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Glück N, Hill NS, Giza M, Hutter E, Grill I, Schlipf J, Bach U, Müller-Buschbaum P, Hartschuh A, Bein T, Savenije T, Docampo P. The balancing act between high electronic and low ionic transport influenced by perovskite grain boundaries. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2024; 12:11635-11643. [PMID: 38751728 PMCID: PMC11093097 DOI: 10.1039/d3ta04458k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
A better understanding of the materials' fundamental physical processes is necessary to push hybrid perovskite photovoltaic devices towards their theoretical limits. The role of the perovskite grain boundaries is essential to optimise the system thoroughly. The influence of the perovskite grain size and crystal orientation on physical properties and their resulting photovoltaic performance is examined. We develop a novel, straightforward synthesis approach that yields crystals of a similar size but allows the tuning of their orientation to either the (200) or (002) facet alignment parallel to the substrate by manipulating dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide (THTO) ratios. This decouples crystal orientation from grain size, allowing the study of charge carrier mobility, found to be improved with larger grain sizes, highlighting the importance of minimising crystal disorder to achieve efficient devices. However, devices incorporating crystals with the (200) facet exhibit an s-shape in the current density-voltage curve when standard scan rates are used, which typically signals an energetic interfacial barrier. Using the drift-diffusion simulations, we attribute this to slower-moving ions (mobility of 0.37 × 10-10 cm2 V-1 s-1) in combination with a lower density of mobile ions. This counterintuitive result highlights that reducing ion migration does not necessarily minimise hysteresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Glück
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Nathan S Hill
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University Herschel Building Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Marcin Giza
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Pl Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Eline Hutter
- Optoelectronic Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology Julianalaan 136 2628 BL Delft The Netherlands
| | - Irene Grill
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Johannes Schlipf
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Udo Bach
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Achim Hartschuh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Tom Savenije
- Optoelectronic Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology Julianalaan 136 2628 BL Delft The Netherlands
| | - Pablo Docampo
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Pl Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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2
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Anta JA, Oskam G, Pistor P. The dual nature of metal halide perovskites. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:150901. [PMID: 38624112 DOI: 10.1063/5.0190890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites have brought about a disruptive shift in the field of third-generation photovoltaics. Their potential as remarkably efficient solar cell absorbers was first demonstrated in the beginning of the 2010s. However, right from their inception, persistent challenges have impeded the smooth adoption of this technology in the industry. These challenges encompass issues such as the lack of reproducibility in fabrication, limited mid- and long-term stability, and concerns over toxicity. Despite achieving record efficiencies that have outperformed even well-established technologies, such as polycrystalline silicon, these hurdles have hindered the seamless transition of this technology into industrial applications. In this Perspective, we discuss which of these challenges are rooted in the unique dual nature of metal halide perovskites, which simultaneously function as electronic and ionic semiconductors. This duality results in the intermingling of processes occurring at vastly different timescales, still complicating both their comprehensive investigation and the development of robust and dependable devices. Our discussion here undertakes a critical analysis of the field, addressing the current status of knowledge for devices based on halide perovskites in view of electronic and ionic conduction, the underlying models, and the challenges encountered when these devices are optoelectronically characterized. We place a distinct emphasis on the positive contributions that this area of research has not only made to the advancement of photovoltaics but also to the broader progress of solid-state physics and photoelectrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Anta
- Center for Nanoscience and Sustainable Technologies (CNATS), Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gerko Oskam
- Center for Nanoscience and Sustainable Technologies (CNATS), Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Department of Applied Physics, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mérida, Yuc. 97310, Mexico
| | - Paul Pistor
- Center for Nanoscience and Sustainable Technologies (CNATS), Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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3
