1
|
Zhao J, Sun M, Liu W, Chen H, Huang X, Gao Y, Teng H, Li Z. In-situ sonochemical formation of N-graphyne modulated porous g-C 3N 4 for boosted photocatalysis degradation of pollutants and nitrogen fixation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 320:124629. [PMID: 38865891 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Herein, Nitrogen-doped graphyne/porous g-C3N4 composites are firstly in-situ synthesized via the ultrasound vibration of CaC2, triazine, and porous g-C3N4 in absolute ethanol. A variety of characterizations are performed to investigate the morphology, microstructure, composition, and electrical/optical features of the obtained composites, such as transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and so forth. It is found that N-doped graphyne with flexible folds lamellar structure is intimately attached to flake g-C3N4 in the as-prepared composites. An enlargement of 1.68 and 1.44 folds for the photocatalytic degradation of levofloxacin, rhodamine B, Methylene blue, and Tetracycline is realized by N-doped graphyne/g-C3N4 in comparison with that of pristine g-C3N4, respectively. In addition, the highest NH3 production rate attains 1.71 mmol⋅gcat-1⋅h-1 for N-doped graphyne/g-C3N4, which is 5.89 times larger than that of g-C3N4 (0.29 mmol⋅gcat-1⋅h-1). The improved mechanism of photocatalysis including higher photo-response and carrier separation rate is verified by transient photo-current, transient photo-potential, Mott-Schottky plots, Tafel plots, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, turn-over frequency, photoluminescence spectra, and UV-vis diffuse absorption spectra, etc. Overall, the current study shows that N-doped graphyne synthesized from CaC2 and triazine is a useful decoration to modulate the photocatalytic features of g-C3N4, which can also be widely extended for in-situ modification of other photocatalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Mingxuan Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Wenzhu Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Haohao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiangzhi Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yu Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Huanying Teng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ziyang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao K, Jiang X, Wu X, Feng H, Wang X, Wan Y, Wang Z, Yan N. Recent development and applications of differential electrochemical mass spectrometry in emerging energy conversion and storage solutions. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6917-6959. [PMID: 38836324 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00840a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical energy conversion and storage are playing an increasingly important role in shaping the sustainable future. Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) offers an operando and cost-effective tool to monitor the evolution of gaseous/volatile intermediates and products during these processes. It can deliver potential-, time-, mass- and space-resolved signals which facilitate the understanding of reaction kinetics. In this review, we show the latest developments and applications of DEMS in various energy-related electrochemical reactions from three distinct perspectives. (I) What is DEMS addresses the working principles and key components of DEMS, highlighting the new and distinct instrumental configurations for different applications. (II) How to use DEMS tackles practical matters including the electrochemical test protocols, quantification of both potential and mass signals, and error analysis. (III) Where to apply DEMS is the focus of this review, dealing with concrete examples and unique values of DEMS studies in both energy conversion applications (CO2 reduction, water electrolysis, carbon corrosion, N-related catalysis, electrosynthesis, fuel cells, photo-electrocatalysis and beyond) and energy storage applications (Li-ion batteries and beyond, metal-air batteries, supercapacitors and flow batteries). The recent development of DEMS-hyphenated techniques and the outlook of the DEMS technique are discussed at the end. As DEMS celebrates its 40th anniversary in 2024, we hope this review can offer electrochemistry researchers a comprehensive understanding of the latest developments of DEMS and will inspire them to tackle emerging scientific questions using DEMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Xiaoyi Jiang
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Haozhou Feng
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Xiude Wang
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Yuyan Wan
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Ning Yan
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Z, Sun M, Chen H, Zhao J, Huang X, Gao Y, Teng H, Chen C. N-doped Ti 3C 2-reinforced porous g-C 3N 4 for photocatalytic contaminants degradation and nitrogen reduction. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:9750-9762. [PMID: 38780236 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01031k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a series of N-doped Ti3C2/porous g-C3N4 composites are ultrasonically prepared from N-doped Ti3C2 and porous g-C3N4 under N2 atmosphere. The structure, morphology, and optical characteristics of the as-prepared composites are characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, etc. Moreover, photocatalytic measurements show that N-doped Ti3C2 is an excellent modifier for porous g-C3N4 to heighten its photocatalytic activity. Only 44.1% of rhodamine B can be degraded by the photocatalysis of pristine porous g-C3N4, while the photocatalytic degradation ratio of rhodamine B can reach up to 97.5% for the optimal N-doped Ti3C2 loading composites under visible light for 15 min. Moreover, the photocatalytic tests of N2 fixation confirm that the optimal composites show the highest production yield of NH4+ (11.8 μmol gcat-1 h-1), which is 2.11-folds more than that of porous g-C3N4 (5.6 μmol gcat-1 h-1). The reinforced photocatalytic properties are revealed to profit from the more photogenerated electrons and holes' separation, higher ability for light response, and more abundant active sites. This work develops the route for boosting the photocatalytic properties of porous g-C3N4 with N-doped Ti3C2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Mingxuan Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Haohao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Junjie Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Xiangzhi Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Huanying Teng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang Y, Jia H, Hu N, Zhao M, Li J, Ni W, Zhang CY. Construction of Gold/Rhodium Freestanding Superstructures as Antenna-Reactor Photocatalysts for Plasmon-Driven Nitrogen Fixation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7734-7742. [PMID: 38447042 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Precisely controlling the architecture and spatial arrangement of plasmonic heterostructures offers unique opportunities to tailor the catalytic property, whereas the lack of a wet-chemistry synthetic approach to fabricating nanostructures with high-index facets limits their practical applications. Herein, we describe a universal synthetic strategy to construct Au/Rh freestanding superstructures (SSs) through the selective growth of ordered Rh nanoarrays on high-index-faceted Au nanobipyramids (NBPs). This synthetic strategy works on various metal nanocrystal substrates and can yield diverse Au/Rh and Pd/Rh SSs. Especially, the obtained Au NBP/Rh SSs exhibit high photocatalytic activity toward N2 fixation as a result of the spatially separated architecture, local electric field enhancement, and the antenna-reactor mechanism. Both theoretical and experimental results reveal that the Au NBPs can function as nanoantennas for light-harvesting to generate hot charge carriers for driving N2 fixation, while the Rh nanoarrays can serve as the active sites for N2 adsorption and activation to synergistically promote the overall catalytic activity in the Au NBP/Rh SSs. This work offers new avenues to rationally designing and constructing spatially separated plasmonic photocatalysts for high-efficiency catalytic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Henglei Jia
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Ningneng Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Mengxuan Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jingzhao Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Weihai Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chun-Yang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Oloyede UN, Flowers RA. Coordination-induced bond weakening and small molecule activation by low-valent titanium complexes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:2413-2441. [PMID: 38224159 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03454b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Bond activation of small molecules through coordination to low valent metal complexes in M⋯X-H type interactions (where X = O, N, B, Si, etc.) leads to the formation of unusually weak X-H bonds and provides a powerful approach for the synthesis of target compounds under very mild conditions. Coordination of small molecules like water, amides, silanes, boranes, and dinitrogen to Ti(III) or Ti(II) complexes results in the synergetic redistribution of electrons between the metal orbitals and the ligand orbitals which weakens and enables the facile cleavage of the X-H or N-N bonds of the ligands. This review presents an overview of coordination-induced bond activation of small molecules by low valent titanium complexes. In particular, the applications of low valent titanium-induced bond weakening in nitrogen fixation are presented. The review concludes with potential future directions for work in this area including low-valent Ti-based PCET systems, photocatalytic nitrogen reduction, and approaches to tailoring complexes for optimal bond activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert A Flowers
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu G, Wang T. Fewer false positives in electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction by synergizing theory and experiment. NATURE COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 3:994-997. [PMID: 38177721 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-023-00556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaomou Xu
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China.
