Europium–Magnesium–Aluminum-Based Mixed-Metal Oxides as Highly Active Methane Oxychlorination Catalysts

Methane oxychlorination (MOC) is a promising reaction for the production of liquefied methane derivatives. Even though catalyst design is still in its early stages, the general trend is that benchmark catalyst materials have a redox-active site, with, e.g., Cu²⁺, Ce⁴⁺, and Pd²⁺ as prominent showcase examples. However, with the identification of nonreducible LaOCl moiety as an active center for MOC, it was demonstrated that a redox-active couple is not a requirement to establish a high activity. In this work, we show that Mg²⁺-Al³⁺-based mixed-metal oxide (MMO) materials are highly active and stable MOC catalysts. The synergistic interaction between Mg²⁺ and Al³⁺ could be exploited due to the fact that a homogeneous distribution of the chemical elements was achieved. This interaction was found to be crucial for the unexpectedly high MOC activity, as reference MgO and γ-Al₂O₃ materials did not show any significant activity. Operando Raman spectroscopy revealed that Mg²⁺ acted as a chlorine buffer and subsequently as a chlorinating agent for Al³⁺, which was the active metal center in the methane activation step. The addition of the redox-active Eu³⁺ to the nonreducible Mg²⁺-Al³⁺ MMO catalyst enabled further tuning of the catalytic performance and made the EuMg₃Al MMO catalyst one of the most active MOC catalyst materials reported so far. Combined operando Raman/luminescence spectroscopy revealed that the chlorination behavior of Mg²⁺ and Eu³⁺ was correlated, suggesting that Mg²⁺ also acted as a chlorinating agent for Eu³⁺. These results indicate that both redox activity and synergistic effects between Eu, Mg, and Al are required to obtain high catalytic performance. The importance of elemental synergy and redox properties is expected to be translatable to the oxychlorination of other hydrocarbons, such as light alkanes, due to large similarities in catalytic chemistry.

Mechanistic Facets of the Competition between Cross-Coupling and Homocoupling in Supporting Ligand-Free Iron-Mediated Aryl–Aryl Bond Formations

In the context of cross-coupling chemistry, the competition between the cross-coupling path itself and the oxidative homocoupling of the nucleophile is a classic issue. In that case, the electrophilic partner acts as a sacrificial oxidant. We investigate in this report the factors governing the cross- versus homocoupling distribution using aryl nucleophiles ArMgBr and (hetero)aryl electrophiles Ar′Cl in the presence of an iron catalyst. When electron-deficient electrophiles are used, a key transient heteroleptic [Ar₂Ar′Fe^II]⁻ complex is formed. DFT calculations show that an asynchronous two-electron reductive elimination follows, which governs the selective evolution of the system toward either a cross- or homocoupling product. Proficiency of the cross-coupling reductive elimination strongly depends on both π-accepting and σ-donating effects of the Fe^II-ligated Ar′ ring. The reactivity trends discussed in this article rely on two-electron elementary steps, which are in contrast with the usually described tendencies in iron-mediated oxidative homocouplings which involve single-electron transfers. The results are probed by paramagnetic ¹H NMR spectroscopy, experimental kinetics data, and DFT calculations.

Favoring the Methane Oxychlorination Reaction over EuOCl by Synergistic Effects with Lanthanum

The direct conversion of CH4 into fuels and chemicals produces less waste, requires smaller capital investments, and has improved energy efficiency compared to multistep processes. While the methane oxychlorination (MOC) reaction has been given little attention, it offers the potential to achieve high CH4 conversion levels at high selectivities. In a continuing effort to design commercially interesting MOC catalysts, we have improved the catalyst design of EuOCl by the partial replacement of Eu3+ by La3+. A set of catalytic solid solutions of La3+ and Eu3+ (i.e., La x Eu1-x OCl, where x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1) were synthesized and tested in the MOC reaction. The La3+-Eu3+ catalysts exhibit an increased CH3Cl selectivity (i.e., 54-66 vs 41-52%), a lower CH2Cl2 selectivity (i.e., 8-24 vs 18-34%), and a comparable CO selectivity (i.e., 11-28 vs 14-28%) compared to EuOCl under the same reaction conditions and varying HCl concentrations in the feed. The La3+-Eu3+ catalysts possessed a higher CH4 conversion rate than when the individual activities of LaOCl and EuOCl are summed with a similar La3+/Eu3+ ratio (i.e., the linear combination). In the solid solution, La3+ is readily chlorinated and acts as a chlorine buffer that can transfer chlorine to the active Eu3+ phase, thereby enhancing the activity. The improved catalyst design enhances the CH3Cl yield and selectivity and reduces the catalyst cost and the separation cost of the unreacted HCl. These results showcase that, by matching intrinsic material properties, catalyst design can be altered to overcome reaction bottlenecks.

