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Jiang J, Shi Y, Ma NL, Ye H, Verma M, Ng HS, Ge S. Utilizing adsorption of wood and its derivatives as an emerging strategy for the treatment of heavy metal-contaminated wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122830. [PMID: 37918773 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of the industrial sector has resulted in tremendous economic growth. However, this growth has also presented environmental challenges, specifically due to the substantial sewage generated and its contribution to the early warning of global water resource depletion. Large concentrations of poisonous heavy metals, including cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni), are found in industrial effluent. Therefore, various studies are currently underway to provide effective solutions to alleviate heavy metal ion pollution in sewage. One emerging strategy for sewage pollution remediation is adsorption using wood and its derivatives. This approach is gaining popularity due to the porous structure, excellent mechanical properties, and easy chemical modification of wood. Recent studies have focused on removing heavy metal ions from sewage, summarising and analysing different technical principles, affecting factors, and mainstream chemical modification methods on wood. Furthermore, this work provides insight into potential future development direction for enhanced adsorption of heavy metal ions using wood and its derivatives in wastewater treatment. Overall, this review aims to raise awareness of environmental pollution caused by heavy metals in sewage and promote green environmental protection, low-carbon energy-saving, and sustainable solutions for sewage heavy metal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxuan Jiang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yang Shi
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Nyuk Ling Ma
- BIOSES Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science & Marine Environment, 21030, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia; Center for Global Health Research (CGHR), Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Haoran Ye
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Meenakshi Verma
- University Centre for Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Hui Suan Ng
- Centre for Research and Graduate Studies, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, 63000, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shengbo Ge
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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Akintola J, Chen Y, Digby ZA, Schlenoff JB. Antifouling Coatings from Glassy Polyelectrolyte Complex Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:50058-50068. [PMID: 37871187 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Coatings that prevent or decrease fouling are sought for many applications, including those that inhibit the attachment of organisms in aquatic environments. To date, antifouling coatings have mostly followed design criteria assembled over decades: surfaces should be well/strongly hydrated, possess low net charge, and maintain a hydrophilic character when exposed to the location of use. Thus, polymers based on ethylene glycol or zwitterionic repeat units have been shown to be highly effective. Unfortunately, hydrated materials can be quite soft, limiting their use in some environments. In a major paradigm shift, this work describes glassy antifouling films made from certain complexes of positive and negative polyelectrolytes. The dense network of electrostatic interactions yields tough materials below the glass transition temperature, Tg, in normal use, while the highly ionic character of these polyelectrolyte complexes ensures strong hydration. The proximity of equal numbers of opposite charges within these complexes mimics zwitterionic structures. Films, assembled layer-by-layer from aqueous solutions, contained sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone), SPEEK, a rigid polyelectrolyte that binds strongly to a selection of quaternary ammonium polycations. Layer-by-layer buildup of SPEEK and polycations was linear, indicating strong complexes between polyelectrolytes. Calorimetry also showed that complex formation was exothermic. Surfaces coated with these films in the 100 nm thickness range completely resisted adhesion of the common flagellate green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which were removed from surfaces at a minimum applied flow rate of 0.8 cm s-1. The total surface charge density of adsorbed cations, determined with a sensitive radioisotopic label, was very low, around 10% of a monolayer, which minimized adsorption driven by counterion release from the surface. The viscoelastic properties of the complexes, which were stable even in concentrated salt solutions, were explored using rheology of bulk samples. When fully hydrated, their Tg values were observed to be above 75 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Akintola
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32308-4390 , United States
| | - Yuhui Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32308-4390 , United States
| | - Zachary A Digby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32308-4390 , United States
| | - Joseph B Schlenoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32308-4390 , United States
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Zheng K, Gong WL, Wu M, Liu L, Qiu X, Shan Y, Yao J. Amphoteric cellulose microspheres for the efficient remediation of anionic and cationic dyeing wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.123035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Huang L, Bao D, Jiang X, Li J, Zhang L, Sun X. Fabrication of stable high-performance urchin-like CeO 2/ZnO@Au hierarchical heterojunction photocatalyst for water remediation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 588:713-724. [PMID: 33309241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.11.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the urchin-like CeO2/ZnO@Au photocatalyst was rationally designed and prepared through hydrothermal method, chemical precipitation and photo reduction deposition. The optimal photocatalyst (CZA8) degraded Rhodamine B (RhB), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and Naproxen (NPX) about 100% within 20 min, 91.4% within 60 min and 88.9% within 30 min under Xe lamp illumination, respectively. Besides, the CZA8 possesses outstanding photo corrosion resistance capacity which has been verified with the cycle degradation experiments. The photocatalyst displays excellent light response and efficient separation of photo-induced carriers due to the fabrication of type-II heterojunction, the presence of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect and as well as the oxygen vacancy. The oxygen vacancy was systematically characterized by XPS, PL and Raman. Moreover, the photocatalytic degradation pathways are proposed based on the LC-MS results. Finally, a novel photocatalytic mechanism for photocatalytic oxidation of RhB, 4-NP and NPX is discussed and schematically illuminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsen Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 29, Wang Jiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Deyu Bao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 29, Wang Jiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 29, Wang Jiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Junhua Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 29, Wang Jiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Liangxing Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 29, Wang Jiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Xiaosong Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 29, Wang Jiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China.
