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Zhang H, Wang C, Li L, Zhang J, Zhao J, Sun T, Cui B. 3D-crumpled graphitic carbon nitride achieving promoted visible-light-driven molecular oxygen activation for phenol degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 321:138107. [PMID: 36773675 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Boosting optical absorption and charge transfer of g-C3N4 is of great importance but a challenging task for developing metal-free high-performance photocatalyst. Herein, 3D-crumpled g-C3N4 (DCN) is synthesized through a direct top-down thermal etching strategy. The thermal exfoliation of layered bulk g-C3N4 (BCN) in air atmosphere induces partial distortion of heptazine-based g-C3N4 nanosheet, which further self-assemble into 3D-crumpled network structure. Spectroscopic and photoelectrochemical characterization demonstrate that the unique DCN can not only remarkably extend the visible-light response region to 600 nm by awakening the n-π* electron transition, but also significantly promote O2 activation for selective H2O2 generation owing to the intensified electron delocalization and charge transport ability. Thus, DCN catalyst realizes an excellent photocatalytic phenol degradation rate under visible light irradiation (0.690 h-1), far (4.4-fold) out from the BCN counterparts. This work enables synergistic optimization of optical absorption, charge transport and surface-active sites by constructing a 3D-crumpled structure, which expands the engineering toolbox of metal-free skeleton photocatalyst for developing practical and economical catalysts for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Chengwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Lei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Environmental and Ecological Technology for River Basins, Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jinbo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Baoshan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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2
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Actis A, Melchionna M, Filippini G, Fornasiero P, Prato M, Salvadori E, Chiesa M. Morphology and Light-Dependent Spatial Distribution of Spin Defects in Carbon Nitride. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210640. [PMID: 36074040 PMCID: PMC9828381 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nitride (CN) is a heterogeneous photocatalyst that combines good structural properties and a broad scope. The photocatalytic efficiency of CN is associated with the presence of defective and radical species. An accurate description of defective states-both at a local and extended level-is key to develop a thorough mechanistic understanding of the photophysics of CN. In turn, this will maximise the generation and usage of photogenerated charge carriers and minimise wasteful charge recombination. Here the influence of morphology and light-excitation on the number and chemical nature of radical defects is assessed. By exploiting the magnetic dipole-dipole coupling, the spatial distribution of native radicals in CN is derived with high precision. From the analysis an average distance in the range 1.99-2.34 nm is determined, which corresponds to pairs of radicals located approximately four tri-s-triazine units apart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Actis
- Department of Chemistry and NIS CentreUniversity of TorinoVia Pietro Giuria 710125TorinoItaly
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdRUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdRUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdRUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly,ICCOM-CNR URTTriesteItaly
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical, INSTM UdRUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly,ICCOM-CNR URTTriesteItaly,Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Paseo Miramon 19420014Donostia San SebastiánSpain,Basque Fdn Sci Ikerbasque48013BilbaoSpain
| | - Enrico Salvadori
- Department of Chemistry and NIS CentreUniversity of TorinoVia Pietro Giuria 710125TorinoItaly
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry and NIS CentreUniversity of TorinoVia Pietro Giuria 710125TorinoItaly
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3
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Actis A, Melchionna M, Filippini G, Fornasiero P, Prato M, Salvadori E, Chiesa M. Morphology and Light‐Dependent Spatial Distribution of Spin Defects in Carbon Nitride. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Actis
- University of Turin: Universita degli Studi di Torino Department of Chemistry ITALY
| | - Michele Melchionna
- University of Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ITALY
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- University of Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ITALY
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- University of Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ITALY
| | - Maurizio Prato
- University of Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ITALY
| | - Enrico Salvadori
- Università degli Studi di Torino Department of Chemistry Via Pietro Giuria, 7 10125 Torino ITALY
| | - Mario Chiesa
- University of Turin: Universita degli Studi di Torino Department of Chemistry ITALY
