1
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Wang M, Zhang FX, Chen ZY, Ma JB. Activation and Transformation of Methane on Boron-Doped Cobalt Oxide Cluster Cations CoBO 2. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1537-1542. [PMID: 38181068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
The cleavage of inert C-H bonds in methane at room temperature and the subsequent conversion into value-added products are quite challenging. Herein, the reactivity of boron-doped cobalt oxide cluster cations CoBO2+ toward methane under thermal collision conditions was studied by mass spectrometry experiments and quantum-chemical calculations. In this reaction, one H atom and the CH3 unit of methane were transformed separately to generate the product metaboric acid (HBO2) and one CoCH3+ ion, respectively. Theoretical calculations strongly suggest that a catalytic cycle can be completed by the recovery of CoBO2+ through the reaction of CoCH3+ with sodium perborate (NaBO3), and this reaction generates sodium methoxide (CH3ONa) as the other value-added product. This study shows that boron-doped cobalt oxide species are highly reactive to facilitate thermal methane transformation and may open a way to develop more effective approaches for methane (CH4) activation and conversion under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Feng-Xiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jia-Bi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
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2
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Chen Z, Ye Y, Feng X, Wang Y, Han X, Zhu Y, Wu S, Wang S, Yang W, Wang L, Zhang J. High-density frustrated Lewis pairs based on Lamellar Nb 2O 5 for photocatalytic non-oxidative methane coupling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2000. [PMID: 37037834 PMCID: PMC10086065 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37663-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic methane conversion requires a strong polarization environment composed of abundant activation sites with the robust stretching ability for C-H scissoring. High-density frustrated Lewis pairs consisting of low-valence Lewis acid Nb and Lewis base Nb-OH are fabricated on lamellar Nb2O5 through a thermal-reduction promoted phase-transition process. Benefitting from the planar atomic arrangement of lamellar Nb2O5, the frustrated Lewis pairs sites are highly exposed and accessible to reactants, which results in a superior methane conversion rate of 1456 μmol g-1 h-1 for photocatalytic non-oxidative methane coupling without the assistance of noble metals. The time-dependent DFT calculation demonstrates the photo-induced electron transfer from LA to LB sites enhances their intensities in a concerted way, promoting the C-H cleavage through the coupling of LA and LB. This work provides in-depth insight into designing and constructing a polarization micro-environment for photocatalytic C-H activation of methane without the assistance of noble metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Multi-Media Environmental Catalysis and Resource Utilization, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yutao Ye
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Multi-Media Environmental Catalysis and Resource Utilization, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiaoyi Feng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Multi-Media Environmental Catalysis and Resource Utilization, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Multi-Media Environmental Catalysis and Resource Utilization, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiaowei Han
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Multi-Media Environmental Catalysis and Resource Utilization, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Multi-Media Environmental Catalysis and Resource Utilization, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Shiqun Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Multi-Media Environmental Catalysis and Resource Utilization, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Senyao Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Multi-Media Environmental Catalysis and Resource Utilization, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wenda Yang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Multi-Media Environmental Catalysis and Resource Utilization, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Multi-Media Environmental Catalysis and Resource Utilization, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Multi-Media Environmental Catalysis and Resource Utilization, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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3
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Terlingen B, Bos JW, Ahr M, Monai M, van Lare C, Weckhuysen BM. Europium–Magnesium–Aluminum-Based Mixed-Metal Oxides as Highly Active Methane Oxychlorination Catalysts. ACS Catal 2023; 13:5147-5158. [PMID: 37123594 PMCID: PMC10127201 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Methane oxychlorination (MOC) is a promising reaction for the production of liquefied methane derivatives. Even though catalyst design is still in its early stages, the general trend is that benchmark catalyst materials have a redox-active site, with, e.g., Cu2+, Ce4+, and Pd2+ as prominent showcase examples. However, with the identification of nonreducible LaOCl moiety as an active center for MOC, it was demonstrated that a redox-active couple is not a requirement to establish a high activity. In this work, we show that Mg2+-Al3+-based mixed-metal oxide (MMO) materials are highly active and stable MOC catalysts. The synergistic interaction between Mg2+ and Al3+ could be exploited due to the fact that a homogeneous distribution of the chemical elements was achieved. This interaction was found to be crucial for the unexpectedly high MOC activity, as reference MgO and γ-Al2O3 materials did not show any significant activity. Operando Raman spectroscopy revealed that Mg2+ acted as a chlorine buffer and subsequently as a chlorinating agent for Al3+, which was the active metal center in the methane activation step. The addition of the redox-active Eu3+ to the nonreducible Mg2+-Al3+ MMO catalyst enabled further tuning of the catalytic performance and made the EuMg3Al MMO catalyst one of the most active MOC catalyst materials reported so far. Combined operando Raman/luminescence spectroscopy revealed that the chlorination behavior of Mg2+ and Eu3+ was correlated, suggesting that Mg2+ also acted as a chlorinating agent for Eu3+. These results indicate that both redox activity and synergistic effects between Eu, Mg, and Al are required to obtain high catalytic performance. The importance of elemental synergy and redox properties is expected to be translatable to the oxychlorination of other hydrocarbons, such as light alkanes, due to large similarities in catalytic chemistry.