- Division of Solar Energy Conversion and Catalysis at Westlake University, Zhejiang Baima Lake Laboratory, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ellingsson V, Iqbal A, Skúlason E, Abghoui Y. Nitrogen Reduction Reaction to Ammonia on Transition Metal Carbide Catalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300947. [PMID: 37702376 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of a low-cost, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly alternative to the currently utilized Haber-Bosch process to produce ammonia is of great importance. Ammonia is an essential chemical used in fertilizers and a promising high-density fuel source. The nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) has been explored intensively as a potential avenue for ammonia production using water as proton source, but to this day a catalyst capable of producing this chemical at high Faradaic efficiency (FE) and commercial yield and rates has not been reported. Here, we investigate the activity of transition metal carbide (TMC) surfaces in the (100) facets of the rocksalt (RS) structure as potential catalysts for the NRR. In this study, we use density functional theory (DFT) to model reaction pathways, estimate stability, assess kinetic barriers, and compare adsorbate energies to determine the overall performance of each TMC surface. For pristine TMC surfaces (with no defects) we find that none of the studied TMCs possess both exergonic adsorption of nitrogen and the capability to selectively protonate nitrogen to form ammonia in the desired aqueous solution. ZrC, however, is shown to be a potential catalyst if used in a non-aqueous electrolyte. To circumvent the endergonic adsorption of nitrogen onto the surface, a carbon vacancy was introduced. This provides a well-defined high coordination active site on the surface. In the presence of a vacancy VC, NbC, and WC showed efficient nitrogen adsorption, selectivity towards ammonia, and a low overpotential (OP). NbC did, however, display an unfeasible kinetic barrier to nitrogen dissociation for ambient-condition purposes, and thus it is suggested for high tempearture/pressure ammonia synthesis. Both WC and VC in their RS (100) structure are promising materials for experimental investigations in aqueous electrolytes, and ZrC could potentially be interesting for non-aqueous electrolytic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Ellingsson
- Science Institute of the University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Atef Iqbal
- Science Institute of the University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Egill Skúlason
- Science Institute of the University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Younes Abghoui
- Science Institute of the University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang YZ, Li PH, Ren YN, He Y, Zhang CX, Hu J, Cao XQ, Leung MKH. Metal-Based Electrocatalysts for Selective Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction to Ammonia. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2580. [PMID: 37764608 PMCID: PMC10535433 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) plays a significant role in the manufacture of fertilizers, nitrogen-containing chemical production, and hydrogen storage. The electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (e-NRR) is an attractive prospect for achieving clean and sustainable NH3 production, under mild conditions driven by renewable energy. The sluggish cleavage of N≡N bonds and poor selectivity of e-NRR are the primary challenges for e-NRR, over the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The rational design of e-NRR electrocatalysts is of vital significance and should be based on a thorough understanding of the structure-activity relationship and mechanism. Among the various explored e-NRR catalysts, metal-based electrocatalysts have drawn increasing attention due to their remarkable performances. This review highlighted the recent progress and developments in metal-based electrocatalysts for e-NRR. Different kinds of metal-based electrocatalysts used in NH3 synthesis (including noble-metal-based catalysts, non-noble-metal-based catalysts, and metal compound catalysts) were introduced. The theoretical screening and the experimental practice of rational metal-based electrocatalyst design with different strategies were systematically summarized. Additionally, the structure-function relationship to improve the NH3 yield was evaluated. Finally, current challenges and perspectives of this burgeoning area were provided. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of metal-based e-NRR electrocatalysts with a focus on enhancing their efficiency in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zhen Zhang
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (Y.-Z.Z.)
- Ability R&D Energy Research Centre, School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peng-Hui Li
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (Y.-Z.Z.)
| | - Yi-Nuo Ren
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (Y.-Z.Z.)
| | - Yun He
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430024, China
| | - Cheng-Xu Zhang
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Jue Hu
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Cao
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (Y.-Z.Z.)
| | - Michael K. H. Leung
- Ability R&D Energy Research Centre, School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Marinho ALA, Comminges C, Habrioux A, Célérier S, Bion N, Morais C. Reactivity of nitrogen atoms from Zif-8 structure deposited over Ti 3C 2 MXene in the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10133-10136. [PMID: 37501644 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02693k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) to produce NH3 is the most efficient, eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to the Haber-Bosch process. It is crucial to investigate and develop electrocatalysts selective for NH3 synthesis. In recent studies, the Ti3C2 MXene has emerged as a highly promising electrocatalyst for the NRR process. In this work, we explore the effect of Zif-8 addition over MXene sheets in order to control the rate of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Despite the better result obtained for Zif-8@Ti3C2 (3.0 μg NH3 gcat-1 h-1 at -0.55 V/RHE), the ammonia produced when using Zif-8@Ti3C2 as cathode material is shown to be originated from nitrogen atoms contained in the Zif-8 structure instead of those of N2. The results shed light to the need to fully understand the N2 electroreduction process over N-containing electrocatalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André L A Marinho
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), University of Poitiers, CNRS UMR 7285, TSA51106 - F86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France.
| | - Clément Comminges
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), University of Poitiers, CNRS UMR 7285, TSA51106 - F86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France.
| | - Aurélien Habrioux
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), University of Poitiers, CNRS UMR 7285, TSA51106 - F86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France.
| | - Stéphane Célérier
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), University of Poitiers, CNRS UMR 7285, TSA51106 - F86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France.
| | - Nicolas Bion
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), University of Poitiers, CNRS UMR 7285, TSA51106 - F86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France.