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Li WZ, Chen H, Shen MN, Yang Z, Fan Z, Xiao J, Chen J, Zhang H, Wang Z, Wang XQ. Chaotropic Effect Stabilized Radical-Containing Supramolecular Organic Frameworks for Photothermal Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2108055. [PMID: 35253981 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202108055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Radical-containing frameworks (RCFs) have emerged as promising functional materials in various fields due to the combination of the highly ordered frame structure and the fascinating property of organic radicals. Here, the first example of radical-containing supramolecular organic frameworks (SOFs) fabricated by the chaotropic effect between closo-dodecaborate cluster (B12 H122- ) and 2,4,6-tri(4-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPT3+ ) is presented. The SOFs can be easily synthesized by stirring the B12 H122- and the TPT3+ in aqueous solution through self-assembly. Upon 435 nm light irradiation, the SOFs exhibits photochromic behavior from slight yellow (SOF-1) to dark purple (SOF-2). Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy also reveals that stable radicals are generated in situ after light irradiation. Powder X-ray diffraction demonstrates the SOFs maintain their structural stabilities upon light irradiation. More interestingly, the radical-containing SOFs exhibit efficient photothermal effect under 660 nm light irradiation, which can be applied as photothermal agent for antibacterial application both in vitro and in vivo. This work highlights the construction of RCFs through supramolecular self-assembly, which may arouse applications in energy, catalysis, photoluminescence, and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zhen Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Na Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, P. R. China
| | - Ziqiong Yang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyu Fan
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Ju Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, P. R. China
| | - Junling Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhengxi Wang
- Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, 437100, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, P. R. China
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Liu N, Li T, Zhao Z, Liu J, Luo X, Yuan X, Luo K, He J, Yu D, Zhao Y. From Triazine to Heptazine: Origin of Graphitic Carbon Nitride as a Photocatalyst. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:12557-12567. [PMID: 32548439 PMCID: PMC7271407 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) has emerged as a promising metal-free photocatalyst, while the catalytic mechanism for the photoinduced redox processes is still under investigation. Interestingly, this heptazine-based polymer optically behaves as a "quasi-monomer". In this work, we explore upstream from melem (the heptazine monomer) to the triazine-based melamine and melam and present several lines of theoretical/experimental evidence where the catalytic activity of g-CN originates from the electronic structure evolution of the C-N heterocyclic cores. Periodic density functional theory calculations reveal the strikingly different electronic structures of melem from its triazine-based counterparts. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy also provide consistent results in the structural and chemical bonding variations of these three relevant compounds. Both melam and melem were found to show stable photocatalytic activities, while the photocatalytic activity of melem is about 5.4 times higher than that of melam during the degradation of dyes under UV-visible light irradiation. In contrast to melamine and melam, the frontier electronic orbitals of the heptazine unit in melem are uniformly distributed and well complementary to each other, which further determine the terminal amines as primary reduction sites. These appealing electronic features in both the heterocyclic skeleton and the terminated functional groups can be inherited by the polymeric but quasi-monomeric g-CN, leading to its pronounced photocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Tong Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Ziqiong Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xiaoguang Luo
- Department
of Electronics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaohong Yuan
- Center
for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Kun Luo
- State
Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
- Hebei
Key Laboratory of Microstructural Material Physics, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Julong He
- State
Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Dongli Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yuanchun Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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Zhou C, Zeng G, Huang D, Luo Y, Cheng M, Liu Y, Xiong W, Yang Y, Song B, Wang W, Shao B, Li Z. Distorted polymeric carbon nitride via carriers transfer bridges with superior photocatalytic activity for organic pollutants oxidation and hydrogen production under visible light. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 386:121947. [PMID: 31884358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) has become the most promising metal-free photocatalysts but its activity is low. Molecule doping of PCN has been proved to be an effective strategy to achieve high photocatalytic performance. Herein, we report a bottom-up method to synthesize modified PCN, which includes 2,5-dibromopyrazine doping, thermal-induced exfoliation and condensation/polymerization. The incorporation of electron-deficiency 2,5-dibromopyrazine into the PCN framework can effectively tune the electronic structures and improve the charge-carrier separation. In addition, the incorporation of 2,5-dibromopyrazine induced significant structural changes from planar symmetric to distortion. The optimized pyrazine doped PCN showed a reaction rate enhancement of 4-fold for the degradation of sulfamethazine compared to that of conventional urea-based PCN. Further reactive species and degradation intermediate detection studies, indicated that O2- was generated during the photocatalytic process, which could lead to the decomposition, and finally mineralization of sulfamethazine. 2,5-Dibromopyrazine doped PCN also leads to a 6.3-fold improvement in H2 generation with the visible light. Especially, phytotoxicity experiments showed that the toxicity of sulfamethazine after degradation is greatly reduced, and the as-prepared photocatalyst is environmentally friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyun Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Danlian Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Yuan Luo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Min Cheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Weiping Xiong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Biao Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Binbin Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Zhihao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
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