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Chen XY, Wang L, Ma X, Yang F, Wang X, Xu P, Xu LL, Di B. Development of fentanyl-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) to antagonize the pharmacological effects of fentanyl. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 486:116918. [PMID: 38570042 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Fentanyl, a critical component of opioid analgesics, poses a severe threat to public health, exacerbating the drug problem due to its potential fatality. Herein, we present two novel haptens designed with different attachment sites conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), aiming to develop an efficacious vaccine against fentanyl. KLH-Fent-1 demonstrated superior performance over KLH-Fent-2 in antibody titer, blood-brain distribution, and antinociceptive tests. Consequently, we immunized mice with KLH-Fent-1 to generate fentanyl-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using the hybridoma technique to compensate for the defects of active immunization in the treatment of opioid overdose and addiction. The mAb produced by hybridoma 9D5 exhibited the ability to recognize fentanyl and its analogs with a binding affinity of 10-10 M. Subsequently, we developed a human IgG1 chimeric mAb to improve the degree of humanization. Pre-treatment with murine and chimeric mAb significantly reduced the analgesic effect of fentanyl and altered its blood-brain biodistribution in vivo. Furthermore, in a mouse model of fentanyl-induced respiratory depression, the chimeric mAb effectively reversed respiratory depression promptly and maintained a certain level during the week. The development of high-affinity chimeric mAb gives support to combat the challenges of fentanyl misuse and its detrimental consequences. In conclusion, mAb passive immunization represents a viable strategy for addressing fentanyl addiction and overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yi Chen
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li Wang
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Li-Li Xu
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Bin Di
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Lu T, Li X, Zheng W, Kuang C, Wu B, Liu X, Xue Y, Shi J, Lu L, Han Y. Vaccines to Treat Substance Use Disorders: Current Status and Future Directions. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:84. [PMID: 38258095 PMCID: PMC10820210 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Addiction, particularly in relation to psychostimulants and opioids, persists as a global health crisis with profound social and economic ramifications. Traditional interventions, including medications and behavioral therapies, often encounter limited success due to the chronic and relapsing nature of addictive disorders. Consequently, there is significant interest in the development of innovative therapeutics to counteract the effects of abused substances. In recent years, vaccines have emerged as a novel and promising strategy to tackle addiction. Anti-drug vaccines are designed to stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies that bind to addictive compounds, such as nicotine, cocaine, morphine, methamphetamine, and heroin. These antibodies effectively neutralize the target molecules, preventing them from reaching the brain and eliciting their rewarding effects. By obstructing the rewarding sensations associated with substance use, vaccines aim to reduce cravings and the motivation to engage in drug use. Although anti-drug vaccines hold significant potential, challenges remain in their development and implementation. The reversibility of vaccination and the potential for combining vaccines with other addiction treatments offer promise for improving addiction outcomes. This review provides an overview of anti-drug vaccines, their mechanisms of action, and their potential impact on treatment for substance use disorders. Furthermore, this review summarizes recent advancements in vaccine development for each specific drug, offering insights for the development of more effective and personalized treatments capable of addressing the distinct challenges posed by various abused substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangsheng Lu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (T.L.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (J.S.)
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xue Li
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (T.L.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (J.S.)
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Peking-Tsinghua Centre for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Chenyan Kuang
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China;
| | - Bingyi Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453100, China;
| | - Xiaoxing Liu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Yanxue Xue
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (T.L.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (J.S.)
| | - Jie Shi
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (T.L.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (J.S.)
| | - Lin Lu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (T.L.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (J.S.)
- Peking-Tsinghua Centre for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Ying Han
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (T.L.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (J.S.)
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Development of Methamphetamine Conjugated Vaccine through Hapten Design: In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020340. [PMID: 36851217 PMCID: PMC10004339 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine (METH) substance-use disorder is an ever-growing global health issue with no effective treatment. Anti-METH vaccines are under investigation as an alternative to existing psychological interventions. This platform has made significant progress over past decades mainly in preclinical stages, and efforts to develop an anti-METH vaccine with a high antibody response are of utmost importance. METHODOLOGY A novel conjugated anti-METH vaccine was developed using METH HCl as the starting material for the design of hapten, a peptide linker consisting of five lysines and five glycines, and finally immunogenic carrier mannan, which is novel to this platform. All the chemical reaction steps were confirmed by several analytical techniques, and the immunogenicity of the developed vaccine was investigated in a mouse model. RESULTS Thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography confirmed the reaction between METH and peptide linker. UV, NMR and color tests were used to confirm the presence of the aldehyde groups in oxidized mannan (OM). The final conjugated vaccine was confirmed by UV and LC-MS. The stability of mannan, the METH hapten, and the final vaccine was evaluated by UV and LC-MS and demonstrated satisfactory stability over 3 months in various storage conditions. Animal studies supported the immunogenicity of the novel vaccine. CONCLUSIONS We successfully developed and characterized a novel METH vaccine in vitro and in vivo. The present study findings are encouraging and will form the basis of further exploration to assess its effectiveness to prevent METH addiction in preclinical models.