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4
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Terlingen BJP, Arens T, van Swieten TP, Rabouw FT, Prins PT, de Beer MM, Meijerink A, Ahr MP, Hutter EM, van Lare CEJ, Weckhuysen BM. Bifunctional Europium for Operando Catalyst Thermometry in an Exothermic Chemical Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211991. [PMID: 36328981 PMCID: PMC10099702 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Often the reactor or the reaction medium temperature is reported in the field of heterogeneous catalysis, even though it could vary significantly from the reactive catalyst temperature. The influence of the catalyst temperature on the catalytic performance and vice versa is therefore not always accurately known. We here apply EuOCl as both solid catalyst and thermometer, allowing for operando temperature determination. The interplay between reaction conditions and the catalyst temperature dynamics is studied. A maximum temperature difference between the catalyst and oven of +16 °C was observed due to the exothermicity of the methane oxychlorination reaction. Heat dissipation by radiation appears dominating compared to convection in this set-up, explaining the observed uniform catalyst bed temperature. Application of operando catalyst thermometry could provide a deeper mechanistic understanding of catalyst performances and allow for safer process operation in chemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas J P Terlingen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tjom Arens
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas P van Swieten
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Freddy T Rabouw
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P Tim Prins
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andries Meijerink
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu P Ahr
- KLK Kolb Specialties, Langestraat 137, 7491 AE, Delden, The Netherlands
| | - Eline M Hutter
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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5
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Gong X, Çağlayan M, Ye Y, Liu K, Gascon J, Dutta Chowdhury A. First-Generation Organic Reaction Intermediates in Zeolite Chemistry and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14275-14345. [PMID: 35947790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Zeolite chemistry and catalysis are expected to play a decisive role in the next decade(s) to build a more decentralized renewable feedstock-dependent sustainable society owing to the increased scrutiny over carbon emissions. Therefore, the lack of fundamental and mechanistic understanding of these processes is a critical "technical bottleneck" that must be eliminated to maximize economic value and minimize waste. We have identified, considering this objective, that the chemistry related to the first-generation reaction intermediates (i.e., carbocations, radicals, carbenes, ketenes, and carbanions) in zeolite chemistry and catalysis is highly underdeveloped or undervalued compared to other catalysis streams (e.g., homogeneous catalysis). This limitation can often be attributed to the technological restrictions to detect such "short-lived and highly reactive" intermediates at the interface (gas-solid/solid-liquid); however, the recent rise of sophisticated spectroscopic/analytical techniques (including under in situ/operando conditions) and modern data analysis methods collectively compete to unravel the impact of these organic intermediates. This comprehensive review summarizes the state-of-the-art first-generation organic reaction intermediates in zeolite chemistry and catalysis and evaluates their existing challenges and future prospects, to contribute significantly to the "circular carbon economy" initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Gong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Mustafa Çağlayan
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yiru Ye
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Kun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Jorge Gascon
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Terlingen B, Oord R, Ahr M, Hutter EM, van Lare C, Weckhuysen BM. Favoring the Methane Oxychlorination Reaction over EuOCl by Synergistic Effects with Lanthanum. ACS Catal 2022; 12:5698-5710. [PMID: 35557710 PMCID: PMC9087184 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The direct conversion of CH4 into fuels and chemicals produces less waste, requires smaller capital investments, and has improved energy efficiency compared to multistep processes. While the methane oxychlorination (MOC) reaction has been given little attention, it offers the potential to achieve high CH4 conversion levels at high selectivities. In a continuing effort to design commercially interesting MOC catalysts, we have improved the catalyst design of EuOCl by the partial replacement of Eu3+ by La3+. A set of catalytic solid solutions of La3+ and Eu3+ (i.e., La x Eu1-x OCl, where x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1) were synthesized and tested in the MOC reaction. The La3+-Eu3+ catalysts exhibit an increased CH3Cl selectivity (i.e., 54-66 vs 41-52%), a lower CH2Cl2 selectivity (i.e., 8-24 vs 18-34%), and a comparable CO selectivity (i.e., 11-28 vs 14-28%) compared to EuOCl under the same reaction conditions and varying HCl concentrations in the feed. The La3+-Eu3+ catalysts possessed a higher CH4 conversion rate than when the individual activities of LaOCl and EuOCl are summed with a similar La3+/Eu3+ ratio (i.e., the linear combination). In the solid solution, La3+ is readily chlorinated and acts as a chlorine buffer that can transfer chlorine to the active Eu3+ phase, thereby enhancing the activity. The improved catalyst design enhances the CH3Cl yield and selectivity and reduces the catalyst cost and the separation cost of the unreacted HCl. These results showcase that, by matching intrinsic material properties, catalyst design can be altered to overcome reaction bottlenecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Terlingen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Oord