| | - Cláudia Morais
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), University of Poitiers, CNRS UMR 7285, TSA51106 - F86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Izelaar B, Ripepi D, van Noordenne DD, Jungbacker P, Kortlever R, Mulder FM. Identification, Quantification, and Elimination of NO x and NH 3 Impurities for Aqueous and Li-Mediated Nitrogen Reduction Experiments. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2023; 8:3614-3620. [PMID: 37588017 PMCID: PMC10425974 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Izelaar
- Large
Scale Energy Storage, Process and Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical,
Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, 2628 CB Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Davide Ripepi
- Materials
for Energy Conversion and Storage, Chemical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University
of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Dylan D. van Noordenne
- Materials
for Energy Conversion and Storage, Chemical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University
of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Peter Jungbacker
- Materials
for Energy Conversion and Storage, Chemical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University
of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Ruud Kortlever
- Large
Scale Energy Storage, Process and Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical,
Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, 2628 CB Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Fokko M. Mulder
- Materials
for Energy Conversion and Storage, Chemical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University
of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang W, Qin X, Wei T, Liu Q, Luo J, Liu X. Single atomic cerium sites anchored on nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres for highly selective electroreduction of nitric oxide to ammonia. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 638:650-657. [PMID: 36774878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic nitric oxide reduction reaction (NORR) at ambient environments not only offers a promising strategy to yield ammonia (NH3) but also degrades the NO contaminant; however, its application depends on searching for high-performance catalysts. Herein, we present single atomic Ce sites anchored on nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres that are capable of electro-catalyzing NO reduction to NH3 in an acidic solution, achieving a maximal Faradaic efficiency of 91 % and a yield rate of 1023 μg h-1 mgcat.-1 at -0.7 V vs RHE for NH3 formation, both of which outperform these on Ce nanoclusters and approach the best-reported results. Meanwhile, the single atomic Ce catalyst shows good structural and electrochemical stability during the 30-h NO electrolysis. Furthermore, when the single atomic Ce catalyst was used as cathodic material in a proof-of-concept of Zn-NO battery, it delivers a maximal power density of 3.4 mW cm-2 and a high NH3 yield rate of 309 μg h-1 mgcat.-1. Theoretical simulations suggest that the Ce-N4 active moiety can not only activate NO molecules via a strong electronic interaction but also reduce the free energy barrier of *NO transition to *NOH intermediate as the limiting step, and therefore boosting the NORR kinetics and suppressing the competitive hydrogen evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Zhang
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Xuhui Qin
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Tianran Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Resource, Environments and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Luo
- ShenSi Lab, Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Longhua District, Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Xijun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Resource, Environments and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
M Nguyen H, Omidkar A, Song H. Technical Challenges and Prospects in Sustainable Plasma Catalytic Ammonia Production from Methane and Nitrogen. Chempluschem 2023:e202300129. [PMID: 37160701 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is crucial for human life as an important ingredient for fertilizer, industrial and household chemicals, and is considered as a future fuel alternative and hydrogen storage molecule. There remain no viable alternatives to the energy-and capital-intensive Haber-Bosch (H-B) process. Efforts in the development of novel catalytic processes operated at milder conditions (low temperatures and ambient pressure), prominently electrochemistry and non-thermal plasma (NTP), and utilization of lower-cost H sources for ammonia formation than the ultrapure H2 have been witnessed in the last few years. Yet, limited progress from these routes has been made to date given unresolved low ammonia yield and technical challenges. Several rare works attempted to activate methane (CH4 ) and nitrogen (N2 ) by non-thermal plasma to produce ammonia and valued-added hydrocarbons have proven to be a promising research direction, rivalling the reaction between N2 and ultrapure H2 or water. The direct conversion of CH4 and N2 to ammonia is still at the beginning level, and it remains unclear that what extent these technologies must be improved to develop a commercial process. Toward this goal, this Perspective critiques current steps and miss-steps of sustainable plasma catalytic ammonia production from CH4 and N2 in terms of technology, plasma-catalyst synergy, mechanistic insights, and experimental protocols. We discuss mechanistic understandings of catalyst-promoted ammonia production and translate such discussions as well as key metrics achieved in the field into recommendations of feasible processes for ammonia and value-added hydrocarbons formation from CH4 and N2 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoang M Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N. W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ali Omidkar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N. W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hua Song
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N. W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Peng X, Zeng L, Wang D, Liu Z, Li Y, Li Z, Yang B, Lei L, Dai L, Hou Y. Electrochemical C-N coupling of CO 2 and nitrogenous small molecules for the electrosynthesis of organonitrogen compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:2193-2237. [PMID: 36806286 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00381c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical C-N coupling reactions based on abundant small molecules (such as CO2 and N2) have attracted increasing attention as a new "green synthetic strategy" for the synthesis of organonitrogen compounds, which have been widely used in organic synthesis, materials chemistry, and biochemistry. The traditional technology employed for the synthesis of organonitrogen compounds containing C-N bonds often requires the addition of metal reagents or oxidants under harsh conditions with high energy consumption and environmental concerns. By contrast, electrosynthesis avoids the use of other reducing agents or oxidants by utilizing "electrons", which are the cleanest "reagent" and can reduce the generation of by-products, consistent with the atomic economy and green chemistry. In this study, we present a comprehensive review on the electrosynthesis of high value-added organonitrogens from the abundant CO2 and nitrogenous small molecules (N2, NO, NO2-, NO3-, NH3, etc.) via the C-N coupling reaction. The associated fundamental concepts, theoretical models, emerging electrocatalysts, and value-added target products, together with the current challenges and future opportunities are discussed. This critical review will greatly increase the understanding of electrochemical C-N coupling reactions, and thus attract research interest in the fixation of carbon and nitrogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianyun Peng
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Libin Zeng
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Dashuai Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Zhibin Liu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Australian Carbon Materials Centre (A-CMC), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Zhongjian Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Bin Yang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Lecheng Lei
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Liming Dai
- Australian Carbon Materials Centre (A-CMC), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Yang Hou
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, China
- Donghai Laboratory, Zhoushan, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang X, Xu B, Chen JG, Yang X. Recent Progress in Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction on Transition Metal Nitrides. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201715. [PMID: 36522288 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Distributed electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR) powered by renewable energy for the on-site production of ammonia is an attractive alternative to the industrial Haber-Bosch process, which is responsible for roughly 2 % of global energy consumption. In this Review, we summarize recent progress in the ENRR catalyzed by transition metal nitrides (TMNs). The unique electronic structures of TMNs make them promising ENRR catalysts for active and selective ammonia production, which have been predicted theoretically and demonstrated experimentally. Reaction pathways and deactivation mechanisms of the ENRR on different TMNs are surveyed, and current understanding of structure-activity relations is discussed. To develop highly active, selective, and stable TMN catalysts for industrial-scale ENRR, membrane electrode assembly configuration is recommended in catalyst evaluation. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of developing mechanistic understanding on ENRR with different operando spectroscopic techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Yang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Bingjun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jingguang G Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 10027, New York, NY, USA
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 11973, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Xuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 10027, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Huang Z, Rafiq M, Woldu AR, Tong QX, Astruc D, Hu L. Recent progress in electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction to ammonia (NRR). Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
16
|
Near ambient N2 fixation on solid electrodes versus enzymes and homogeneous catalysts. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:184-201. [PMID: 37117902 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Mo/Fe nitrogenase enzyme is unique in its ability to efficiently reduce dinitrogen to ammonia at atmospheric pressures and room temperature. Should an artificial electrolytic device achieve the same feat, it would revolutionize fertilizer production and even provide an energy-dense, truly carbon-free fuel. This Review provides a coherent comparison of recent progress made in dinitrogen fixation on solid electrodes, homogeneous catalysts and nitrogenases. Specific emphasis is placed on systems for which there is unequivocal evidence that dinitrogen reduction has taken place. By establishing the cross-cutting themes and synergies between these systems, we identify viable avenues for future research.