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Haile CN, Varner KJ, Huijing X, Arora R, Orson FM, Kosten TR, Kosten TA. Active and Passive Immunization with an Anti-Methamphetamine Vaccine Attenuates the Behavioral and Cardiovascular Effects of Methamphetamine. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091508. [PMID: 36146588 PMCID: PMC9503672 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) is a growing health concern with no FDA-approved treatment. The present series of studies build upon our previous work developing an anti-methamphetamine (MA) vaccine for MUD. We determined the effects of a formulation that included tetanus-toxoid (TT) conjugated to succinyl-methamphetamine (TT-SMA) adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide (alum) in combination with the novel Toll-Like Receptor-5 agonist, entolimod. METHODS Mice were vaccinated (0, 3, 6 weeks) with TT-SMA+alum and various doses of entolimod to determine an optimal dose for enhancing immunogenicity against MA. Functional effects were then assessed using MA-induced locomotor activation in mice. Experiments using passive immunization of antibodies generated by the vaccine tested its ability to attenuate MA-induced cardiovascular effects and alter the reinforcing effects of MA in an MA-induced reinstatement of a drug seeking model of relapse in male and female rats. RESULTS Antibody levels peaked at 10 weeks following vaccination with TT-SMA+alum combined with entolimod (1, 3 and 10 μg). MA-induced locomotor activation was significantly attenuated in vaccinated vs. unvaccinated mice and antibody levels significantly correlated with ambulation levels. Passive immunization decreased mean arterial pressure following MA dosing in rats of both sexes but did not alter heart rate. Passive immunization also attenuated the ability of MA to reinstate extinguished drug-seeking behavior in male and female rats. Results support further development of this vaccine for relapse prevention for individuals with MUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin N. Haile
- Department of Psychology/TIMES, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Kurt J. Varner
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and the Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, LSUHSC, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Xia Huijing
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and the Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, LSUHSC, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Reetakshi Arora
- The Michael E DeBakey Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Frank M. Orson
- The Michael E DeBakey Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Immunology Allergy & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thomas R. Kosten
- The Michael E DeBakey Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Therese A. Kosten
- Department of Psychology/TIMES, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Correspondence:
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DiMaggio D, Brockett A, Shuster M, Murkli S, Zhai C, King D, O'Dowd B, Cheng M, Brady K, Briken V, Roesch MR, Isaacs L. Anthracene Walled Acyclic CB[n] Receptors: In Vitro and In Vivo Binding Properties Toward Drugs of Abuse. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200046. [PMID: 35238177 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report studies of the interaction of six acyclic CB[n]-type receptors toward a panel of drugs of abuse by a combination of isothermal titration calorimetry and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Anthracene walled acyclic CB[n] host (M3) displays highest binding affinity toward methamphetamine (Kd = 15 nM) and fentanyl (Kd = 4 nM). Host M3 is well tolerated by Hep G2 and HEK 293 cells up to 100 mM according to MTS metabolic and adenylate kinase release assays. An in vivomaximum tolerated dose study with Swiss Webster mice showed no adverse effects at the highest dose studied (44.7 mg kg-1). Host M3 is not mutagenic based on the Ames fluctuation test and does not inhibit the hERG ion channel. In vivoefficacy studies showed that pretreatment of mice with M3 significantly reduces the hyperlocomotion after treatment with methamphetamine, but M3 does not function similarly when administered 30 seconds after methamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delaney DiMaggio
- University of Maryland at College Park, Chemistry and Biochemistry, 8051 Regents Dr., 20742, College Park, UNITED STATES
| | - Adam Brockett
- University of Maryland at College Park, Psychology, UNITED STATES
| | - Michael Shuster
- University of Maryland at College Park, Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, UNITED STATES
| | - Steven Murkli
- University of Maryland at College Park, Chemistry and Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Canjia Zhai
- University of Maryland at College Park, Chemistry and Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - David King
- University of Maryland at College Park, Chemistry and Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Brona O'Dowd
- University of Maryland at College Park, Chemistry and Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Ming Cheng
- University of Maryland at College Park, Chemistry and Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Kimberly Brady
- University of Maryland at College Park, Chemistry and Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Volker Briken
- University of Maryland at College Park, Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, UNITED STATES
| | - Matthew R Roesch
- University of Maryland at College Park, Psychology, UNITED STATES
| | - Lyle Isaacs
- University of Maryland, College Park, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Building 091, 20742, College Park, UNITED STATES
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Lee JC, Park H, Eubanks LM, Ellis B, Zhou B, Janda KD. A Vaccine against Benzimidazole-Derived New Psychoactive Substances That Are More Potent Than Fentanyl. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2522-2531. [PMID: 34994550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