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5
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Zada S, Lu H, Khan S, Iqbal A, Ahmad A, Ahmad A, Ali H, Fu P, Dong H, Zhang X. Biosorption of iron ions through microalgae from wastewater and soil: Optimization and comparative study. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129172. [PMID: 33302204 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae play a significant role in wastewater and soil-bioremediation due to their low-cost and eco-friendly nature. In this study, 21 strains of microalgae were evaluated during removal of iron Fe2+ from aqueous solutions. Out of 21 strains, five strains (S. obliquus, C. fusca, C. saccharophila, A. braunii, and Leptolyngbya JSC-1) were selected based on their comparative tolerance for the iron Fe2+. These strains were further studied for their Fe2+ removal efficiency. The results indicated that the selected strains could maintain normal growth pattern up to 50 ppm of Fe2+, while the concentration beyond 50 ppm inhibited the growth. The Fe2+ bio-removal efficiencies from wastewater were 97, 98, 97.5, 99, and 99.9%, respectively. Similarly, in soil the bio-removal efficiencies of the five strains were measured as 76, 77, 76, 77.5, and 79%, repectively. A slight increase in leakage of protein and nucleic acids was observed in all strains, which is unlikely could be the reason of iron exposure as similar pattern was also found in control groups. Current results suggested that the selected five strains have high potential to be used as bioremediation tools for Fe2+ contaminated water and soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Zada
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Research Centre for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Huiting Lu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Sikandar Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Arshad Iqbal
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Pakistan.
| | - Adnan Ahmad
- Department of Forestory, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Hamid Ali
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Pengcheng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea Hainan University, 58 Renmin Avenue, Meilan District Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, PR China.
| | - Haifeng Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Research Centre for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083, PR China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China.
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Research Centre for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083, PR China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China.
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Zhang J, Zhang B, Dang X, Song Z, Hu Y, Chen H. A polythiophene/UiO-66 composite coating for extraction of volatile organic compounds migrated from ion-exchange resins prior to their determination by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1633:461627. [PMID: 33128970 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxothiophene) (PEDOT)/UiO-66 composite was electrodeposited on an etched stainless-steel wire as head-space solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coating. A robust, well controlled thickness, and uniform coating of metal organic framework composites can be realized by the electrodeposited strategy. The incorporated UiO-66 not only enhanced the uniformity and stability of the composite coating, but also effectively decreased the stacking phenomenon of PEDOT and improved its extraction efficiency, which was over 100 times higher than that of the PEDOT coating without UiO-66. The composite coating was used to enrich seven types of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ion-exchange resins, including methyl cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, ortho-xylene, styrene, para-xylene and divinyl-benzene. The results of adsorption isotherm analysis showed that π stacking effect played dominant role between the composite coating and VOCs in the extraction process. The composite coating was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. A determination method for seven kinds of VOCs was established by HS-SPME coupled with gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Under the optimal experimental conditions, the detection linear range (LRs) was 0.09-100 ng mL-1, and the detection limit (LODs) was 0.03-0.06 ng mL-1 (S/N = 3). The method was applied for the migration detection of VOCs in four types of ion-exchange resin, which showed satisfactory recovery (84.5-117.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Birong Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Xueping Dang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
| | - Zhiyong Song
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Yuling Hu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
| | - Huaixia Chen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
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Hu X, Xu G, Zhang H, Li M, Tu Y, Xie X, Zhu Y, Jiang L, Zhu X, Ji X, Li Y, Li A. Multifunctional β-Cyclodextrin Polymer for Simultaneous Removal of Natural Organic Matter and Organic Micropollutants and Detrimental Microorganisms from Water. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:12165-12175. [PMID: 32057224 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM), organic micropollutants (OMPs), and detrimental microorganisms are three major pollutants that affect water quality. To remove these pollutants, a quaternary ammonium-functionalized β-cyclodextrin polymer (β-CDP) is successfully synthesized in the aqueous phase. The N2 and CO2 adsorption/desorption analysis showed that the polymer mainly contains ultra-micropores (<1 nm), with a Langmuir surface area of 89 m2 g-1. Two kinds of NOM, humic acid and fulvic acid, and five OMPs, 2-naphthol (2-NO), 3-phenylphenol (3-PH), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), bisphenol A (BPA), and bisphenol S (BPS), were selected as model pollutants to study the performance of β-CDP and three kinds of commercial adsorbents, including granular activated carbon, DARCO-AC, and two resins, XAD-4 and D-201, were used for comparison. The polymer shows ultrarapid adsorption kinetics for the removal of these pollutants, with pseudo-second-order rate constants two to three orders of magnitude higher than that of the commercial activated carbon and resins. Due to the different adsorption sites of NOM and OMPs, β-CDP can simultaneously remove these pollutants without competitive adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of β-CDP for HA, FA, 2-NO, 3-PH, 2,4,6-TCP, BPA, and BPS based on the Langmuir model is 40, 166, 74, 101, 108, 103, and 117 mg g-1, respectively. After use, the polymer can be easily regenerated at room temperature. In addition, β-CDP also showed excellent bactericidal properties due to the quaternary ammonium groups. At a concentration of 15 g L-1, β-CDP can remove 98% of the tested Escherichia coli. Moreover, the synthesis of β-CDP is simple, green, and easy to industrialize. All of these findings indicate that β-CDP, as an ideal multifunctional material, presents potential for practical applications for water treatment and disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, P. R. China
| | - Guizhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, P. R. China
| | - Huaicheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, P. R. China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, P. R. China
| | - Yizhou Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, P. R. China
| | - Xianchuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, P. R. China
| | - Yuanting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, P. R. China
| | - Lu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, P. R. China
| | - Xingqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, P. R. China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, P. R. China
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Finkbeiner P, Moore G, Tseka T, Nkambule TTI, Kock LD, Jefferson B, Jarvis P. Interactions between Organic Model Compounds and Ion Exchange Resins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9734-9743. [PMID: 31329424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ion exchange (IEX) can successfully remove natural organic matter (NOM) from surface water. However, the removal mechanism is not well understood due to the complexity and variability of NOM in real source waters as well as the influence of multiple parameters on the removal behavior. For example, this includes the physicochemical properties of the NOM and IEX resin, and the presence of competing anions. Model compounds with a range of physical and chemical characteristics were therefore used to determine the mechanisms of NOM removal by IEX resins. Fifteen model compounds were selected to evaluate the influence of hydrophobicity, size, and charge of organic molecules on the removal by ion exchange, both individually and in mixtures. Three different resins, comprising polystyrene and polyacrylic resin of macroporous and gellular structure, showed that charge density (CD) was the most important characteristic that controlled the removal, with CD of >5 mequiv mgDOC-1 resulting in high removal (≥89%). Size exclusion of compounds with high MW (≥8 kDa) was evident. The hydrophobicity of the resin and model compound was particularly important for removal of neutral molecules such as resorcinol, which was best removed by the more hydrophobic polystyrene resin. Relationships were identified that provided explanations of the interactions observed between NOM and IEX resin in real waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Finkbeiner
- Cranfield Water Science Institute , Cranfield University , Building 52a, Cranfield , Bedford MK43 0AL , United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Moore
- Scottish Water , Castle House, 6 Castle Drive , Dunfermline KY11 8GG , United Kingdom
| | - Tebogo Tseka
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit , University of South Africa (UNISA) , Johannesburg , Florida 1709 , South Africa
| | - Thabo T I Nkambule
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit , University of South Africa (UNISA) , Johannesburg , Florida 1709 , South Africa
| | - Lueta De Kock
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit , University of South Africa (UNISA) , Johannesburg , Florida 1709 , South Africa
| | - Bruce Jefferson
- Cranfield Water Science Institute , Cranfield University , Building 52a, Cranfield , Bedford MK43 0AL , United Kingdom
| | - Peter Jarvis
- Cranfield Water Science Institute , Cranfield University , Building 52a, Cranfield , Bedford MK43 0AL , United Kingdom
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit , University of South Africa (UNISA) , Johannesburg , Florida 1709 , South Africa
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Schönemann E, Laschewsky A, Wischerhoff E, Koc J, Rosenhahn A. Surface Modification by Polyzwitterions of the Sulfabetaine-Type, and Their Resistance to Biofouling. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1014. [PMID: 31181764 PMCID: PMC6631746 DOI: 10.3390/polym11061014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Films of zwitterionic polymers are increasingly explored for conferring fouling resistance to materials. Yet, the structural diversity of polyzwitterions is rather limited so far, and clear structure-property relationships are missing. Therefore, we synthesized a series of new polyzwitterions combining ammonium and sulfate groups in their betaine moieties, so-called poly(sulfabetaine)s. Their chemical structures were varied systematically, the monomers carrying methacrylate, methacrylamide, or styrene moieties as polymerizable groups. High molar mass homopolymers were obtained by free radical polymerization. Although their solubilities in most solvents were very low, brine and lower fluorinated alcohols were effective solvents in most cases. A set of sulfabetaine copolymers containing about 1 mol % (based on the repeat units) of reactive benzophenone methacrylate was prepared, spin-coated onto solid substrates, and photo-cured. The resistance of these films against the nonspecific adsorption by two model proteins (bovine serum albumin-BSA, fibrinogen) was explored, and directly compared with a set of references. The various polyzwitterions reduced protein adsorption strongly compared to films of poly(nbutyl methacrylate) that were used as a negative control. The poly(sulfabetaine)s showed generally even somewhat higher anti-fouling activity than their poly(sulfobetaine) analogues, though detailed efficacies depended on the individual polymer-protein pairs. Best samples approach the excellent performance of a poly(oligo(ethylene oxide) methacrylate) reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schönemann
- Department of Chemistry, University Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - André Laschewsky
- Department of Chemistry, University Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Erik Wischerhoff
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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