Collapse
|
17
|
Izelaar B, Ripepi D, Asperti S, Dugulan AI, Hendrikx RW, Böttger AJ, Mulder FM, Kortlever R. Revisiting the Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction on Molybdenum and Iron Carbides: Promising Catalysts or False Positives? ACS Catal 2023; 13:1649-1661. [PMID: 36776385 PMCID: PMC9903294 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical dinitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) has recently gained much interest as it can potentially produce ammonia from renewable intermittent electricity and replace the Haber-Bosch process. Previous literature studies report Fe- and Mo-carbides as promising electrocatalysts for the NRR with activities higher than other metals. However, recent understanding of extraneous ammonia and nitrogen oxide contaminations have challenged previously published results. Here, we critically assess the NRR performance of several Fe- and Mo-carbides reported as promising by implementing a strict experimental protocol to minimize the effect of impurities. The successful synthesis of α-Mo2C decorated carbon nanosheets, α-Mo2C nanoparticles, θ-Fe3C nanoparticles, and χ-Fe5C2 nanoparticles was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron and Mössbauer spectroscopy. After performing NRR chronoamperometric tests with the synthesized materials, the ammonia concentrations varied between 37 and 124 ppb and are in close proximity with the estimated ammonia background level. Notwithstanding the impracticality of these extremely low ammonia yields, the observed ammonia did not originate from the electrochemical nitrogen reduction but from unavoidable extraneous ammonia and NO x impurities. These findings are in contradiction with earlier literature studies and show that these carbide materials are not active for the NRR under the employed conditions. This further emphasizes the importance of a strict protocol in order to distinguish between a promising NRR catalyst and a false positive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Izelaar
- Large
Scale Energy Storage, Process and Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical,
Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, Delft2628 CB, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Ripepi
- Materials
for Energy Conversion and Storage, Chemical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University
of Technology, Delft2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Asperti
- Large
Scale Energy Storage, Process and Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical,
Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, Delft2628 CB, The Netherlands
| | - A. Iulian Dugulan
- Radiation
Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud W.A. Hendrikx
- Surface
and Interface Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Department,
Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft2628 CB, The Netherlands
| | - Amarante J. Böttger
- Surface
and Interface Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Department,
Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft2628 CB, The Netherlands
| | - Fokko M. Mulder
- Materials
for Energy Conversion and Storage, Chemical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University
of Technology, Delft2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Kortlever
- Large
Scale Energy Storage, Process and Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical,
Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, Delft2628 CB, The Netherlands,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
N. K MS, Sathiskumar C, John NS. Metallic MoO
2
as a Highly Selective Catalyst for Electrochemical Nitrogen Fixation to Ammonia under Ambient Conditions. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Safeer N. K
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS) Shivanapura Bengaluru 562162 India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal 576104 India
| | | | - Neena S. John
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS) Shivanapura Bengaluru 562162 India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Excluding false positives: A perspective toward credible ammonia quantification in nitrogen reduction reaction. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(22)64148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
|
20
|
Lee CH, Pahari S, Sitapure N, Barteau MA, Kwon JSI. DFT–kMC Analysis for Identifying Novel Bimetallic Electrocatalysts for Enhanced NRR Performance by Suppressing HER at Ambient Conditions Via Active-Site Separation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ho Lee
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas77843, United States
- Texas A&M Energy Institute, College Station, Texas77843, United States
| | - Silabrata Pahari
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas77843, United States
- Texas A&M Energy Institute, College Station, Texas77843, United States
| | - Niranjan Sitapure
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas77843, United States
- Texas A&M Energy Institute, College Station, Texas77843, United States
| | - Mark A. Barteau
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas77843, United States
- Texas A&M Energy Institute, College Station, Texas77843, United States
| | - Joseph Sang-Il Kwon
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas77843, United States
- Texas A&M Energy Institute, College Station, Texas77843, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lv Z, Hao L, Yao Z, Li W, Robertson AW, Sun Z. Rigorous Assessment of Cl - -Based Anolytes on Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2204205. [PMID: 36253143 PMCID: PMC9685447 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Many challenges in the electrochemical synthesis of ammonia have been recognized with most effort focused on delineating false positives resulting from unidentified sources of nitrogen. However, the influence of oxidizing anolytes on the crossover and oxidization of ammonium during the electrolysis reaction remains unexplored. Here it is reported that the use of analytes containing halide ions (Cl- and Br- ) can rapidly convert the ammonium into N2 , which further intensifies the crossover of ammonium. Moreover, the extent of migration and oxidation of ammonium is found to be closely associated with external factors, such as applied potentials and the concentration of Cl- . These findings demonstrate the profound impact of oxidizing anolytes on the electrochemical synthesis of ammonia. Based on these results, many prior reported ammonia yield rates are calibrated. This work emphasizes the significance of avoiding selection of anolytes that can oxidize ammonium, which is believed to promote further progress in electrochemical nitrogen fixation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zengxiang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029P. R. China
| | - Leiduan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029P. R. China
| | - Zhibo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029P. R. China
| | - Weixiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029P. R. China
| | | | - Zhenyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ying Y, Fan K, Qiao J, Huang H. Rational Design of Atomic Site Catalysts for Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction Reaction: One Step Closer to Optimum Activity and Selectivity. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) has been one of the most intriguing catalytic reactions in recent years, providing an energy-saving and environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional Haber–Bosch process for ammonia production. However, the activity and selectivity issues originating from the activation barrier of the NRR intermediates and the competing hydrogen evolution reaction result in the unsatisfactory NH3 yield rate and Faradaic efficiency of current NRR catalysts. Atomic site catalysts (ASCs), an emerging group of heterogeneous catalysts with a high atomic utilization rate, selectivity, and stability, may provide a solution. This article undertakes an exploration and systematic review of a highly significant research area: the principles of designing ASCs for the NRR. Both the theoretical and experimental progress and state-of-the-art techniques in the rational design of ASCs for the NRR are summarized, and the topic is extended to double-atom catalysts and boron-based metal-free ASCs. This review provides guidelines for the rational design of ASCs for the optimum activity and selectivity for the electrocatalytic NRR.
Graphical Abstract
Rational design of atomic site catalysts (ASCs) for nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) has both scientific and industrial significance. In this review, the recent experimental and theoretical breakthroughs in the design principles of transition metal ASCs for NRR are comprehensively discussed, and the topic is also extended to double-atom catalysts and boron-based metal-free ASCs.