New psychoactive substance (NPS) opioids have proliferated within the international drug market. While synthetic opioids are traditionally composed of fentanyl analogues, benzimidazole-derived isotonitazene and its derivatives are the current NPS opioids of concern. Hence, in this study, we implement immunopharmacotherapy wherein antibodies are produced with high titers and nanomolar affinity to multiple benzimidazole-derived NPS opioids (BNO). Notably, these antibodies blunt psychoactive and physiological repercussions from BNO exposure, which was observed through antinociception, whole-body plethysmography, and blood-brain biodistribution studies. Moreover, we detail previously unreported pharmacokinetics of these drugs, which explains the struggle of traditional pharmaceutical opioid antagonists against BNO substances. These findings provide further insight into the in vivo effects of BNO drugs and the development of effective broad-spectrum therapeutics against NPS opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinny Claire Lee
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hyeri Park
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lisa M Eubanks
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Brockett AT, Deng C, Shuster M, Perera S, DiMaggio D, Cheng M, Murkli S, Briken V, Roesch MR, Isaacs L. In Vitro and In Vivo Sequestration of Methamphetamine by a Sulfated Acyclic CB[n]-Type Receptor. Chemistry 2021; 27:17476-17486. [PMID: 34613641 PMCID: PMC8665056 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of two new acyclic sulfated acyclic CB[n]-type receptors (TriM0 and Me4 TetM0) and investigations of their binding properties toward a panel of drugs of abuse (1-13) by a combination of 1 H NMR spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry. TetM0 is the most potent receptor with Ka ≥106 M-1 toward methamphetamine, fentanyl, MDMA and mephedrone. TetM0 is not cytotoxic toward HepG2 and HEK 293 cells below 100 μM according to MTS metabolic and adenylate kinase release assays and is well tolerated in vivo when dosed at 46 mg kg-1 . TetM0 does not inhibit the hERG ion channel and is not mutagenic based on the Ames fluctuation test. Finally, in vivo efficacy studies show that the hyperlocomotion of mice treated with methamphetamine can be greatly reduced by treatment with TetM0 up to 5 minutes later. TetM0 has potential as a broad spectrum in vivo sequestrant for drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Brockett
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science (NACS), University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Chunlin Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Michael Shuster
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Suvenika Perera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Delaney DiMaggio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Ming Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Steven Murkli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Volker Briken
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Matthew R Roesch
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science (NACS), University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Lyle Isaacs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD 20742, United States
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Lin M, Ellis B, Eubanks LM, Janda KD. Pharmacokinetic Approach to Combat the Synthetic Cannabinoid PB-22. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2573-2579. [PMID: 34254505 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids are part of a group of drugs called new psychoactive substances. Most of these cannabinoids are unregulated, and there are no therapeutic treatments for their addictive properties or reversing a potential overdose. Vaccination and catalytic antibodies strategies were investigated to assess their ability to blunt the psychoactive properties of the cannabinoid PB-22. To complement these antibody concentric investigations, we also disclose the discovery of the enzymatic degradation of this cannabinoid. Serum factors including albumin and carboxylesterase were found to catalyze the hydrolysis of PB-22. Affinity, kinetics, animal behavior, and biodistribution studies were utilized to evaluate the efficiency of these pharmacokinetic approaches. Our findings suggest simple antibody binding as the most efficacious means for altering PB-22's effect on the brain. Catalytic approaches only translated to esterases being capable of PB-22's degradation with a catalytic antibody approach providing no proclivity for PB-22's hydrolysis. Pharmacokinetic approaches provide a powerful strategy for treating substance abuse disorders and overdose for drugs where no therapeutic is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lisa M. Eubanks
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Park H, Lee JC, Eubanks LM, Ellis B, Zhou B, Janda KD. Improvements on a chemically contiguous hapten for a vaccine to address fentanyl-contaminated heroin. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 41:116225. [PMID: 34034147 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Unintentional overdose deaths related to opioids and psychostimulants have increased in prevalence due to the adulteration of these drugs with fentanyl. Synergistic effects between illicit compounds and fentanyl cause aggravated respiratory depression, leading to inadvertent fatalities. Traditional small-molecule therapies implemented in the expanding opioid epidemic present numerous problems since they interact with the same opioid receptors in the brain as the abused drugs. In this study, we report an optimized dual hapten for use as an immunopharmacotherapeutic tool in order to develop antibodies capable of binding to fentanyl-contaminated heroin in the periphery, thus impeding the drugs' psychoactive effects on the central nervous system. This vaccine produced antibodies with nanomolar affinities and effectively blocked opioid analgesic effects elicited by adulterated heroin. These findings provide further insight into the development of chemically contiguous haptens for broad-spectrum immunopharmacotherapies against opioid use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeri Park