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Akbar B, Tayara H, Chong KT. Unveiling dominant recombination loss in perovskite solar cells with a XGBoost-based machine learning approach. iScience 2024; 27:109200. [PMID: 38420582 PMCID: PMC10901077 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Remarkable and intelligent perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted substantial attention from researchers and are undergoing rapid advancements in photovoltaic technology. These developments aim to create highly efficient energy devices with fewer dominant recombination losses within the realm of third-generation solar cells. Diverse machine learning (ML) algorithms implemented, addressing dominant losses due to recombination in PSCs, focusing on grain boundaries (GBs), interfaces, and band-to-band recombination. The extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) classifier effectively predicts the recombination losses. Our model trained with 7-fold cross-validation to ensure generalizability and robustness. Leveraging Optuna and shapley additive explanations (SHAP) for hyperparameter optimization and investigate the influence of features on target variables, achieved 85% accuracy on over 2 million simulated data, respectively. Because of the input parameters (light intensity and open-circuit voltage), the performance evaluation measures for the dominant losses caused by the recombination predicted by proposed model were superior to those of state-of-the-art models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basir Akbar
- Graduate School of Integrated Energy-AI, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Hilal Tayara
- School of International Engineering and Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Kil To Chong
- Advances Electronics and Information Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
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4
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Neupane GR, Thon SM, Fu S, Song Z, Yan Y, Hamadani BH. Intensity-Modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy Measurements of High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:290-297. [PMID: 38166413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Frequency domain characterization has long served as an important method for the examination of diverse kinetic processes that occur in solar cells. In this study, we investigated the dynamic response of high-efficiency perovskite solar cells utilizing ultra-low-intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy. Distinctive intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) attributes were detected only as a result of this low-intensity modulation, and their evolution under light and voltage bias was investigated in detail. We generally observed only two arcs in the Q-plane plots and attributed the smaller, low-frequency arc to trap-dominated charge transport in the device. Light and voltage bias-dependent measurements confirm this attribution. An equivalent circuit model was used to better understand the features and trends of these measurements and to validate our physical interpretation of the results. Additionally, we tracked the IMPS response of one of the cells over time and showed that slow degradation impacts the size and attributes of the low-frequency arc. Finally, we found that changes in the IMPS response correlate closely with the current versus voltage characteristics of the devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganga R Neupane
- Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Susanna M Thon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Sheng Fu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Zhaoning Song
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Yanfa Yan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Behrang H Hamadani
- Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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5
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Moiz SA, Alshaikh MS, Alahmadi ANM. Simulation Design of Novel Non-Fluorine Polymers as Electron Transport Layer for Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4387. [PMID: 38006111 PMCID: PMC10675704 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the advancement of perovskite solar cells, but their commercialization remains hindered by their lead-based toxicity. Many non-toxic perovskite-based solar cells have demonstrated potential, such as Cs2AgBi0.75Sb0.25Br6, but their power conversion efficiency is inadequate. To address this issue, some researchers are focusing on emerging acceptor-donor-acceptor'-donor-acceptor (A-DA'D-A)-type non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) for Cs2AgBi0.75Sb0.25Br6 to find effective electron transport layers for high-performance photovoltaic responses with low voltage drops. In this comparative study, four novel A-DA'D-A-type NFAs, BT-LIC, BT-BIC, BT-L4F, and BT-BO-L4F, were used as electron transport layers (ETLs) for the proposed devices, FTO/PEDOT:PSS/Cs2AgBi0.75Sb0.25Br6/ETL/Au. Comprehensive simulations were conducted to optimize the devices. The simulations showed that all optimized devices exhibit photovoltaic responses, with the BT-BIC device having the highest power conversion efficiency (13.2%) and the BT-LIC device having the lowest (6.8%). The BT-BIC as an ETL provides fewer interfacial traps and better band alignment, enabling greater open-circuit voltage for efficient photovoltaic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Abdul Moiz
- Device Simulation Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (A.N.M.A.)
