temperature and humidity on the sensing signals was also discussed. Finally, the practical value of the B-MIGS as a dual-mode monitoring system was demonstrated on soft petals and sensor arrays, along with exploration of its potential application in underwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Sun
- School of Automation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Ruohan Yan
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Mengjie Shou
- School of Automation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Honghui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Suhua Zeng
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Huizong Feng
- School of Automation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Changrong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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Li S, Wu Y, Asghar W, Li F, Zhang Y, He Z, Liu J, Wang Y, Liao M, Shang J, Ren L, Du Y, Makarov D, Liu Y, Li RW. Wearable Magnetic Field Sensor with Low Detection Limit and Wide Operation Range for Electronic Skin Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2304525. [PMID: 38037314 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronic devices extended abilities of humans to perceive their environment conveniently and comfortably. Among them, flexible magnetic field sensors are crucial to detect changes in the external magnetic field. State-of-the-art flexible magnetoelectronics do not exhibit low detection limit and large working range simultaneously, which limits their application potential. Herein, a flexible magnetic field sensor possessing a low detection limit of 22 nT and wide sensing range from 22 nT up to 400 mT is reported. With the detection range of seven orders of magnitude in magnetic field sensor constitutes at least one order of magnitude improvement over current flexible magnetic field sensor technologies. The sensor is designed as a cantilever beam structure accommodating a flexible permanent magnetic composite and an amorphous magnetic wire enabling sensitivity to low magnetic fields. To detect high fields, the anisotropy of the giant magnetoimpedance effect of amorphous magnetic wires to the magnetic field direction is explored. Benefiting from mechanical flexibility of sensor and its broad detection range, its application potential for smart wearables targeting geomagnetic navigation, touchless interactivity, rehabilitation appliances, and safety interfaces providing warnings of exposure to high magnetic fields are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuanzhao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Waqas Asghar
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology Taxila, Taxila, 47050, Pakistan
| | - Fali Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ye Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Zidong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jinyun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Meiyong Liao
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jie Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Long Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yi Du
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Denys Makarov
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yiwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Run-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Magneto-Electronic Hydrogen Gas Sensors: A Critical Review. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Devices enabling early detection of low concentrations of leaking hydrogen and precision measurements in a wide range of hydrogen concentrations in hydrogen storage systems are essential for the mass-production of fuel-cell vehicles and, more broadly, for the transition to the hydrogen economy. Whereas several competing sensor technologies are potentially suitable for this role, ultra-low fire-hazard, contactless and technically simple magneto-electronic sensors stand apart because they have been able to detect the presence of hydrogen gas in a range of hydrogen concentrations from 0.06% to 100% at atmospheric pressure with the response time approaching the industry gold standard of one second. This new kind of hydrogen sensors is the subject of this review article, where we inform academic physics, chemistry, material science and engineering communities as well as industry researchers about the recent developments in the field of magneto-electronic hydrogen sensors, including those based on magneto-optical Kerr effect, anomalous Hall effect and Ferromagnetic Resonance with a special focus on Ferromagnetic Resonance (FMR)-based devices. In particular, we present the physical foundations of magneto-electronic hydrogen sensors and we critically overview their advantages and disadvantages for applications in the vital areas of the safety of hydrogen-powered cars and hydrogen fuelling stations as well as hydrogen concentration meters, including those operating directly inside hydrogen-fuelled fuel cells. We believe that this review will be of interest to a broad readership, also facilitating the translation of research results into policy and practice.