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Jinny Claire Lee
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Lisa M Eubanks
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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10
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Liao F, Wang H, Dao Y, Yuan K, Lu J, Shi J, Han Y, Dong S, Lu L. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a lipopeptide-based methamphetamine vaccine. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Murkli S, Klemm J, Brockett AT, Shuster M, Briken V, Roesch MR, Isaacs L. In Vitro and In Vivo Sequestration of Phencyclidine by Me 4 Cucurbit[8]uril*. Chemistry 2021; 27:3098-3105. [PMID: 33206421 PMCID: PMC7902406 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report investigations of the use of cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) macrocycles as an antidote to counteract the in vivo biological effects of phencyclidine. We investigate the binding of CB[8] and its derivative Me4 CB[8] toward ten drugs of abuse (3-9, 12-14) by a combination of 1 H NMR spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry in phosphate buffered water. We find that the cavity of CB[8] and Me4 CB[8] are able to encapsulate the 1-amino-1-aryl-cyclohexane ring system of phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine as well as the morphinan skeleton of morphine and hydromorphone with Kd values ≤50 nm. In vitro cytotoxicity (MTS metabolic and adenylate kinase cell death assays in HEK293 and HEPG2 cells) and in vivo maximum tolerated dose studies (Swiss Webster mice) which were performed for Me4 CB[8] indicated good tolerability. The tightest host⋅guest pair (Me4 CB[8]⋅PCP; Kd =2 nm) was advanced to in vivo efficacy studies. The results of open field tests demonstrate that pretreatment of mice with Me4 CB[8] prevents subsequent hyperlocomotion induction by PCP and also that treatment of animals previously dosed with PCP with Me4 CB[8] significantly reduces the locomotion levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Murkli
- Mr. Steven Murkli, Mr. Jared Klemm, Mr. David King, Dr. Peter Y. Zavalij, Prof. Dr. Lyle Isaacs, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Jared Klemm
- Mr. Steven Murkli, Mr. Jared Klemm, Mr. David King, Dr. Peter Y. Zavalij, Prof. Dr. Lyle Isaacs, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Adam T. Brockett
- Dr. Adam T. Brockett, Prof. Dr. Matthew R. Roesch, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
- Dr. Adam T. Brockett, Prof. Dr. Matthew R. Roesch, Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science (NACS), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Michael Shuster
- Mr. Michael Shuster, Prof. Dr. Volker Briken, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Volker Briken
- Mr. Michael Shuster, Prof. Dr. Volker Briken, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Matthew R. Roesch
- Dr. Adam T. Brockett, Prof. Dr. Matthew R. Roesch, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
- Dr. Adam T. Brockett, Prof. Dr. Matthew R. Roesch, Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science (NACS), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Lyle Isaacs
- Mr. Steven Murkli, Mr. Jared Klemm, Mr. David King, Dr. Peter Y. Zavalij, Prof. Dr. Lyle Isaacs, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
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12
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Lee JC, Janda KD. Immunopharmacotherapeutic advancements in addressing methamphetamine abuse. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:77-93. [PMID: 34458776 PMCID: PMC8341824 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00165a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit psychostimulant that is known to account for substance abuse disorders globally, second only to opioids, yet has no approved pharmacotherapies. Traditional therapies employ small molecule agonists or antagonists for substance use disorders or overdose reversal by targeting drug-specific receptors in the brain. However, the comprehensive mechanism of METH on multiple sites within the central nervous system (CNS) implies its receptors lack the high affinity and specificity required for an "ideal" drug target. The alternative to pharmacotherapies is to sequester abused drugs in the periphery, effectively eliminating the effects from CNS receptor occupation through pharmacokinetic antagonism. This review presents updates on immunopharmacotherapeutic advancements in addressing methamphetamine abuse by focusing on the cultivation of research optimization strategies regarding hapten chemistry, carrier proteins, and adjuvants implemented in active immunization. Furthermore, we discuss necessary developments for each component of active immunopharmacotherapies and the future of active vaccines in treating METH use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinny Claire Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The WIRM Institute for Research & Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The WIRM Institute for Research & Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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13