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Ahr
- Nobian, Zutphenseweg
10, 7418 AJ Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Eline M. Hutter
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Coert van Lare
- Nobian, Zutphenseweg
10, 7418 AJ Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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Hemberger P, Wu X, Pan Z, Bodi A. Continuous Pyrolysis Microreactors: Hot Sources with Little Cooling? New Insights Utilizing Cation Velocity Map Imaging and Threshold Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2196-2210. [PMID: 35316066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Resistively heated silicon carbide microreactors are widely applied as continuous sources to selectively prepare elusive and reactive intermediates with astrochemical, catalytic, or combustion relevance to measure their photoelectron spectrum. These reactors also provide deep mechanistic insights into uni- and bimolecular chemistry. However, the sampling conditions and effects have not been fully characterized. We use cation velocity map imaging to measure the velocity distribution of the molecular beam signal and to quantify the scattered, rethermalized background sample. Although translational cooling is efficient in the adiabatic expansion from the reactor, the breakdown diagrams of methane and chlorobenzene confirm that the molecular beam component exhibits a rovibrational temperature comparable with that of the reactor. Thus, rovibrational cooling is practically absent in the expansion from the microreactor. The high rovibrational temperature also affects the threshold photoelectron spectrum of both benzene and the allyl radical in the molecular beam, but to different degrees. While the extreme broadening of the benzene TPES suggests a complex ionization mechanism, the allyl TPES is in fact consistent with an internal temperature close to that of the reactor. The background, room-temperature spectra of both are superbly reproduced by Franck-Condon simulations at 300 K. On the one hand, this leads us to suggest that room-temperature reference spectra should be used in species identification. On the other hand, analysis of the allyl iodide pyrolysis data shows that iodine atoms often recombine to form molecular iodine on the chamber surfaces. Such sampling effects may distort the chemical composition of the scattered background with respect to the molecular beam signal emanating directly from the reactor. This must be considered in quantitative analyses and kinetic modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hemberger
- Paul Scherrer Insitute, Forschungsstrasse 111, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Xiangkun Wu
- Paul Scherrer Insitute, Forschungsstrasse 111, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Zeyou Pan
- Paul Scherrer Insitute, Forschungsstrasse 111, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Andras Bodi
- Paul Scherrer Insitute, Forschungsstrasse 111, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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8
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Mamontova E, Favier I, Pla D, Gómez M. Organometallic interactions between metal nanoparticles and carbon-based molecules: A surface reactivity rationale. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Terlingen B, Oord R, Ahr M, Hutter E, van Lare C, Weckhuysen BM. Mechanistic Insights into the Lanthanide-Catalyzed Oxychlorination of Methane as Revealed by Operando Spectroscopy. ACS Catal 2021; 11:10574-10588. [PMID: 34484853 PMCID: PMC8411843 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Commercialization of CH4 valorization processes is currently hampered by the lack of suitable catalysts, which should be active, selective, and stable. CH4 oxychlorination is one of the promising routes to directly functionalize CH4, and lanthanide-based catalysts show great potential for this reaction, although relatively little is known about their functioning. In this work, a set of lanthanide oxychlorides (i.e., LnOCl with Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, and Ho) and Er- and Yb-based catalysts were synthesized, characterized, and tested. All lanthanide-based catalysts can directly activate CH4 into chloromethanes, but their catalytic properties differ significantly. EuOCl shows the most promising catalytic activity and selectivity, as very high conversion levels (>30%) and chloromethane selectivity values (>50%) can be reached at moderate reaction temperatures (∼425 °C). Operando Raman spectroscopy revealed that the chlorination of the EuOCl catalyst surface is rate-limiting; hence, increasing the HCl concentration improves the catalytic performance. The CO selectivity could be suppressed from 30 to 15%, while the CH4 conversion more than doubled from 11 to 24%, solely by increasing the HCl concentration from 10 to 60% at 450 °C. Even though more catalysts reported in this study and in the literature show a negative correlation between the S CO and HCl concentration, this effect was never as substantial as observed for EuOCl. EuOCl has promising properties to bring the oxychlorination one step closer to an economically viable CH4 valorization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Terlingen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Oord
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Ahr
- Nobian, Zutphenseweg 10, 7418 AJ Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Eline Hutter