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Kim Y, Lee K, Lee J, Jang S, Kim H, Lee H, Lee SW, Wang G, Park C. Bird-Inspired Self-Navigating Artificial Synaptic Compass. ACS NANO 2021; 15:20116-20126. [PMID: 34793113 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Extrasensory neuromorphic devices that can recognize, memorize, and learn stimuli imperceptible to human beings are of considerable interest in interactive intelligent electronics research. This study presents an artificially intelligent magnetoreceptive synapse inspired by the magnetocognitive ability used by birds for navigation and orientation. The proposed synaptic platform is based on arrays of ferroelectric field-effect transistors with air-suspended magneto-interactive top-gates. A suspended gate of an elastomeric composite with superparamagnetic particles laminated with an electrically conductive polymer is mechanically deformed under a magnetic field, facilitating control of the magnetic-field-dependent contact area of the suspended gate with an underlying ferroelectric layer. The remanent polarization of the ferroelectric layer is electrically programmed with the deformed suspended gate, resulting in analog conductance modulation as a function of the magnitude, number, and time interval of the input magnetic pulses. The proposed extrasensory magnetoreceptive synapse may be used as an artificially intelligent synaptic compass that facilitates barrier-adaptable navigation and mapping of a moving object.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngwoo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseok Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghoon Jang
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - HoYeon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhaeng Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Gunuk Wang
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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Zighem F, Faurie D. A review on nanostructured thin films on flexible substrates: links between strains and magnetic properties. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:233002. [PMID: 33973532 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abe96c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a topical review of work on systems based on magnetic nanostructured thin films on polymer substrates. This topic has indeed experienced a significant growth in the last ten years. Several studies show a strong potential of these systems for a number of applications requiring functionalities on non-planar surfaces. However, the deformations necessary for this type of applications are likely to modify their magnetic properties, and the relationships between strain fields, potential damages and functional properties must be well understood. This review focuses both on the development of techniques dedicated to this research, on the synthesis of the experimental results obtained over the last ten years and on the perspectives related to stretchable or flexible magnetoelectric systems. In particular, the article focuses on the links between magnetic behavior and the strain field developing during the whole history of these systems (elaboration, reversible and irreversible loading).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zighem
- LSPM-CNRS, UPR3407, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430, Villetaneuse, France
| | - D Faurie
- LSPM-CNRS, UPR3407, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430, Villetaneuse, France
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Ha M, Cañón Bermúdez GS, Kosub T, Mönch I, Zabila Y, Oliveros Mata ES, Illing R, Wang Y, Fassbender J, Makarov D. Printable and Stretchable Giant Magnetoresistive Sensors for Highly Compliant and Skin-Conformal Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005521. [PMID: 33533129 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Highly compliant electronics, naturally conforming to human skin, represent a paradigm shift in the interplay with the surroundings. Solution-processable printing technologies are yet to be developed to comply with requirements to mechanical conformability of on-skin appliances. Here, it is demonstrated that high-performance spintronic elements can be printed on ultrathin 3 µm thick polymeric foils enabling the mechanically imperceptible printed magnetoelectronics, which can adapt to the periodic buckling surface to be biaxially stretched over 100%. They constitute the first example of printed and stretchable giant magnetoresistive sensors, revealing 2 orders of magnitude improvements in mechanical stability and sensitivity at small magnetic fields, compared to the state-of-the-art printed magnetoelectronics. The key enabler of this performance enhancement is the use of elastomeric triblock copolymers as a binder for the magnetosensitive paste. Even when bent to a radius of 16 µm, the sensors printed on ultrathin foils remain intact and possess unmatched sensitivity for printed magnetoelectronics of 3 T-1 in a low magnetic field of 0.88 mT. The compliant printed sensors can be used as components of on-skin interactive electronics as it is demonstrated with a touchless control of virtual objects including zooming in and out of interactive maps and scrolling through electronic documents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Ha
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden, 01328, Germany
| | - Gilbert Santiago Cañón Bermúdez
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden, 01328, Germany
| | - Tobias Kosub
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden, 01328, Germany
| | - Ingolf Mönch
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden, 01328, Germany
| | - Yevhen Zabila
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden, 01328, Germany
- The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, 31-342, Poland
| | - Eduardo Sergio Oliveros Mata
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden, 01328, Germany
| | - Rico Illing
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden, 01328, Germany
| | - Yakun Wang
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden, 01328, Germany