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Lin M, Lee JC, Blake S, Ellis B, Eubanks LM, Janda KD. Broadly Neutralizing Synthetic Cannabinoid Vaccines. JACS AU 2021; 1:31-40. [PMID: 34467269 PMCID: PMC8395583 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.0c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) constitute a significant portion of psychoactive substances forming a major public health risk. Due to the wide variety of SCs, broadly neutralizing antibodies generated by active immunization present an intriguing pathway to combat cannabinoid use disorder. Here, we probed hapten design for antibody affinity and cross reactivity against two classes of SCs. Of the 10 haptens screened, 3 vaccine groups revealed submicromolar IC50, each targeting 5-6 compounds in our panel of 22 drugs. Moreover, SCs were successfully sequestered when administered by vaping or intraperitoneal injection, which was confirmed within animal models by observing locomotion, body temperature, and pharmacokinetics. We also discovered synergistic effects to simultaneously blunt two drug classes through an admixture vaccine approach. Collectively, our study provides a comprehensive foundation for the development of vaccines against SCs.
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14
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Natori Y, Janda KD. Synthesis of Drug Vaccine against Heroin Contaminated with Fentanyl and Their Biological Evaluation. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Natori
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute
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15
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Xiaoshan T, Junjie Y, Wenqing W, Yunong Z, Jiaping L, Shanshan L, Kutty Selva N, Kui C. Immunotherapy for treating methamphetamine, heroin and cocaine use disorders. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:610-619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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16
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Stevens MW, Rüedi-Bettschen D, Gunnell MG, Tawney R, West CM, Owens SM. Antibody production and pharmacokinetics of METH in rats following vaccination with the METH vaccine, IXT-v100, adjuvanted with GLA-SE. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 204:107484. [PMID: 31521953 PMCID: PMC6878175 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine use disorder continues to be inadequately treated, but improvements are being made in the field of immunotherapeutics, including vaccines, which could provide new options for treatment. Cocaine and nicotine vaccines have been tested clinically, but have yet to elicit the necessary antibody concentrations required to be effective. Methamphetamine vaccines have been tested in multiple nonclinical models and appear promising. Improved adjuvants have the potential to further stimulate the immune system to reach effective levels of antibodies. Previously, the methamphetamine vaccine IXT-v100 was administered with GLA-SE, a toll-like receptor 4 agonist, in mice to produce higher levels of antibodies than when it was administered with two other widely used adjuvants, Alhydrogel and Sigma Adjuvant System. METHODS The purpose of this research was to evaluate IXT-v100, given in combination with the adjuvant GLA-SE, to determine its efficacy in antagonizing methamphetamine disposition in a rat pharmacokinetic study. Additional rat studies were conducted to compare the ability of IXT-v100 manufactured with greater hapten densities to elicit higher antibody levels. RESULTS As expected based on prior studies with anti-methamphetamine monoclonal antibodies, the antibodies resulting from vaccination with IXT-v100 altered methamphetamine pharmacokinetics by increasing serum concentrations and extending the half-life. Furthermore, intentional variations in the ratio of components during manufacturing led to production of vaccines with higher hapten densities. The higher hapten densities resulted in production of antibodies that maintained the ability to bind methamphetamine with high affinity. CONCLUSIONS The results support continued development of IXT-v100 for the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misty W. Stevens
- InterveXion Therapeutics, LLC, 4301 W. Markham St., #831, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Daniela Rüedi-Bettschen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., #611, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Melinda G. Gunnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., #611, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Rachel Tawney
- InterveXion Therapeutics, LLC, 4301 W. Markham St., #831, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., #611, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - C. Michael West
- InterveXion Therapeutics, LLC, 4301 W. Markham St., #831, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - S. Michael Owens
- InterveXion Therapeutics, LLC, 4301 W. Markham St., #831, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., #611, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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17
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Olson ME, Sugane T, Zhou B, Janda KD. Consequence of Hapten Stereochemistry: An Efficacious Methamphetamine Vaccine. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14089-14092. [PMID: 31479256 PMCID: PMC10681097 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent trends in methamphetamine (METH) misuse and overdose suggest society is inadvertently overlooking a brewing METH crisis. In the past decade, psychostimulant-related lethal overdoses and hospitalizations have skyrocketed 127 and 245%, respectively. Unlike the opioid crisis, no pharmaceutical interventions are available for treating METH use disorder or reversing overdose. Herein, we report the first active vaccine that offers protection from lethal (+)-METH challenge in male Swiss Webster mice. This vaccine formulation of (S)MLMH-TT adjuvanted with CpG ODN 1826 + alum successfully raised anti-METH antibodies in high titers, reduced (+)-METH distribution to the brain, and lowered (+)-METH-associated stereotypies in a hyperlocomotion assay. A comparison of enantiomeric haptens and the racemate elucidated the importance of employing (S)-stereochemistry in METH hapten design for optimal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States of America
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States of America
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18