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6
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Forozi Sowmeeh P, Zohorfazeli M, Yazdani E. Understanding the influence of cation and anion migration on perovskite light-emitting diodes via transient response. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15643. [PMID: 37731052 PMCID: PMC10511432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42933-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the rapid progress demonstrated in the efficiency of Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) in the past few years, ion migration has challenged the practical applications of these devices with undesirable hysteresis and degradation effect. Mobile ions in PeLEDs induced many unique and fast transient phenomena occurring on the time scale of microseconds to seconds and it is still far from clear how the underlying physical mechanism of ion motion-induced variation relates to the device performance. Therefore, in this work, we employ an ionic Drift-Diffusion Model (DDM) to evaluate measuring transient current response in a time scale of sub-seconds. The results show that spatial redistribution of ions within the perovskite results in dynamic electric field variation, which in turn, affects charge carrier injection and distribution. Moreover, the time delay between anion and cation migration leads to an unequal rate of charge carrier injection, hence the multi-stage behavior of the current-time response. It is also realized that the potential barrier of charge injection due to cation and anion accumulation at perovskite interfaces with electron and hole transporting layers reduces. Therefore, the facilitation of charge injection favors radiative recombination, and improved IQEs are expected at higher ion densities. It is found that the current-time response of the device gives beneficial information on cation and anion migration time scales. Choosing an appropriate scan rate in accordance with cation-related slow migration time is the first step to achieving reliable measurement procedures and hysteresis-free PeLED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paria Forozi Sowmeeh
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zohorfazeli
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Yazdani
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Salem MS, Shaker A, Abouelatta M, Saeed A. Full Optoelectronic Simulation of Lead-Free Perovskite/Organic Tandem Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030784. [PMID: 36772085 PMCID: PMC9918906 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic and perovskite semiconductor materials are considered an interesting combination thanks to their similar processing technologies and band gap tunability. Here, we present the design and analysis of perovskite/organic tandem solar cells (TSCs) by using a full optoelectronic simulator (SETFOS). A wide band gap lead-free ASnI2Br perovskite top subcell is utilized in conjunction with a narrow band gap DPPEZnP-TBO:PC61BM heterojunction organic bottom subcell to form the tandem configuration. The top and bottom cells were designed according to previous experimental work keeping the same materials and physical parameters. The calibration of the two cells regarding simulation and experimental data shows very good agreement, implying the validation of the simulation process. Accordingly, the two cells are combined to develop a 2T tandem cell. Further, upon optimizing the thickness of the front and rear subcells, a current matching condition is satisfied for which the proposed perovskite/organic TSC achieves an efficiency of 13.32%, Jsc of 13.74 mA/cm2, and Voc of 1.486 V. On the other hand, when optimizing the tandem by utilizing full optoelectronic simulation, the tandem shows a higher efficiency of about 14%, although it achieves a decreased Jsc of 12.27 mA/cm2. The study shows that the efficiency can be further improved when concurrently optimizing the various tandem layers by global optimization routines. Furthermore, the impact of defects is demonstrated to highlight other possible routes to improve efficiency. The current simulation study can provide a physical understanding and potential directions for further efficiency improvement for lead-free perovskite/organic TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa S. Salem
- Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55211, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Electrical Communication and Electronics Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Modern Science and Arts University (MSA), Cairo 12556, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Shaker
- Engineering Physics and Mathematics Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohamed Abouelatta
- Electronics and Electrical Communications Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Saeed
- Electrical Engineering Department, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11835, Egypt
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8
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Comprehensive study of anomalous hysteresis behavior in perovskite-based solar cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14916. [PMID: 36050358 PMCID: PMC9436975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown remarkable progress with the rapid increase in power conversion efficiency to reach 25.7% over the last few years. However, it is difficult to precisely determine the energy conversion efficiency for PSC, because of anomalous current density-voltage (J–V) hysteresis. Normal J–V hysteresis has been reported in many papers, where the backward scan performance is higher than the forward scan one. In this work, using Drift–Diffusion Modeling, normal hysteretic behavior associated with ion migration with different scanning rates, pre-bias voltages, and charge-carrier mobility is studied. In addition, the inverted J–V hysteresis by modification of the simulation model, where anions and cations flux towards the transport layers and are accumulated simultaneously on both sides, is achieved. It is also found that the flux parameter values (gae and gch) play a critical role in the reduction of inverted hysteresis and the efficiency enhancement. It is suggested from the current studies that perovskite interfaces encapsulation, which prevents ions migration, could be of great importance for achieving hysteresis-free PSCs and reliable device characteristics.
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9
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Bisquert J. Interpretation of the Recombination Lifetime in Halide Perovskite Devices by Correlated Techniques. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7320-7335. [PMID: 35920697 PMCID: PMC9972473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The recombination lifetime is a central quantity of optoelectronic devices, as it controls properties such as the open-circuit voltage and light emission rates. Recently, the lifetime properties of halide perovskite devices have been measured over a wide range of the photovoltage, using techniques associated with a steady state by small perturbation methods. It has been remarked that observation of the lifetime is affected by different additional properties of the device, such as multiple trapping effects and capacitive charging. We discuss the meaning of delay factors in the observations of recombination lifetime in halide perovskites. We formulate a general equivalent circuit model that is a basis for the interpretation of all the small perturbation techniques. We discuss the connection of the recombination model to the previous reports of impedance spectroscopy of halide perovskites. Finally, we comment on the correlation properties of the different light-modulated techniques.