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Coert van Lare
- Nobian, Zutphenseweg 10, 7418 AJ Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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10
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Pan Z, Puente-Urbina A, Bodi A, van Bokhoven JA, Hemberger P. Isomer-dependent catalytic pyrolysis mechanism of the lignin model compounds catechol, resorcinol and hydroquinone. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3161-3169. [PMID: 34164083 PMCID: PMC8179379 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00654a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic pyrolysis mechanism of the initial lignin depolymerization products will help us develop biomass valorization strategies. How does isomerism influence reactivity, product formation, selectivities, and side reactions? By using imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence (iPEPICO) spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation, we reveal initial, short-lived reactive intermediates driving benzenediol catalytic pyrolysis over H-ZSM-5 catalyst. The detailed reaction mechanism unveils new pathways leading to the most important products and intermediates. Thanks to the two vicinal hydroxyl groups, catechol (o-benzenediol) is readily dehydrated to form fulvenone, a reactive ketene intermediate, and exhibits the highest reactivity. Fulvenone is hydrogenated on the catalyst surface to phenol or is decarbonylated to produce cyclopentadiene. Hydroquinone (p-benzenediol) mostly dehydrogenates to produce p-benzoquinone. Resorcinol, m-benzenediol, is the most stable isomer, because dehydration and dehydrogenation both involve biradicals owing to the meta position of the hydroxyl groups and are unfavorable. The three isomers may also interconvert in a minor reaction channel, which yields small amounts of cyclopentadiene and phenol via dehydroxylation and decarbonylation. We propose a generalized reaction mechanism for benzenediols in lignin catalytic pyrolysis and provide detailed mechanistic insights on how isomerism influences conversion and product formation. The mechanism accounts for processes ranging from decomposition reactions to molecular growth by initial polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) formation steps to yield, e.g., naphthalene. The latter involves a Diels-Alder dimerization of cyclopentadiene, isomerization, and dehydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyou Pan
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Allen Puente-Urbina
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
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11
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Shi S, Wu H, Zhang L, Wang S, Xiong P, Qin Z, Chu M, Liao J. Gold nanoparticles based electrochemical sensor for sensitive detection of uranyl in natural water. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Zichittella G, Pérez-Ramírez J. Status and prospects of the decentralised valorisation of natural gas into energy and energy carriers. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:2984-3012. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01506g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We critically review the recent advances in process, reactor, and catalyst design that enable process miniaturisation for decentralised natural gas upgrading into electricity, liquefied natural gas, fuels and chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Zichittella
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
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13
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Wang P, Chen L, Shen S, Au CT, Yin S. Methane oxybromination over Rh-based catalysts: Effect of supports. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Scharfe M, Zichittella G, Paunović V, Pérez-Ramírez J. Ceria in halogen chemistry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(19)63528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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A Review of Methane Activation Reactions by Halogenation: Catalysis, Mechanism, Kinetics, Modeling, and Reactors. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8040443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Methane is the central component of natural gas, which is globally one of the most abundant feedstocks. Due to its strong C–H bond, methane activation is difficult, and its conversion into value-added chemicals and fuels has therefore been the pot of gold in the industry and academia for many years. Industrially, halogenation of methane is one of the most promising methane conversion routes, which is why this paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature on methane activation by halogenation. Homogeneous gas phase reactions and their pertinent reaction mechanisms and kinetics are presented as well as microkinetic models for methane reaction with chlorine, bromine, and iodine. The catalysts for non-oxidative and oxidative catalytic halogenation were reviewed for their activity and selectivity as well as their catalytic action. The highly reactive products of methane halogenation reactions are often converted to other chemicals in the same process, and these multi-step processes were reviewed in a separate section. Recent advances in the available computational power have made the use of the ab initio calculations (such as density functional theory) routine, allowing for in silico calculations of energy profiles, which include all stable intermediates and the transition states linking them. The available literature on this subject is presented. Lastly, green processes and the production of fuels as well as some unconventional methods for methane activation using ultrasound, plasma, superacids, and light are also reviewed.