Collapse
|
23
|
Smita Biswas S, Chakraborty S, Saha A, Eswaramoorthy M. Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction to Ammonia Under Ambient Conditions: Stakes and Challenges. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200139. [PMID: 35866503 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous electrochemical nitrogen reduction (ENR) to ammonia (NH3 ) under ambient conditions is considered as an alternative to the energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process for ammonia production. Many metal, non-metal, carbon-based materials along with metal-chalcogenides, metal-nitrides have been explored for their ENR activity. The reported NH3 production through ENR is still in the micro-gram level and often falls in the range of NH3 and NOx contaminations from the surrounding. The quantification of NH3 at very low concentration possess enormous challenge in this field and thus many reported ENR electrocatalysts suffer from reproducibility issue. This review highlights in detail the challenges associated with ENR in aqueous medium and necessitates standardization of protocols to quantify the low concentration of NH3 free of false-positives. It concludes the prospects of electrochemical NH3 production through lithium-mediated N2 reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suchi Smita Biswas
- Nanomaterials and Catalysis Laboratory, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit (CPMU), School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), JNCASR, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Soumita Chakraborty
- Nanomaterials and Catalysis Laboratory, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit (CPMU), School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), JNCASR, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Arunava Saha
- Nanomaterials and Catalysis Laboratory, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit (CPMU), School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), JNCASR, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Muthusamy Eswaramoorthy
- Nanomaterials and Catalysis Laboratory, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit (CPMU), School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), JNCASR, Bengaluru, 560064, India.,International Centre for Materials Science, JNCASR, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhao X, Jia X, Zhang H, Zhou X, Chen X, Wang H, Hu X, Xu J, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Hu G. Atom-dispersed copper and nano-palladium in the boron-carbon-nitrogen matric cooperate to realize the efficient purification of nitrate wastewater and the electrochemical synthesis of ammonia. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 434:128909. [PMID: 35452986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NIRR) driven by sustainable energy is not only expected to realize the green production of ammonia under ambient conditions, but also a promising way to purify nitrate wastewater. The ammonia yield rate and Faradaic efficiency of NIRR catalyzed by Pd10Cu/BCN constructed with structural constraints and pre-embedded reducing agent strategies were as high as 102,153 μg h-1 mgcat.-1 and 91.47%, respectively. Pd10Cu/BCN can remove nearly 100% of 50 mg L-1 NO3- without NO2- residue within 10 h, and the realization of this effect does not require the participation of any chloride. Control experiments and DFT calculations explain the efficient operation mechanism of NIRR on Pd10Cu/BCN, where the Pd and CuN4 sites play the role of synergistic catalysis. Compared with the reported literature, Pd10Cu/BCN with good biocompatibility has become an outstanding representative of NIRR catalyst, which provides an alternative way for the green production of ammonia and the purification of nitrate wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiuxiu Jia
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Xiaohai Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huaisheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Xun Hu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yingtang Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316004, China.
| | - Hucai Zhang
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Guangzhi Hu
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kaiprathu A, Velayudham P, Teller H, Schechter A. Mechanisms of electrochemical nitrogen gas reduction to ammonia under ambient conditions: a focused review. J Solid State Electrochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-022-05228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
26
|
Fu Y, Liao Y, Li P, Li H, Jiang S, Huang H, Sun W, Li T, Yu H, Li K, Li H, Jia B, Ma T. Layer structured materials for ambient nitrogen fixation. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
27
|
Kolen M, Ripepi D, Smith WA, Burdyny T, Mulder FM. Overcoming Nitrogen Reduction to Ammonia Detection Challenges: The Case for Leapfrogging to Gas Diffusion Electrode Platforms. ACS Catal 2022; 12:5726-5735. [PMID: 35633897 PMCID: PMC9127788 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is a promising pathway toward the decarbonization of ammonia (NH3) production. However, unless practical challenges related to the detection of NH3 are removed, confidence in published data and experimental throughput will remain low for experiments in aqueous electrolyte. In this perspective, we analyze these challenges from a system and instrumentation perspective. Through our analysis we show that detection challenges can be strongly reduced by switching from an H-cell to a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) cell design as a catalyst testing platform. Specifically, a GDE cell design is anticipated to allow for a reduction in the cost of crucial 15N2 control experiments from €100-2000 to less than €10. A major driver is the possibility to reduce the 15N2 flow rate to less than 1 mL/min, which is prohibited by an inevitable drop in mass-transport at low flow rates in H-cells. Higher active surface areas and improved mass transport can further circumvent losses of NRR selectivity to competing reactions. Additionally, obstacles often encountered when trying to transfer activity and selectivity data recorded at low current density in H-cells to commercial device level can be avoided by testing catalysts under conditions close to those in commercial devices from the start.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kolen
- Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage (MECS), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Ripepi
- Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage (MECS), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wilson A. Smith
- Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage (MECS), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Burdyny
- Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage (MECS), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Fokko M. Mulder
- Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage (MECS), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lazouski N, Steinberg KJ, Gala ML, Krishnamurthy D, Viswanathan V, Manthiram K. Proton Donors Induce a Differential Transport Effect for Selectivity toward Ammonia in Lithium-Mediated Nitrogen Reduction. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikifar Lazouski
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Katherine J. Steinberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michal L. Gala
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dilip Krishnamurthy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | | | - Karthish Manthiram
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang C, Wang Z, Lei J, Ma L, Yakobson BI, Tour JM. Atomic Molybdenum for Synthesis of Ammonia with 50% Faradic Efficiency. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106327. [PMID: 35278039 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical dinitrogen (N2 ) reduction reaction (NRR) under ambient conditions has gained significant interest as an environmentally friendly alternative to the traditional Haber-Bosch process for the synthesis of ammonia (NH3 ). However, up to now, most of the reported NRR electrocatalysts with satisfactory catalytic activities have been hindered by the large overpotential in N2 activation. The preparation of highly efficient Mo-based NRR electrocatalyst in acidic electrolytes under ambient conditions is demonstrated here, consisting of stabilized single Mo atoms anchored on holey nitrogen-doped graphene synthesized through a convenient potassium-salt-assisted activation method. At -0.05 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), an electrode consisting of the resultant electrocatalyst immobilized on carbon fiber paper can attain an exceptional Faradaic efficiency of 50.2% and a NH3 yield rate of 3.6 µg h-1 mgcat-1 with low overpotentials. Density functional theory calculations further unveil that compared to the original graphene without holes, the edge coordinated Mo atoms and the existence of vacancies on holey graphene lower the overpotential of N2 reduction, thereby promoting the NRR catalytic activity. This work could provide new guidelines for future designs in single-atom catalysis that would be beneficial to ambient N2 fixation, and replacement of classical synthesis processes that are very energy-intensive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenhao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Jincheng Lei
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Lu Ma
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute, the NanoCarbon Center and the Welch for Advanced Materials, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute, the NanoCarbon Center and the Welch for Advanced Materials, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Ball milling synthesis of porous g-C3N4 ultrathin nanosheets functionalized with alkynyl groups for strengthened photocatalytic activity. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
32
|
|
33
|
Krzywda PM, Paradelo Rodríguez A, Benes NE, Mei BT, Mul G. Effect of Electrolyte and Electrode Configuration on Cu‐Catalyzed Nitric Oxide Reduction to Ammonia. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr M. Krzywda
- Photocatalytic Synthesis Group Faculty of Science & Technology of the University of Twente PO Box 217 Enschede The Netherlands
- Membrane Science and Technology Cluster Faculty of Science & Technology of the University of Twente PO Box 217 Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Ainoa Paradelo Rodríguez
- Photocatalytic Synthesis Group Faculty of Science & Technology of the University of Twente PO Box 217 Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Nieck E. Benes