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10
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Riquelme AJ, Valadez-Villalobos K, Boix PP, Oskam G, Mora-Seró I, Anta JA. Understanding equivalent circuits in perovskite solar cells. Insights from drift-diffusion simulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:15657-15671. [PMID: 35730867 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01338j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have reached impressively high efficiencies in a short period of time; however, the optoelectronic properties of halide perovskites are surprisingly complex owing to the coupled ionic-electronic charge carrier dynamics. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a widely used characterization tool to elucidate the mechanisms and kinetics governing the performance of PSCs, as well as of many other semiconductor devices. In general, equivalent circuits are used to evaluate EIS results. Oftentimes these are justified via empirical constructions and the real physical meaning of the elements remains disputed. In this perspective, we use drift-diffusion numerical simulations of typical thin-film, planar PSCs to generate impedance spectra avoiding intrinsic experimental difficulties such as instability and low reproducibility. The ionic and electronic properties of the device, such as ion vacancy density, diffusion coefficients, recombination mechanism, etc., can be changed individually in the simulations, so their effects can be directly observed. We evaluate the resulting EIS spectra by comparing two commonly used equivalent circuits with series and parallel connections respectively, which result in two signals with significantly different time constants. Both circuits can fit the EIS spectra and by extracting the values of the elements of one of the circuits, the values of the elements of the other circuit can be unequivocally obtained. Consequently, both can be used to analyse the EIS of a PSC. However, the physical meaning of each element in each circuit could differ. EIS can produce a broad range of physical information. We analyse the physical interpretation of the elements of each circuit and how to correlate the elements of one circuit with the elements of the other in order to have a direct picture of the physical processes occurring in the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Riquelme
- Área de Química Física, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Seville, Spain.
| | | | - Pablo P Boix
- Institut de Ciència Molecular, Universidad de València, C/J. Beltran 2, Paterna, Spain
| | - Gerko Oskam
- Área de Química Física, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Seville, Spain. .,Department of Applied Physics, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mérida, Yucatán, 97310, Mexico
| | - Iván Mora-Seró
- Institute of Advanced Materials, University Jaume I, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Juan A Anta
- Área de Química Física, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Seville, Spain.
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11
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Guerrero A, Bisquert J, Garcia-Belmonte G. Impedance Spectroscopy of Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells from the Perspective of Equivalent Circuits. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14430-14484. [PMID: 34845904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Impedance spectroscopy (IS) provides a detailed understanding of the dynamic phenomena underlying the operation of photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices. Here we provide a broad summary of the application of IS to metal halide perovskite materials, solar cells, electrooptic and memory devices. IS has been widely used to characterize perovskite solar cells, but the variability of samples and the presence of coupled ionic-electronic effects form a complex problem that has not been fully solved yet. We summarize the understanding that has been obtained so far, the basic methods and models, as well as the challenging points still present in this research field. Our approach emphasizes the importance of the equivalent circuit for monitoring the parameters that describe the response and providing a physical interpretation. We discuss the possibilities of models from the general perspective of solar cell behavior, and we describe the specific aspects and properties of the metal halide perovskites. We analyze the impact of the ionic effects and the memory effects, and we describe the combination of light-modulated techniques such as intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) for obtaining more detailed information in complex cases. The transformation of the frequency to time domain is discussed for the consistent interpretation of time transient techniques and the prediction of features of current-voltage hysteresis. We discuss in detail the stability issues and the occurrence of transformations of the sample coupled to the measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Guerrero
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain
| | - Juan Bisquert
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain.,Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
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12
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Abdel D, Vágner P, Fuhrmann J, Farrell P. Modelling charge transport in perovskite solar cells: Potential-based and limiting ion depletion. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Giant Enhancement of Radiative Recombination in Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes with Plasmonic Core-Shell Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 11:nano11010045. [PMID: 33375394 PMCID: PMC7823440 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The integration of nanoparticles (NPs) into functional materials is a powerful tool for the smart engineering of their physical properties. If properly designed and optimized, NPs possess unique optical, electrical, quantum, and other effects that will improve the efficiency of optoelectronic devices. Here, we propose a novel approach for the enhancement of perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) based on electronic band structure deformation by core-shell NPs forming a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structure with an Au core and SiO2 shell located in the perovskite layer. The presence of the MOS interface enables favorable charge distribution in the active layer through the formation of hole transporting channels. For the PeLED design, we consider integration of the core-shell NPs in the realistic numerical model. Using our verified model, we show that, compared with the bare structure, the incorporation of NPs increases the radiative recombination rate of PeLED by several orders of magnitude. It is intended that this study will open new perspectives for further efficiency enhancement of perovskite-based optoelectronic devices with NPs.