| | - Jürgen Fassbender
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden, 01328, Germany
| | - Denys Makarov
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden, 01328, Germany
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Du Y, Zhang H, Yuan S. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Thermal Conductivity of Al 2O 3/PDMS Composites. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/a21030098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lee SW, Baek S, Park SW, Koo M, Kim EH, Lee S, Jin W, Kang H, Park C, Kim G, Shin H, Shim W, Yang S, Ahn JH, Park C. 3D motion tracking display enabled by magneto-interactive electroluminescence. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6072. [PMID: 33247086 PMCID: PMC7695719 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a human-interactive display enabling the simultaneous sensing, visualisation, and memorisation of a magnetic field remains a challenge. Here we report a skin-patchable magneto-interactive electroluminescent display, which is capable of sensing, visualising, and storing magnetic field information, thereby enabling 3D motion tracking. A magnetic field-dependent conductive gate is employed in an alternating current electroluminescent display, which is used to produce non-volatile and rewritable magnetic field-dependent display. By constructing mechanically flexible arrays of magneto-interactive displays, a spin-patchable and pixelated platform is realised. The magnetic field varying along the z-axis enables the 3D motion tracking (monitoring and memorisation) on 2D pixelated display. This 3D motion tracking display is successfully used as a non-destructive surgery-path guiding, wherein a pathway for a surgical robotic arm with a magnetic probe is visualised and recorded on a display patched on the abdominal skin of a rat, thereby helping the robotic arm to find an optimal pathway. Designing human-interactive displays enabling the simultaneous sensing, visualization, and memorization of a magnetic field remains a challenge. Here, the authors present a skin-patchable magneto-interactive electroluminescent display by employing a magnetic field-dependent conductive gate, thereby enabling 3D motion tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Won Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Soyeon Baek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Sung-Won Park
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Min Koo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Eui Hyuk Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Seokyeong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Wookyeong Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Hansol Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Chanho Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Gwangmook Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Heechang Shin
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Wooyoung Shim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Sunggu Yang
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Cheolmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea.
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Huang L, Wang H, Wu P, Huang W, Gao W, Fang F, Cai N, Chen R, Zhu Z. Wearable Flexible Strain Sensor Based on Three-Dimensional Wavy Laser-Induced Graphene and Silicone Rubber. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20154266. [PMID: 32751740 PMCID: PMC7435625 DOI: 10.3390/s20154266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has the advantages of one-step fabrication, prominent mechanical performance, as well as high conductivity; it acts as the ideal material to fabricate flexible strain sensors. In this study, a wearable flexible strain sensor consisting of three-dimensional (3D) wavy LIG and silicone rubber was reported. With a laser to scan on a polyimide film, 3D wavy LIG could be synthesized on the wavy surface of a mold. The wavy-LIG strain sensor was developed by transferring LIG to silicone rubber substrate and then packaging. For stress concentration, the ultimate strain primarily took place in the troughs of wavy LIG, resulting in higher sensitivity and less damage to LIG during stretching. As a result, the wavy-LIG strain sensor achieved high sensitivity (gauge factor was 37.8 in a range from 0% to 31.8%, better than the planar-LIG sensor), low hysteresis (1.39%) and wide working range (from 0% to 47.7%). The wavy-LIG strain sensor had a stable and rapid dynamic response; its reversibility and repeatability were demonstrated. After 5000 cycles, the signal peak varied by only 2.32%, demonstrating the long-term durability. Besides, its applications in detecting facial skin expansion, muscle movement, and joint movement, were discussed. It is considered a simple, efficient, and low-cost method to fabricate a flexible strain sensor with high sensitivity and structural robustness. Furthermore, the wavy-LIG strain senor can be developed into wearable sensing devices for virtual/augmented reality or electronic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment (2019DG780017), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Ultra-Precision Manufacturing Equipment Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.H.); (P.W.); (F.F.)
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment (2019DG780017), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Ultra-Precision Manufacturing Equipment Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.H.); (P.W.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Peixuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment (2019DG780017), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Ultra-Precision Manufacturing Equipment Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.H.); (P.W.); (F.F.)
| | - Weimin Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, the University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Feiyu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment (2019DG780017), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Ultra-Precision Manufacturing Equipment Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.H.); (P.W.); (F.F.)