- Membrane Science and Technology Cluster Faculty of Science & Technology of the University of Twente PO Box 217 Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Bastian T. Mei
- Photocatalytic Synthesis Group Faculty of Science & Technology of the University of Twente PO Box 217 Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Guido Mul
- Photocatalytic Synthesis Group Faculty of Science & Technology of the University of Twente PO Box 217 Enschede The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cai X, Yang F, An L, Fu C, Luo L, Shen S, Zhang J. Evaluation of Electrocatalytic Activity of Noble Metal Catalysts Toward Nitrogen Reduction Reaction in Aqueous Solutions under Ambient Conditions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102234. [PMID: 34783202 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is intensively investigated by researchers for its potential to be the next-generation technology to produce ammonia. Many attempts have been made to explore the possibility of electrochemical ammonia production catalyzed by noble metals. However, the produced ammonia in most reported cases is in ppm level or even lower, which is susceptible to potential contaminants in experiments, leading to fluctuating or even contradictory results. Herein, a rigorous procedure was adopted to systematically evaluated the performance of commercial noble metal nanocatalysts toward NRR. No discernible amount of ammonia was detected in either acidic or alkaline solutions. Further, nitrogen-containing contaminants in catalysts that might cause false positive results were detected and characterized. An effective way to remove pre-existing pollutants by consecutive cyclic voltammetry scan was proposed, helping to obtain reliable and reproducible results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiyang Cai
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Lu An
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Cehuang Fu
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Liuxuan Luo
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shuiyun Shen
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Krishnamurthy D, Lazouski N, Gala ML, Manthiram K, Viswanathan V. Closed-Loop Electrolyte Design for Lithium-Mediated Ammonia Synthesis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:2073-2082. [PMID: 34963899 PMCID: PMC8704027 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Novel methods for producing ammonia, a large-scale industrial chemical, are necessary for reducing the environmental impact of its production. Lithium-mediated electrochemical nitrogen reduction is one attractive alternative method for producing ammonia. In this work, we experimentally tested several classes of proton donors for activity in the lithium-mediated approach. From these data, an interpretable data-driven classification model is constructed to distinguish between active and inactive proton donors; solvatochromic Kamlet-Taft parameters emerged to be the key descriptors for predicting nitrogen reduction activity. A deep learning model is trained to predict these parameters using experimental data from the literature. The combination of the classification and deep learning models provides a predictive mapping from proton donor structure to activity for nitrogen reduction. We demonstrate that the two-model approach is superior to a purely mechanistic or a data-driven approach in accuracy and experimental data efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Krishnamurthy
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Nikifar Lazouski
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michal L. Gala
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karthish Manthiram
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
The Role of Structured Carbon in Downsized Transition Metal-Based Electrocatalysts toward a Green Nitrogen Fixation. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction Reaction (NRR) to ammonia is one of the most recent trends of research in heterogeneous catalysis for sustainability. The stark challenges posed by the NRR arise from many factors, beyond the strongly unfavored thermodynamics. The design of efficient heterogeneous electrocatalysts must rely on a suitable interplay of different components, so that the majority of research is focusing on development of nanohybrids or nanocomposites that synergistically harness the NRR sequence. Nanostructured carbon is one of the most versatile and powerful conductive supports that can be combined with metal species in an opportune manner, so as to guide the correct proceeding of the reaction and boost the catalytic activity.
Collapse
|
37
|
Nazemi M, El-Sayed MA. Managing the Nitrogen Cycle via Plasmonic (Photo)Electrocatalysis: Toward Circular Economy. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:4294-4304. [PMID: 34719918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
As renewable energy sources are either intermittent in nature or remote in location, developing cost-effective, sustainable, modular systems and technologies to store and transport renewables at an industrial scale is imperative. Storing cheap renewable electricity into chemical bonds (i.e., chemical energy storage) could be a transformative opportunity for reliable and resilient grid energy storage. This approach enables renewables to be stored and shipped similarly to fossil fuels. Currently, the chemical industry primarily consumes fossil feedstock as an energy source, which has been the standard for over a century. A paradigm shift is required to move toward a more sustainable route for chemical synthesis by electrifying and decarbonizing the modern chemical industry. As renewable electricity costs decrease, (photo)electrosynthesis is gaining interest for synthesizing high-value and high-energy fuels and molecules in a clean, sustainable, and decentralized manner.The nitrogen cycle is one of the Earth's most critical biogeochemical cycles since nitrogen is a vital element for all living organisms. Artificial nitrogen fixation via a (photo)electrochemical system powered by renewables provides an alternative route to resource- and carbon-intensive thermochemical processes. (Photo)electrochemical nitrogen fixation at a large scale necessitates the discovery of active, selective, and stable heterogeneous (photo)electrocatalysts. In addition, the use of advanced in situ and operando spectroscopic techniques is needed to pinpoint the underlying reaction mechanisms. The selectivity of nitrogen (N2) molecules on the catalyst surface and suppressing thermodynamically favorable side reactions (e.g., hydrogen evolution reaction) are the main bottlenecks in improving the rate of (photo)electrochemical nitrogen fixation in aqueous solutions. The rational design of electrode, electrolyte, and reactors is required to weaken the strong nitrogen-nitrogen triple bond (N≡N) at or near ambient conditions. This Account covers our group's recent advances in synthesizing shape-controlled hybrid plasmonic nanoparticles, including plasmonic-semiconductor and plasmonic-transition metal nanostructures with increased surface areas. The nanocatalysts' selectivity and activity toward nitrogen conversion are benchmarked in liquid- and gas-phase electrochemical systems. We leverage operando vibrational-type spectroscopy (i.e., surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)) to identify intermediate species relevant to nitrogen fixation at the electrode-electrolyte interface to gain mechanistic insights into reaction mechanisms, leading to the discovery of more efficient catalysts. Operando SERS revealed that the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) to ammonia on hybrid plasmonic-transition metal nanoparticle surfaces (e.g., Pd-Ag) occurs through an associative mechanism. In the NRR process, hydrazine (N2H4) is consumed as an intermediate species. A femtosecond pulsed laser is used to synthesize hybrid plasmonic photocatalysts with homogeneously distributed Pd atoms on a Au nanorod surface, resulting in enhanced optoelectronic and catalytic properties. The overarching goal is to develop modular photoelectrochemical systems for long-duration renewable energy storage. In the context of nitrogen fixation, we aim to propose strategies to manage the nitrogen cycle through the interconversion of N2 and active nitrogen-containing compounds (e.g., NH3, NOx), enabling a circular nitrogen economy with sustainable and positive social and economic outcomes. The versatile approaches presented in this Account can inform future opportunities in (photo)electrochemical energy conversion systems and solar fuel-based applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Nazemi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Mostafa A. El-Sayed
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chang F, Gao W, Guo J, Chen P. Emerging Materials and Methods toward Ammonia-Based Energy Storage and Conversion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005721. [PMID: 33834538 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Efficient storage and conversion of renewable energies is of critical importance to the sustainable growth of human society. With its distinguishing features of high hydrogen content, high energy density, facile storage/transportation, and zero-carbon emission, ammonia has been recently considered as a promising energy carrier for long-term and large-scale energy storage. Under this scenario, the synthesis, storage, and utilization of ammonia are key components for the implementation of ammonia-mediated energy system. Being different from fossil fuels, renewable energies normally have intermittent and variable nature, and thus pose demands on the improvement of existing technologies and simultaneously the development of alternative methods and materials for ammonia synthesis and storage. The energy release from ammonia in an efficient manner, on the other hand, is vital to achieve a sustainable energy supply and complete the nitrogen circle. Herein, recent advances in the thermal-, electro-, plasma-, and photocatalytic ammonia synthesis, ammonia storage or separation, ammonia thermal/electrochemical decomposition and conversion are summarized with the emphasis on the latest developments of new methods and materials (catalysts, electrodes, and sorbents) for these processes. The challenges and potential solutions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wenbo Gao