Mechanistic Insights into the Lanthanide-Catalyzed Oxychlorination of Methane as Revealed by Operando Spectroscopy

Commercialization of CH₄ valorization processes is currently hampered by the lack of suitable catalysts, which should be active, selective, and stable. CH₄ oxychlorination is one of the promising routes to directly functionalize CH₄, and lanthanide-based catalysts show great potential for this reaction, although relatively little is known about their functioning. In this work, a set of lanthanide oxychlorides (i.e., LnOCl with Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, and Ho) and Er- and Yb-based catalysts were synthesized, characterized, and tested. All lanthanide-based catalysts can directly activate CH₄ into chloromethanes, but their catalytic properties differ significantly. EuOCl shows the most promising catalytic activity and selectivity, as very high conversion levels (>30%) and chloromethane selectivity values (>50%) can be reached at moderate reaction temperatures (∼425 °C). Operando Raman spectroscopy revealed that the chlorination of the EuOCl catalyst surface is rate-limiting; hence, increasing the HCl concentration improves the catalytic performance. The CO selectivity could be suppressed from 30 to 15%, while the CH₄ conversion more than doubled from 11 to 24%, solely by increasing the HCl concentration from 10 to 60% at 450 °C. Even though more catalysts reported in this study and in the literature show a negative correlation between the S _CO and HCl concentration, this effect was never as substantial as observed for EuOCl. EuOCl has promising properties to bring the oxychlorination one step closer to an economically viable CH₄ valorization process.

Iron-Catalyzed Homo-Coupling of Simple and Functionalized Arylmagnesium Reagents

Iron-catalyzed homo-coupling of simple and functionalized arylmagnesium reagents is described. The reaction is highly chemoselective (CN, COOEt and NO(2) groups are tolerated). The procedure was used to perform intramolecular couplings. This cyclization reaction is the key step of the total synthesis of the N-methylcrinasiadine.

[The problem of pain in a German nursing home]

The experience of, and reaction to, pain by the inhabitants of a nursing home (n = 148) were evaluated. They were invited to score their pain status with the aid of a verbal scale, and/or the nursing staff were asked to estimate it on the basis of a numerical rating scale. The regular and as-required prescription of painkillers was also recorded. Acute attacks of pain were symptoms of sometimes life-threatening diseases, and were scored at the highest level of severity. Patients suffering from chronic pain were most often treated with opioid analgesics. Recurrent attacks of pain were preferentially treated with NSAIDs or metamizol. Pain experienced only during nursing measures or while taking exercise was treated too infrequently. When appropriately trained, the nursing staff are well prepared to establish and document the painful situation, and to rapidly identify new pain syndromes. Regular evaluation should be a standard practice of nursing care.

Singularity spectra of rough growing surfaces from wavelet analysis

We apply the wavelet transform modulus maxima method [A. Arneodo, N. Decoster, and S. G. Roux, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 1255 (1999)] to the analysis of simulated surfaces grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. In contrast to the structure function approach commonly used in the literature, this method permits an investigation of the complete singularity spectrum. We focus on a kinetic Monte Carlo model with Arrhenius dynamics, which in particular takes into consideration the process of thermally activated desorption of particles. We find a wide spectrum of Holder exponents, which reflects the multiaffine surface morphology. Although our choice of parameters yields small desorption rates (<3%), we observe a dramatic change in the singularity spectrum, which is shifted toward smaller Holder exponents. Our results offer a mathematical foundation of anomalous scaling: We identify the global exponent alpha(g) with the Holder exponent that maximizes the singularity spectrum.