| | - Nian Cai
- School of Information Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Rouxi Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Ziming Zhu
- Foshan Lepton Precision M&C Tech Co., Ltd., Foshan 528225, China;
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Fina I, Dix N, Menéndez E, Crespi A, Foerster M, Aballe L, Sánchez F, Fontcuberta J. Flexible Antiferromagnetic FeRh Tapes as Memory Elements. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:15389-15395. [PMID: 32149498 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic transition occurring above room temperature in FeRh is attracting interest for applications in spintronics, with perspectives for robust and untraceable data storage. Here, we show that FeRh films can be grown on a flexible metallic substrate (tape shaped), coated with a textured rock-salt MgO layer, suitable for large-scale applications. The FeRh tape displays a sharp antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic transition at about 90 °C. Its magnetic properties are preserved by bending (radii of 300 mm), and their anisotropic magnetoresistance (up to 0.05%) is used to illustrate data writing/reading capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Fina
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nico Dix
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Enric Menéndez
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain
| | - Anna Crespi
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michael Foerster
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Facility, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08290, Spain
| | - Lucia Aballe
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Facility, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08290, Spain
| | - Florencio Sánchez
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Fontcuberta
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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12
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Ruan L, Zhao Y, Chen Z, Zeng W, Wang S, Liang D, Zhao J. A Self-Powered Flexible Thermoelectric Sensor and Its Application on the Basis of the Hollow PEDOT:PSS Fiber. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030553. [PMID: 32138271 PMCID: PMC7182963 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermoelectric (TE) fiber, based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), which possesses good flexibility, a low cost, good environmental stability and non-toxicity, has attracted more attention due to its promising applications in energy harvesting. This study presents a self-powered flexible sensor based on the TE properties of the hollow PEDOT:PSS fiber. The hollow structure of the fiber was synthesized using traditional wet spinning. The sensor was applied to an application for finger touch, and showed both long-term stability and good reliability towards external force. The sensor had a high scalability and was simple to develop. When figures touched the sensors, a temperature difference of 6 °C was formed between the figure and the outside environment. The summit output voltages of the sensors with 1 to 5 legs gradually increased from 90.8 μV to 404 μV. The time needed for the output voltage to reach 90% of its peak value is only 2.7 s. Five sensors of legs ranging from 1 to 5 were used to assemble the selector. This study may provide a new proposal to produce a self-powered, long-term and stable skin sensor, which is suitable for wearable devices in personal electronic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Ruan
- National Engineering Research Center for Analysis and Application of Agro-Ecological Big Data, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China; (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (S.W.)
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China;
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (D.L.); (J.Z.); Tel.:+86-0551-63861722 (L.R., D.L. & J.Z.)
| | - Yanjie Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Analysis and Application of Agro-Ecological Big Data, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China; (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (S.W.)
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China;
| | - Zihao Chen
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China;
| | - Wei Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center for Analysis and Application of Agro-Ecological Big Data, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China; (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (S.W.)
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China;
| | - Siliang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Analysis and Application of Agro-Ecological Big Data, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China; (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (S.W.)
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China;
| | - Dong Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Analysis and Application of Agro-Ecological Big Data, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China; (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (S.W.)
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China;
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (D.L.); (J.Z.); Tel.:+86-0551-63861722 (L.R., D.L. & J.Z.)
| | - Jinling Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Analysis and Application of Agro-Ecological Big Data, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China; (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (S.W.)
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, No. 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei 230601, China;
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (D.L.); (J.Z.); Tel.:+86-0551-63861722 (L.R., D.L. & J.Z.)