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- Energy College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- Energy College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Dalian, 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ali H, Masar M, Guler AC, Urbanek M, Machovsky M, Kuritka I. Heterojunction-based photocatalytic nitrogen fixation: principles and current progress. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:6358-6372. [PMID: 36133492 PMCID: PMC9417957 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00565k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation is considered one of the grand challenges of the 21st century for achieving the ultimate vision of a green and sustainable future. It is crucial to develop and design sustainable nitrogen fixation techniques with minimal environmental impact as an alternative to the energy-cost intensive Haber-Bosch process. Heterojunction-based photocatalysis has recently emerged as a viable solution for the various environmental and energy issues, including nitrogen fixation. The primary advantages of heterojunction photocatalysts are spatially separated photogenerated charge carriers while retaining high oxidation and reduction potentials of the individual components, enabling visible light-harvesting. This review summarises the fundamental principles of photocatalytic heterostructures, the reaction mechanism of the nitrogen reduction reaction, ammonia detection methods, and the current progress of heterostructured photocatalysts for nitrogen fixation. Finally, future challenges and prospects are briefly discussed for the emerging field of heterostructured photocatalytic nitrogen fixation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ali
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin Tr. T. Bati 5678 76001 Zlin Czech Republic
| | - Milan Masar
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin Tr. T. Bati 5678 76001 Zlin Czech Republic
| | - Ali Can Guler
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin Tr. T. Bati 5678 76001 Zlin Czech Republic
| | - Michal Urbanek
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin Tr. T. Bati 5678 76001 Zlin Czech Republic
| | - Michal Machovsky
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin Tr. T. Bati 5678 76001 Zlin Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Kuritka
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin Tr. T. Bati 5678 76001 Zlin Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cao S, Sun Y, Guo S, Guo Z, Feng Y, Chen S, Chen H, Zhang S, Jiang F. Defect Regulating of Few-Layer Antimonene from Acid-Assisted Exfoliation for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:40618-40628. [PMID: 34416111 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), as a green and sustainable technology, is far from a practical application due to the lack of efficient electrocatalysts. In this work, we found that antimonene, a group-VA elemental two-dimensional (2D) material, is attractive as an electrocatalyst for NRR. The antimonene here is acquired through chemical exfoliation of antimony (Sb) using H2SO4 for the first time, which simultaneously achieved efficient large-sized exfoliation and created a high density of active edge sites. Moreover, the concentration of defects shows a gradual increasing tendency as the treatment time extends. The obtained antimonene exhibited favorable average ammonia (NH3) yield and Faradaic efficiency as high as 2.08 μg h-1 cm-2 and 14.25% at -0.7 V versus RHE, respectively. Density functional theory calculations prove that the sufficient exposure of edge defects is favorable for reducing the reaction barrier and strengthening the interaction between antimonene and the intermediates of NRR, thus increasing the selectivity and yield rate of NH3. The chemical exfoliation of Sb reported here offers an alternative avenue to engineer the surface structures of group-VA elemental-based catalysts. Investigation of NRR using 2D antimonene can further provide deep insight into the mechanism and principle of NRR over group-VA elemental nanosheets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shihai Cao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province for Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
- College of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuntong Sun
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shiying Guo
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zichang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province for Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanchao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province for Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province for Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengli Zhang
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province for Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhang S, Wu Y, Zhang YX, Niu Z. Dual-atom catalysts: controllable synthesis and electrocatalytic applications. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-021-1106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
42
|
Wang X, Yang J, Salla M, Xi S, Yang Y, Li M, Zhang F, Zhu M, Huang S, Huang S, Zhang Y, Wang Q. Redox‐Mediated Ambient Electrolytic Nitrogen Reduction for Hydrazine and Ammonia Generation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117576 Singapore
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of High Performance Computing A*STAR Singapore 138632 Singapore
| | - Manohar Salla
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117576 Singapore
| | - Shibo Xi
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source National University of Singapore 5 Research Link Singapore 117603 Singapore
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117576 Singapore
| | - Mengsha Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117576 Singapore
| | - Feifei Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117576 Singapore
| | - Ming‐Ke Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117576 Singapore
| | - Songpeng Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117576 Singapore
| | - Shiqiang Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117576 Singapore
| | - Yong‐Wei Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing A*STAR Singapore 138632 Singapore
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117576 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang X, Yang J, Salla M, Xi S, Yang Y, Li M, Zhang F, Zhu MK, Huang S, Huang S, Zhang YW, Wang Q. Redox-Mediated Ambient Electrolytic Nitrogen Reduction for Hydrazine and Ammonia Generation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18721-18727. [PMID: 34076954 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a redox-mediated electrolytic nitrogen reduction reaction (RM-eNRR) using polyoxometalate (POM) as the electron and proton carrier which frees the TiO2 -based catalyst from the electrode and shifts the reduction of nitrogen to a reactor tank. The RM-eNRR process has achieved an ammonium production yield of 25.1 μg h-1 or 5.0 μg h-1 cm-2 at an ammonium concentration of 6.7 ppm. With high catalyst loading, 61.0 ppm ammonium was accumulated in the electrolyte upon continuous operation, which is the highest concentration detected for ambient eNRR so far. The mechanism underlying the RM-eNRR was scrutinized both experimentally and computationally to delineate the POM-mediated charge transfer and hydrogenation process of nitrogen molecule on the catalyst. RM-eNRR is expected to provide an implementable solution to overcome the limitations in the conventional eNRR process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, Singapore, 138632, Singapore
| | - Manohar Salla
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Shibo Xi
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, 5 Research Link, Singapore, 117603, Singapore
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Mengsha Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Feifei Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Ming-Ke Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Songpeng Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Shiqiang Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Yong-Wei Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, Singapore, 138632, Singapore
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gudmundsson M, Ellingsson V, Skúlason E, Abghoui Y. Optimizing Nitrogen Reduction Reaction on Nitrides: A Computational Study on Crystallographic Orientation. Top Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
45
|
Zhao X, Hu G, Chen GF, Zhang H, Zhang S, Wang H. Comprehensive Understanding of the Thriving Ambient Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Reaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007650. [PMID: 34197001 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical method of combining N2 and H2 O to produce ammonia (i.e., the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction [E-NRR]) continues to draw attention as it is both environmentally friendly and well suited for a progressively distributed farm economy. Despite the multitude of recent works on the E-NRR, further progress in this field faces a bottleneck. On the one hand, despite the extensive exploration and trial-and-error evaluation of E-NRR catalysts, no study has stood out to become the stage protagonist. On the other hand, the current level of ammonia production (microgram-scale) is an almost insurmountable obstacle for its qualitative and quantitative determination, hindering the discrimination between true activity and contamination. Herein i) the popular theory and mechanism of the NRR are introduced; ii) a comprehensive summary of the recent progress in the field of the E-NRR and related catalysts is provided; iii) the operational procedures of the E-NRR are addressed, including the acquisition of key metrics, the challenges faced, and the most suitable solutions; iv) the guiding principles and standardized recommendations for the E-NRR are emphasized and future research directions and prospects are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, China
| | - Guangzhi Hu
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, China
