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Neupane GR, Thon SM, Fu S, Song Z, Yan Y, Hamadani BH. Intensity-Modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy Measurements of High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:290-297. [PMID: 38166413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Frequency domain characterization has long served as an important method for the examination of diverse kinetic processes that occur in solar cells. In this study, we investigated the dynamic response of high-efficiency perovskite solar cells utilizing ultra-low-intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy. Distinctive intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) attributes were detected only as a result of this low-intensity modulation, and their evolution under light and voltage bias was investigated in detail. We generally observed only two arcs in the Q-plane plots and attributed the smaller, low-frequency arc to trap-dominated charge transport in the device. Light and voltage bias-dependent measurements confirm this attribution. An equivalent circuit model was used to better understand the features and trends of these measurements and to validate our physical interpretation of the results. Additionally, we tracked the IMPS response of one of the cells over time and showed that slow degradation impacts the size and attributes of the low-frequency arc. Finally, we found that changes in the IMPS response correlate closely with the current versus voltage characteristics of the devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganga R Neupane
- Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Susanna M Thon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Sheng Fu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Zhaoning Song
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Yanfa Yan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Behrang H Hamadani
- Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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2
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Ouyang Z, Gan Z, Yan L, You W, Moran AM. Measuring carrier diffusion in MAPbI3 solar cells with photocurrent-detected transient grating spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:094201. [PMID: 37668248 DOI: 10.1063/5.0159301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional time-of-flight methods can be used to determine carrier mobilities for photovoltaic cells in which the transit time between electrodes is greater than the RC time constant of the device. To measure carrier drift on sub-ns timescales, we have recently developed a two-pulse time-of-flight technique capable of detecting drift velocities with 100-ps time resolution in perovskite materials. In this method, the rates of carrier transit across the active layer of a device are determined by varying the delay time between laser pulses and measuring the magnitude of the recombination-induced nonlinearity in the photocurrent. Here, we present a related experimental approach in which diffractive optic-based transient grating spectroscopy is combined with our two-pulse time-of-flight technique to simultaneously probe drift and diffusion in orthogonal directions within the active layer of a photovoltaic cell. Carrier density gratings are generated using two time-coincident pulse-pairs with passively stabilized phases. Relaxation of the grating amplitude associated with the first pulse-pair is detected by varying the delay and phase of the density grating corresponding to the second pulse-pair. The ability of the technique to reveal carrier diffusion is demonstrated with model calculations and experiments conducted using MAPbI3 photovoltaic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Zijian Gan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Andrew M Moran
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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3
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Jagt RA, Bravić I, Eyre L, Gałkowski K, Borowiec J, Dudipala KR, Baranowski M, Dyksik M, van de Goor TWJ, Kreouzis T, Xiao M, Bevan A, Płochocka P, Stranks SD, Deschler F, Monserrat B, MacManus-Driscoll JL, Hoye RLZ. Layered BiOI single crystals capable of detecting low dose rates of X-rays. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2452. [PMID: 37117174 PMCID: PMC10147687 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Detecting low dose rates of X-rays is critical for making safer radiology instruments, but is limited by the absorber materials available. Here, we develop bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) single crystals into effective X-ray detectors. BiOI features complex lattice dynamics, owing to the ionic character of the lattice and weak van der Waals interactions between layers. Through use of ultrafast spectroscopy, first-principles computations and detailed optical and structural characterisation, we show that photoexcited charge-carriers in BiOI couple to intralayer breathing phonon modes, forming large polarons, thus enabling longer drift lengths for the photoexcited carriers than would be expected if self-trapping occurred. This, combined with the low and stable dark currents and high linear X-ray attenuation coefficients, leads to strong detector performance. High sensitivities reaching 1.1 × 103 μC Gyair-1 cm-2 are achieved, and the lowest dose rate directly measured by the detectors was 22 nGyair s-1. The photophysical principles discussed herein offer new design avenues for novel materials with heavy elements and low-dimensional electronic structures for (opto)electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Jagt
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Ivona Bravić
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Lissa Eyre
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, Garching, D-85748, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Gałkowski
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Joanna Borowiec
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University London, London, E1 4NS, UK
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Kavya Reddy Dudipala
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Michał Baranowski
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-UGA-UPS-INSA, UPR 3228, Toulouse, France
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Dyksik
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-UGA-UPS-INSA, UPR 3228, Toulouse, France
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tim W J van de Goor
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Theo Kreouzis
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Ming Xiao
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
- School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province, 519082, Zhuhai, China
| | - Adrian Bevan
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Paulina Płochocka
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-UGA-UPS-INSA, UPR 3228, Toulouse, France
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Samuel D Stranks
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Felix Deschler
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, Garching, D-85748, Germany
- Physikalisch-Chemisches-Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neunheimer Feld 229, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bartomeu Monserrat
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
| | - Judith L MacManus-Driscoll
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Robert L Z Hoye
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Laird JS, Ravishankar S, Rietwyk KJ, Mao W, Bach U, Smith TA. Intensity Modulated Photocurrent Microspectrosopy for Next Generation Photovoltaics. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200493. [PMID: 35973943 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this report, a large-area laser beam induced current microscope that has been adapted to perform intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) in an imaging mode is described. Microscopy-based IMPS method provides a spatial resolution of the frequency domain response of the solar cell, allowing correlation of the optoelectronic response with a particular interface, bulk material, specific transport layer, or transport parameter. The system is applied to study degradation effects in back-contact perovskite cells where it is found to readily differentiate areas based on their markedly different frequency response. Using the diffusion-recombination model, the IMPS response is modeled for a sandwich structure and extended for the special case of lateral diffusion in a back-contact cell. In the low-frequency limit, the model is used to calculate spatial maps of the carrier ambipolar diffusion length. The observed frequency response of IMPS images is then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie S Laird