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14
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Yanagida M, Shirai Y, Khadka DB, Miyano K. Photoinduced ion-redistribution in CH 3NH 3PbI 3 perovskite solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25118-25125. [PMID: 33118563 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04350h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We use photoinduced absorption spectroscopy (PAS) to study the ionic motion in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells, consisting of indium tin oxide (ITO)/NiOx/perovskite/phenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl ester (PCBM)/aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO)/ITO. We observed a slow (∼50 mHz) spectral blue shift (∼10-4 eV) under modulated 520 nm illumination, which we interpreted in terms of the modulation in the bulk ion density. Numerical simulation shows that the mobile ion moves in and out from the double layers at the perovskite/charge transport layer interfaces in order to recover the bulk charge neutrality tipped off-balance by the photocarriers. The diffusion coefficient of the ion is 10-10 to 10-11 cm2 s-1, when we assume that the characteristic time constant of the ion motion is governed by the diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Yanagida
- Centre for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
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15
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Riquelme A, Bennett LJ, Courtier NE, Wolf MJ, Contreras-Bernal L, Walker AB, Richardson G, Anta JA. Identification of recombination losses and charge collection efficiency in a perovskite solar cell by comparing impedance response to a drift-diffusion model. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:17385-17398. [PMID: 32789374 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03058a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Interpreting the impedance response of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is significantly more challenging than for most other photovoltaics. This is for a variety of reasons, of which the most significant are the mixed ionic-electronic conduction properties of metal halide perovskites and the difficulty in fabricating stable, and reproducible, devices. Experimental studies, conducted on a variety of PSCs, produce a variety of impedance spectra shapes. However, they all possess common features, the most noteworthy of which is that they have at least two features, at high and low frequency, with different characteristic responses to temperature, illumination and electrical bias. The impedance response has commonly been analyzed in terms of sophisticated equivalent circuits that can be hard to relate to the underlying physics and which complicates the extraction of efficiency-determining parameters. In this paper we show that, by a combination of experiment and drift-diffusion (DD) modelling of the ion and charge carrier transport and recombination within the cell, the main features of common impedance spectra are well reproduced by the DD simulation. Based on this comparison, we show that the high frequency response contains all the key information relating to the steady-state performance of a PSC, i.e. it is a signature of the recombination mechanisms and provides a measure of charge collection efficiency. Moreover, steady-state performance is significantly affected by the distribution of mobile ionic charge within the perovskite layer. Comparison between the electrical properties of different devices should therefore be made using high frequency impedance measurements performed in the steady-state voltage regime in which the cell is expected to operate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Riquelme
- Área de Química Física, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Seville, Spain.
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Sajedi Alvar M, Blom PWM, Wetzelaer GJAH. Space-charge-limited electron and hole currents in hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4023. [PMID: 32782256 PMCID: PMC7419305 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17868-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites are promising materials for the application in solar cells and light-emitting diodes. However, the basic current-voltage behavior for electrons and holes is still poorly understood in these semiconductors due to their mixed electronic-ionic character. Here, we present the analysis of space-charge-limited electron and hole currents in the archetypical perovskite methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3). We demonstrate that the frequency dependence of the permittivity plays a crucial role in the analysis of space-charge-limited currents and their dependence on voltage scan rate and temperature. Using a mixed electronic-ionic device model based on experimentally determined parameters, the current-voltage characteristics of single-carrier devices are accurately reproduced. Our results reveal that in our solution processed MAPbI3 thin films transport of electrons dominates over holes. Furthermore, we show that the direction of the hysteresis in the current-voltage characteristics provides a fingerprint for the sign of the dominant moving ionic species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul W M Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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