| | - Gao-Feng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Haihui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cai X, Iriawan H, Yang F, Luo L, Shen S, Shao-Horn Y, Zhang J. Interaction of Ammonia with Nafion and Electrolyte in Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction Study. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:6861-6866. [PMID: 34279943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia synthesis by electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is a promising alternative to the Haber-Bosch process. Accurate measurement of produced ammonia requires rigorous criteria, which rely on a deeper understanding of ammonia characteristics. Herein, we systematically investigated the interaction of ammonia with Nafion membrane and electrolyte to reveal factors that may induce deviation in ammonia measurements. We demonstrated desirable characteristics of Nafion membrane as a separator in view of the low adsorption rate and low diffusion rate for ammonia. But one should be aware of the possible contaminants pre-existing in the membrane. It was also observed that the acid electrolyte had a much greater affinity for ammonia compared with base electrolyte. Specifically, the acid electrolyte is more vulnerable to potential ammonia contaminant in the feeding gas, whereas base electrolyte is inclined to lose produced ammonia under a continuous nitrogen flow. The findings provide a deeper understanding of ammonia's behavior in NRR test and help obtain accurate and credible ammonia measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiyang Cai
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haldrian Iriawan
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 5RB, United Kingdom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Fan Yang
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liuxuan Luo
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shuiyun Shen
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yang Shao-Horn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lee J, Liu X, Kumar A, Hwang Y, Lee E, Yu J, Kim YD, Lee H. Phase-selective active sites on ordered/disordered titanium dioxide enable exceptional photocatalytic ammonia synthesis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9619-9629. [PMID: 34349934 PMCID: PMC8293799 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03223b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic N2 fixation to NH3 via defect creation on TiO2 to activate ultra-stable N[triple bond, length as m-dash]N has drawn enormous scientific attention, but poor selectivity and low yield rate are the major bottlenecks. Additionally, whether N2 preferentially adsorbs on phase-selective defect sites on TiO2 in correlation with appropriate band alignment has yet to be explored. Herein, theoretical predictions reveal that the defect sites on disordered anatase (Ad) preferentially exhibit higher N2 adsorption ability with a reduced energy barrier for a potential-determining-step (*N2 to NNH*) than the disordered rutile (Rd) phase of TiO2. Motivated by theoretical simulations, we synthesize a phase-selective disordered-anatase/ordered-rutile TiO2 photocatalyst (Na-Ad/Ro) by sodium-amine treatment of P25-TiO2 under ambient conditions, which exhibits an efficient NH3 formation rate of 432 μmol g-1 h-1, which is superior to that of any other defect-rich disordered TiO2 under solar illumination with a high apparent quantum efficiency of 13.6% at 340 nm. The multi-synergistic effects including selective N2 chemisorption on the defect sites of Na-Ad with enhanced visible-light absorption, suitable band alignment, and rapid interfacial charge separation with Ro enable substantially enhanced N2 fixation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsun Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) 2066 Seoburo, Jangan-gu Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seoburo, Jangan-gu Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Xinghui Liu
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) 2066 Seoburo, Jangan-gu Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seoburo, Jangan-gu Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) 2066 Seoburo, Jangan-gu Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seoburo, Jangan-gu Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Yosep Hwang
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) 2066 Seoburo, Jangan-gu Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seoburo, Jangan-gu Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Lee
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seoburo, Jangangu Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Jianmin Yu
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) 2066 Seoburo, Jangan-gu Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seoburo, Jangan-gu Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Dok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seoburo, Jangan-gu Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoyoung Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) 2066 Seoburo, Jangan-gu Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seoburo, Jangan-gu Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seoburo, Jangan-gu Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
- Creative Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seoburo, Jangan-gu Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Choi C, Gu GH, Noh J, Park HS, Jung Y. Understanding potential-dependent competition between electrocatalytic dinitrogen and proton reduction reactions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4353. [PMID: 34272379 PMCID: PMC8285508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A key challenge to realizing practical electrochemical N2 reduction reaction (NRR) is the decrease in the NRR activity before reaching the mass-transfer limit as overpotential increases. While the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has been suggested to be responsible for this phenomenon, the mechanistic origin has not been clearly explained. Herein, we investigate the potential-dependent competition between NRR and HER using the constant electrode potential model and microkinetic modeling. We find that the H coverage and N2 coverage crossover leads to the premature decrease of NRR activity. The coverage crossover originates from the larger charge transfer in H+ adsorption than N2 adsorption. The larger charge transfer in H+ adsorption, which potentially leads to the coverage crossover, is a general phenomenon seen in various heterogeneous catalysts, posing a fundamental challenge to realize practical electrochemical NRR. We suggest several strategies to overcome the challenge based on the present understandings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changhyeok Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Ho Gu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhwan Noh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun S Park
- Center for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yousung Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Suryanto BHR, Matuszek K, Choi J, Hodgetts RY, Du HL, Bakker JM, Kang CSM, Cherepanov PV, Simonov AN, MacFarlane DR. Nitrogen reduction to ammonia at high efficiency and rates based on a phosphonium proton shuttle. Science 2021; 372:1187-1191. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abg2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karolina Matuszek
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jaecheol Choi
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Rebecca Y. Hodgetts
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Hoang-Long Du
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jacinta M. Bakker
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Colin S. M. Kang
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | | | - Alexandr N. Simonov
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Douglas R. MacFarlane
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Giuffredi G, Asset T, Liu Y, Atanassov P, Di Fonzo F. Transition Metal Chalcogenides as a Versatile and Tunable Platform for Catalytic CO 2 and N 2 Electroreduction. ACS MATERIALS AU 2021; 1:6-36. [PMID: 36855615 PMCID: PMC9888655 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.1c00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Group VI transition metal chalcogenides are the subject of increasing research interest for various electrochemical applications such as low-temperature water electrolysis, batteries, and supercapacitors due to their high activity, chemical stability, and the strong correlation between structure and electrochemical properties. Particularly appealing is their utilization as electrocatalysts for the synthesis of energy vectors and value-added chemicals such as C-based chemicals from the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2R) or ammonia from the nitrogen fixation reaction (NRR). This review discusses the role of structural and electronic properties of transition metal chalcogenides in enhancing selectivity and activity toward these two key reduction reactions. First, we discuss the morphological and electronic structure of these compounds, outlining design strategies to control and fine-tune them. Then, we discuss the role of the active sites and the strategies developed to enhance the activity of transition metal chalcogenide-based catalysts in the framework of CO2R and NRR against the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER); leveraging on the design rules applied for HER applications, we discuss their future perspective for the applications in CO2R and NRR. For these two reactions, we comprehensively review recent progress in unveiling reaction mechanisms at different sites and the most effective strategies for fabricating catalysts that, by exploiting the structural and electronic peculiarities of transition metal chalcogenides, can outperform many metallic compounds. Transition metal chalcogenides outperform state-of-the-art catalysts for CO2 to CO reduction in ionic liquids due to the favorable CO2 adsorption on the metal edge sites, whereas the basal sites, due to their conformation, represent an appealing design space for reduction of CO2 to complex carbon products. For the NRR instead, the resemblance of transition metal chalcogenides to the active centers of nitrogenase enzymes represents a powerful nature-mimicking approach for the design of catalysts with enhanced performance, although strategies to hinder the HER must be integrated in the catalytic architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Giuffredi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@Polimi), Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy,Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Lambruschini 4, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Tristan Asset
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and National Fuel Cell
Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2580, United States
| | - Yuanchao Liu
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and National Fuel Cell
Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2580, United States
| | - Plamen Atanassov
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and National Fuel Cell
Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2580, United States
| | - Fabio Di Fonzo
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@Polimi), Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy,
| |
Collapse
|