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Hwang CS, Smith LC, Wenthur CJ, Ellis B, Zhou B, Janda KD. Heroin vaccine: Using titer, affinity, and antinociception as metrics when examining sex and strain differences. Vaccine 2019; 37:4155-4163. [PMID: 31176539 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Anti-drug vaccines have potential as new interventions against substance use disorder (SUD). However, given the challenges seen with inter-individual variability in SUD vaccine trials to date, new interventions should ensure a robust immune response and safety profile among a diverse population. This requires accounting for sex and heritable genetic differences in response to both abused substances as well as the vaccination itself. To test response variability to our heroin-tetanus toxoid (Her-TT) immunoconjugate vaccine, we vaccinated male and female mice from several mouse strains including Swiss Webster (SW), BALB/c, and Jackson diversity mice (J:DO). Previous studies with vaccinated male SW mice demonstrated a rare hypersensitivity resulting in mice rapidly expiring with exposure to a low dose of heroin. Our results indicate that this response is limited to only male SW mice, and not to any other strain or female SW mice. Our data suggest that this hypersensitivity is not the result of an overactive cytokine or IgE response. Vaccination was similarly effective among the sexes for each strain and against repeated heroin challenge. Inbred BALB/c and J:DO mice were found to have the best vaccine response against heroin in antinociception behavioral assay. These results highlight the importance of incorporating both male and female subjects, along with different strains to mimic diverse human populations, as new SUD vaccines are being tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy S Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lauren C Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cody J Wenthur
- Department of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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19
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Hwang C, Smith LC, Natori Y, Ellis B, Zhou B, Janda KD. Improved Admixture Vaccine of Fentanyl and Heroin Hapten Immunoconjugates: Antinociceptive Evaluation of Fentanyl-Contaminated Heroin. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:11537-11543. [PMID: 30288464 PMCID: PMC6166218 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fentanyl and its derivatives have become pervasive contaminants in the U.S. heroin supply. Previously, we reported a proof-of-concept vaccine designed to combat against heroin contaminated with fentanyl. Herein, we optimized the admixture vaccine and found that it surpassed the individual vaccines in every antinociceptive test, including a 10% fentanyl to heroin formulation. It is anticipated that other co-occurring drug abuse disorders may also be examined with admixture vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy
S. Hwang
- Departments
of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs
Institute for Chemical Biology, and Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, California 92037 United States
| | - Lauren C. Smith
- Departments
of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs
Institute for Chemical Biology, and Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, California 92037 United States
| | - Yoshihiro Natori
- Departments
of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs
Institute for Chemical Biology, and Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, California 92037 United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Departments
of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs
Institute for Chemical Biology, and Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, California 92037 United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments
of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs
Institute for Chemical Biology, and Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, California 92037 United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments
of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs
Institute for Chemical Biology, and Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, California 92037 United States
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20
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Kimishima A, Olson ME, Janda KD. Investigations into the efficacy of multi-component cocaine vaccines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2779-2783. [PMID: 29317163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although cocaine addiction remains a serious health and societal problem in the United States, no FDA-approved treatment has been developed. Vaccines offer an exciting strategy for the treatment of cocaine addiction; however, vaccine formulations need to be optimized to improve efficacy. Herein, we examine the effectiveness of a tricomponent cocaine vaccine, defined as having its hapten (GNE) and adjuvant (cytosine-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide 1826, CpG ODN 1826) covalently linked via the immunogenic protein ovalbumin (OVA). The tricomponent vaccine (GNE-OVA-CpG 1826) and a vaccine of analogous, individual components (GNE-OVA+CpG ODN 1826) were found to similarly induce highly specific anticocaine antibody production in mice and block cocaine's stimulant effects in hyperlocomotor testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kimishima
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Worm Institute of Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Margaret E Olson
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Worm Institute of Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Worm Institute of Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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21