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16
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Zichittella G, Hemberger P, Holzmeier F, Bodi A, Pérez-Ramírez J. Operando Photoelectron Photoion Coincidence Spectroscopy Unravels Mechanistic Fingerprints of Propane Activation by Catalytic Oxyhalogenation. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:856-863. [PMID: 31935108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate operando photoelectron photoion coincidence (PEPICO) spectroscopy as a pivotal technique for evidencing unprecedented mechanistic insights by isomer-selective radical detection within complex hydrocarbon-functionalization reaction networks, such as those of catalyzed propane oxychlorination and oxybromination. In particular, while the oxychlorination is surface-confined, we show that in oxybromination alkane activation follows a gas-phase reaction mechanism with evolved bromine and bromine radicals, favoring 2-propyl over 1-propyl radical formation, as evidenced by isomer-selective threshold photoelectron analysis. Furthermore, we provide new mechanistic insights into the cracking and coking pathways that are observed in oxybromination. The first entails propargyl radical formation from consecutive hydrogen abstraction of propyl radicals, ultimately yielding benzene. The second originates from C-C bond cleavage in propane to ethyl and methyl radicals, which produce CH4 and C2H4, or undergo chain-growth reactions, forming C4-C6 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Zichittella
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory of Femtochemistry and Synchrotron Radiation , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Fabian Holzmeier
- Dipartimento di Fisica , Politecnico di Milano , Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory of Femtochemistry and Synchrotron Radiation , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
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17
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Hemberger P, van Bokhoven JA, Pérez-Ramírez J, Bodi A. New analytical tools for advanced mechanistic studies in catalysis: photoionization and photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy02587a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
How can we detect reactive and elusive intermediates in catalysis to unveil reaction mechanisms? In this mini review, we discuss novel photoionization tools to support this quest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry
- Paul Scherrer Institute
- CH-5232 Villigen PSI
- Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A. van Bokhoven
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry
- Paul Scherrer Institute
- CH-5232 Villigen PSI
- Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zurich
- Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry
- Paul Scherrer Institute
- CH-5232 Villigen PSI
- Switzerland
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18
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Saadun AJ, Zichittella G, Paunović V, Markaide-Aiastui BA, Mitchell S, Pérez-Ramírez J. Epitaxially Directed Iridium Nanostructures on Titanium Dioxide for the Selective Hydrodechlorination of Dichloromethane. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali J. Saadun
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Zichittella
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Paunović
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bittor A. Markaide-Aiastui
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Liebov NS, Goldberg JM, Boaz NC, Coutard N, Kalman SE, Zhuang T, Groves JT, Gunnoe TB. Selective Photo‐Oxygenation of Light Alkanes Using Iodine Oxides and Chloride. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nichole S. Liebov
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | | | - Nicholas C. Boaz
- Department of Chemistry Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
- Department of Chemistry North Central College Naperville IL 60540 USA
| | - Nathan Coutard
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Steven E. Kalman
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
- Chemistry Program School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Stockton University Galloway NJ 08205 USA
| | - Thompson Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - John T. Groves
- Department of Chemistry Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
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20
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Zichittella G, Stähelin S, Goedicke FM, Pérez-Ramírez J. Selective Propylene Production via Propane Oxychlorination on Metal Phosphate Catalysts. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Zichittella
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Stähelin
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian M. Goedicke
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Paunović V, Pérez-Ramírez J. Catalytic halogenation of methane: a dream reaction with practical scope? Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00625g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Methane halogenation over solid materials is dominated by radical intermediates, the stabilization of which through confinement effects enhances the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Paunović
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zürich
- Switzerland
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22
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Gerlach M, Bodi A, Hemberger P. Metamorphic meta isomer: carbon dioxide and ketenes are formed via retro-Diels–Alder reactions in the decomposition of meta-benzenediol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:19480-19487. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03519b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Deoxygenation of the lignin model compound resorcinol was investigated using VUV synchrotron radiation: Formation of two reactive ketenes and decarboxylation are the dominating pathways, much different from the other two benzenediol isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Gerlach
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry
- Paul Scherrer Institute
- CH-5234 Villigen PSI
- Switzerland
| | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry
- Paul Scherrer Institute
- CH-5234 Villigen PSI
- Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry
- Paul Scherrer Institute
- CH-5234 Villigen PSI
- Switzerland
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