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13
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Huang P, Tan D, Li QM, Li YQ, Fu YQ, Hu N, Fu SY. Dual-Mode Carbon Aerogel/Iron Rubber Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:8674-8680. [PMID: 31986011 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the integration of easy production, simple structure, high sensitivity, and multifunctionality is the developing tendency for flexible sensors. Herein we report a facile manufacture of a highly flexible, sensitive, and multifunctional dual-mode sensor with an ultrasimple structure by directly attaching magnetic iron rubber (IR) onto the surface of carbon aerogel (CA) derived from melamine foam. The dual-mode CA/IR sensor exhibits high sensitivities of 5.6 kPa-1 and 1.6·10-3 Oe-1, respectively, toward pressure and magnetic field in a wide frequency ranging from 0.1 to 10 Hz, which are higher than those of the existing flexible pressure/magnetism sensors. The multifunctionality of the dual-mode CA/IR sensor is demonstrated by monitoring blood pulse, human breath, balloon volume, and thoracic volume via pressure and magnetism sensing or their combination. Due to its simple structure and high sensitivities, the dual-mode sensor is employed as the building block to create a direction-recognizable sensor for identifying the directions of pressure and magnetic field for the awareness of surrounding barriers that are of practical importance in sophisticated situations such as autonomous artificial intelligence, autodriving and robotics, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Huang
- College of Aerospace Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 400044 , China
| | - Di Tan
- College of Aerospace Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 400044 , China
| | - Qin-Mei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Organic Materials Testing Technology & Quality Evaluation , Beijing Centre for Physical & Chemical Analysis , Beijing 100089 , China
| | - Yuan-Qing Li
- College of Aerospace Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 400044 , China
| | - Ya-Qin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , Zhejiang Province , China
| | - Ning Hu
- College of Aerospace Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 400044 , China
- Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System and International R&D Center of Micro-Nano Systems and New Materials Technology , Chongqing University , Chongqing 400044 , China
- School of Mechanical Engineering , Hebei University of Technology , Tianjin 300401 , China
| | - Shao-Yun Fu
- College of Aerospace Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 400044 , China
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14
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Ding L, Xuan S, Pei L, Wang S, Hu T, Zhang S, Gong X. Stress and Magnetic Field Bimode Detection Sensors Based on Flexible CI/CNTs-PDMS Sponges. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:30774-30784. [PMID: 30122036 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This work reports porous carbonyl iron particles/multiwalled carbon nanotubes-polydimethylsiloxane composites (PCMCs) with high flexibility and low density. In comparison to the solid product, the porous PCMC possesses a larger elongation and deformation. Because of the excellent magnetic-mechanic-electric coupling performance, the flexible composite exhibits bimode sensitivity to both the external stresses and magnetic field. Typically, the normalized resistance variation (Δ R/ R) of PCMC reaches 82.8% and 52.2% when the compression strain and tension strain are 60% and 50%, respectively. Moreover, the Δ R/ R induced by bending, twisting, and magnetostress also changes remarkably. When a 144 mT magnetic field is applied, the Δ R/ R of PCMC increases with 3.6%. To further understand the magnetic-mechanic-electric coupling mechanism, a conductive network sensing model is proposed and analyzed. Finally, on the basis of the bimode PCMC sensor array, a smart chessboard which can precisely discriminate special chesses with different masses and magnets is developed. This study provides a new fabrication method for next-generation three-dimensional smart sensors toward artificial electronics and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics , University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230027 , P. R. China
| | - Shouhu Xuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics , University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230027 , P. R. China
| | - Lei Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics , University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230027 , P. R. China
| | - Sheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics , University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230027 , P. R. China
| | - Tao Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics , University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230027 , P. R. China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics , University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230027 , P. R. China
| | - Xinglong Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics , University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230027 , P. R. China
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15
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Lin HI, Shen KC, Lin SY, Haider G, Li YH, Chang SW, Chen YF. Transient and Flexible Hyperbolic Metamaterials on Freeform Surfaces. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9469. [PMID: 29930247 PMCID: PMC6013475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27812-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient technology is deemed as a paramount breakthrough for its particular functionality that can be implemented at a specific time and then totally dissolved. Hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) with high wave-vector modes for negative refraction or with high photonic density of states to robustly enhance the quantum transformation efficiency represent one of the emerging key elements for generating not-yet realized optoelectronics devices. However, HMMs has not been explored for implementing in transient technology. Here we show the first attempt to integrate transient technology with HMMs, i.e., transient HMMs, composed of multilayers of water-soluble and bio-compatible polymer and metal. We demonstrate that our newly designed transient HMMs can also possess high-k modes and high photonic density of states, which enables to dramatically enhance the light emitter covered on top of HMMs. We show that these transient HMMs devices loss their functionalities after immersing into deionized water within 5 min. Moreover, when the transient HMMs are integrated with a flexible substrate, the device exhibits an excellent mechanical stability for more than 3000 bending cycles. We anticipate that the transient HMMs developed here can serve as a versatile platform to advance transient technology for a wide range of application, including solid state lighting, optical communication, and wearable optoelectronic devices, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-I Lin
- Graduate Institute of Applied Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.,Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ching Shen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yao Lin
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Golam Haider
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsuan Li
- Graduate Institute of Applied Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wei Chang
- Graduate Institute of Applied Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Fang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Applied Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan. .,Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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