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Hwang CS, Smith LC, Natori Y, Ellis B, Zhou B, Janda KD. Efficacious Vaccine against Heroin Contaminated with Fentanyl. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1269-1275. [PMID: 29558798 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The sharp increase in overdose deaths involving illicit opioid use has been declared a national crisis in the United States. This growing number of overdose deaths can in part be attributed to the increased frequency of fentanyl contamination in the United States heroin supply. To combat this growing trend, we designed a vaccine containing a mixture of heroin and fentanyl hapten-conjugates as a proof-of-concept immunotherapy targeting a combination of these drugs. Rodents immunized with the admixture vaccine showed drug retention in serum and reduced distribution in the brain after administration of an intravenous bolus of heroin coadministered with fentanyl (10% w/w). Moreover, the admixture vaccine performed as well as or better than individual immunoconjugate vaccines in antinociception behavioral models and recognized six other fentanyl analogues with nanomolar affinity. Taken together, these data highlight the potential of an admixture vaccine against heroin contaminated with fentanyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy S. Hwang
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lauren C. Smith
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yoshihiro Natori
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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22
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Hwang CS, Bremer PT, Wenthur CJ, Ho SO, Chiang S, Ellis B, Zhou B, Fujii G, Janda KD. Enhancing Efficacy and Stability of an Antiheroin Vaccine: Examination of Antinociception, Opioid Binding Profile, and Lethality. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:1062-1072. [PMID: 29420901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, drug conjugate vaccines have shown promise as therapeutics for substance use disorder. As a means to improve the efficacy of a heroin conjugate vaccine, we systematically explored 20 vaccine formulations with varying combinations of carrier proteins and adjuvants. In regard to adjuvants, we explored a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist and a TLR3 agonist in the presence of alum. The TLR9 agonist was cytosine-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 (CpG ODN 1826), while the TLR3 agonist was virus-derived genomic doubled-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The vaccine formulations containing TLR3 or TLR9 agonist alone elicited strong antiheroin antibody titers and blockade of heroin-induced antinociception when formulated with alum; however, a combination of TLR3 and TLR9 adjuvants did not result in improved efficacy. Investigation of month-long stability of the two lead formulations revealed that the TLR9 but not the TLR3 formulation was stable when stored as a lyophilized solid or as a liquid over 30 days. Furthermore, mice immunized with the TLR9 + alum heroin vaccine gained significant protection from lethal heroin doses, suggesting that this vaccine formulation is suitable for mitigating the harmful effects of heroin, even following month-long storage at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy S Hwang
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology, and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Paul T Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology, and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Cody J Wenthur
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology, and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Sam On Ho
- Molecular Express, Inc., Rancho Dominguez , California 90220 , United States
| | - SuMing Chiang
- Molecular Express, Inc., Rancho Dominguez , California 90220 , United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology, and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology, and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Gary Fujii
- Molecular Express, Inc., Rancho Dominguez , California 90220 , United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology, and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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23
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Abstract
Substance use disorder, especially in relation to opioids such as heroin and fentanyl, is a significant public health issue and has intensified in recent years. As a result, substantial interest exists in developing therapeutics to counteract the effects of abused drugs. A promising universal strategy for antagonizing the pharmacology of virtually any drug involves the development of a conjugate vaccine, wherein a hapten structurally similar to the target drug is conjugated to an immunogenic carrier protein. When formulated with adjuvants and immunized, the immunoconjugate should elicit serum IgG antibodies with the ability to sequester the target drug to prevent its entry to the brain, thereby acting as an immunoantagonist. Despite the failures of first-generation conjugate vaccines against cocaine and nicotine in clinical trials, second-generation vaccines have shown dramatically improved performance in preclinical models, thus renewing the potential clinical utility of conjugate vaccines in curbing substance use disorder. This review explores the critical design elements of drug conjugate vaccines such as hapten structure, adjuvant formulation, bioconjugate chemistry, and carrier protein selection. Methods for evaluating these vaccines are discussed, and recent progress in vaccine development for each drug is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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24
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Ganapati S, Grabitz SD, Murkli S, Scheffenbichler F, Rudolph MI, Zavalij PY, Eikermann M, Isaacs L. Molecular Containers Bind Drugs of Abuse in Vitro and Reverse the Hyperlocomotive Effect of Methamphetamine in Rats. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1583-1588. [PMID: 28586110 PMCID: PMC5570556 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We measured the affinity of five molecular container compounds (calabadions 1 and 2, CB[7], sulfocalix[4]arene, and HP-β-CD) toward seven drugs of abuse in homogenous aqueous solution at physiological pH by various methods (1 H NMR, UV/Vis, isothermal titration calorimetry [ITC]) and found binding constants (Ka values) spanning from <102 to >108 m-1 . We also report X-ray crystal structures of CB[7]⋅methamphetamine and 1⋅methamphetamine. We found that 2, but not CB[7], was able to ameliorate the hyperlocomotive activity of rats treated with methamphetamine. The bioavailability of the calabadions and their convergent building block synthesis suggest potential for further structural optimization as reversal agents for intoxication with nonopioid drugs of abuse for which no treatments are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Ganapati
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Stephanie D Grabitz
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Steven Murkli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Flora Scheffenbichler
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Maíra I Rudolph
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Peter Y Zavalij
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Matthias Eikermann
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Lyle Isaacs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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25
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Wenthur CJ, Zhou B, Janda KD. Vaccine-driven pharmacodynamic dissection and mitigation of fenethylline psychoactivity. Nature 2017; 548:476-479. [PMID: 28813419 PMCID: PMC5957549 DOI: 10.1038/nature23464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fenethylline, also known as Captagon, is a synthetic psychoactive
stimulant that has recently been linked to substance use disorder and
‘pharmacoterrorism’ in the Middle East.1–4 Although fenethylline shares a common phenethylamine core
with other amphetamine-type stimulants, it additionally incorporates a
covalently-linked xanthine moiety into its parent structure.5,6
These independently-active pharmacophores are liberated during metabolism,
resulting in a structurally-diverse chemical mixture being deployed to the
central nervous system.7–9 Although
fenethylline’s psychoactive properties have been reported to differ from
other synthetic stimulants, the in vivo chemical complexity it
manifests upon ingestion has impeded efforts to unambiguously identify the
specific species responsible for these effects.10,11 Here we develop a ‘dissection through
vaccination’ approach, called DISSECTIV, to mitigate
fenethylline’s psychoactivity and show that its rapid-onset and distinct
psychoactive properties are facilitated by functional synergy between
theophylline and amphetamine. Our results demonstrate that incremental
vaccination against single chemical species within a multi-component mixture can
be used to uncover emergent properties arising from polypharmacologic activity.
We anticipate that DISSECTIV will be employed to expose unidentified active
chemical species and illuminate pharmacodynamic interactions within other
chemically complex systems, such as those found in counterfeit or illegal drug
preparations, post-metabolic tissue samples, and natural product extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J Wenthur
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Department of Immunology, WIRM Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Department of Immunology, WIRM Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Department of Immunology, WIRM Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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26
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Bremer PT, Schlosburg JE, Banks ML, Steele FF, Zhou B, Poklis JL, Janda KD. Development of a Clinically Viable Heroin Vaccine. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8601-8611. [PMID: 28574716 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Heroin is a highly abused opioid and incurs a significant detriment to society worldwide. In an effort to expand the limited pharmacotherapy options for opioid use disorders, a heroin conjugate vaccine was developed through comprehensive evaluation of hapten structure, carrier protein, adjuvant and dosing. Immunization of mice with an optimized heroin-tetanus toxoid (TT) conjugate formulated with adjuvants alum and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) generated heroin "immunoantagonism", reducing heroin potency by >15-fold. Moreover, the vaccine effects proved to be durable, persisting for over eight months. The lead vaccine was effective in rhesus monkeys, generating significant and sustained antidrug IgG titers in each subject. Characterization of both mouse and monkey antiheroin antibodies by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) revealed low nanomolar antiserum affinity for the key heroin metabolite, 6-acetylmorphine (6AM), with minimal cross reactivity to clinically used opioids. Following a series of heroin challenges over six months in vaccinated monkeys, drug-sequestering antibodies caused marked attenuation of heroin potency (>4-fold) in a schedule-controlled responding (SCR) behavioral assay. Overall, these preclinical results provide an empirical foundation supporting the further evaluation and potential clinical utility of an effective heroin vaccine in treating opioid use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Joel E Schlosburg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University , 410 N 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Matthew L Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University , 410 N 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Floyd F Steele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University , 410 N 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Justin L Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University , 410 N 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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