- Centre of Excellence in Excitons, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | | | - Kevin J Rietwyk
- Centre of Excellence in Excitons, Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Wenxin Mao
- Centre of Excellence in Excitons, Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Udo Bach
- Centre of Excellence in Excitons, Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Trevor A Smith
- Centre of Excellence in Excitons, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Srivastava P, Kumar R, Ronchiya H, Bag M. Intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy to investigate hidden kinetics at hybrid perovskite–electrolyte interface. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14212. [PMID: 35987774 PMCID: PMC9392765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16353-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The numerous assorted accounts of the fundamental questions of ion migration in hybrid perovskites are making the picture further intricate. The review of photo-induced ion migration using small perturbation frequency domain techniques other than impedance spectroscopy is more crucial now. Herein, we probe into this by investigating perovskite–electrolyte (Pe–E) and polymer-aqueous electrolyte (Po–aqE) interface using intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) in addition to photoelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy (PEIS). We reported that the electronic-ionic interaction in hybrid perovskites including the low-frequency ion/charge transfer and recombination kinetics at the interface leads to the spiral feature in IMPS Nyquist plot of perovskite-based devices. This spiral trajectory for the perovskite-electrolyte interface depicts three distinct ion kinetics going on at the different time scales which can be more easily unveiled by IMPS rather than PEIS. Hence, IMPS is a promising alternative to PEIS. We used Peter’s method of interpretation of IMPS plot in photoelectrochemistry to estimate charge transfer efficiency \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${Q}_{ste}$$\end{document}Qste at low-frequency for Pe–E interface exceeds unity due to ion migration induced modified potential across the perovskite active layer. Hence, ion migration and mixed electronic-ionic conductivity of hybrid perovskites are responsible for the extraordinary properties of this material.
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Bisquert J. Interpretation of the Recombination Lifetime in Halide Perovskite Devices by Correlated Techniques. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7320-7335. [PMID: 35920697 PMCID: PMC9972473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The recombination lifetime is a central quantity of optoelectronic devices, as it controls properties such as the open-circuit voltage and light emission rates. Recently, the lifetime properties of halide perovskite devices have been measured over a wide range of the photovoltage, using techniques associated with a steady state by small perturbation methods. It has been remarked that observation of the lifetime is affected by different additional properties of the device, such as multiple trapping effects and capacitive charging. We discuss the meaning of delay factors in the observations of recombination lifetime in halide perovskites. We formulate a general equivalent circuit model that is a basis for the interpretation of all the small perturbation techniques. We discuss the connection of the recombination model to the previous reports of impedance spectroscopy of halide perovskites. Finally, we comment on the correlation properties of the different light-modulated techniques.
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7
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Wang B, Chu W, Wu Y, Casanova D, Saidi WA, Prezhdo OV. Electron-Volt Fluctuation of Defect Levels in Metal Halide Perovskites on a 100 ps Time Scale. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5946-5952. [PMID: 35732502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have gained considerable attention due to their excellent optoelectronic performance, which is often attributed to unusual defect properties. We demonstrate that midgap defect levels can exhibit very large and slow energy fluctuations associated with anharmonic acoustic motions. Therefore, care should be taken classifying MHP defects as deep or shallow, since shallow defects may become deep and vice versa. As a consequence, charges from deep levels can escape into bands, and light absorption can be extended to longer wavelengths, improving material performance. The phenomenon, demonstrated with iodine vacancy in CH3NH3PbI3 using a machine learning force field, can be expected for a variety of defects and dopants in many MHPs and other soft inorganic semiconductors. Since large-scale anharmonic motions can be precursors to chemical decomposition, a known problem with MHPs, we propose that materials that are stiffer than MHPs but softer than traditional inorganic semiconductors, such as Si and TiO2, may simultaneously exhibit excellent performance and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipeng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Weibin Chu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, 20018 Euskadi, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science, IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, 48009 Euskadi, Spain
| | - Wissam A Saidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Oleg V Prezhdo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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8
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Abstract
Interpretation of impedance spectroscopy data requires both a description of the chemistry and physics that govern the system and an assessment of the error structure of the measurement. The approach presented here includes use of graphical methods to guide model development, use of a measurement model analysis to assess the presence of stochastic and bias errors, and a systematic development of interpretation models in terms of the proposed reaction mechanism and physical description. Application to corrosion, batteries, and biological systems is discussed, and emerging trends in interpretation and implementation of impedance spectroscopy are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Vivier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, 4 place Jussieu, Paris 75005 Cedex 05, France
| | - Mark E Orazem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Guerrero A, Bisquert J, Garcia-Belmonte G. Impedance Spectroscopy of Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells from the Perspective of Equivalent Circuits. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14430-14484. [PMID: 34845904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Impedance spectroscopy (IS) provides a detailed understanding of the dynamic phenomena underlying the operation of photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices. Here we provide a broad summary of the application of IS to metal halide perovskite materials, solar cells, electrooptic and memory devices. IS has been widely used to characterize perovskite solar cells, but the variability of samples and the presence of coupled ionic-electronic effects form a complex problem that has not been fully solved yet. We summarize the understanding that has been obtained so far, the basic methods and models, as well as the challenging points still present in this research field. Our approach emphasizes the importance of the equivalent circuit for monitoring the parameters that describe the response and providing a physical interpretation. We discuss the possibilities of models from the general perspective of solar cell behavior, and we describe the specific aspects and properties of the metal halide perovskites. We analyze the impact of the ionic effects and the memory effects, and we describe the combination of light-modulated techniques such as intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) for obtaining more detailed information in complex cases. The transformation of the frequency to time domain is discussed for the consistent interpretation of time transient techniques and the prediction of features of current-voltage hysteresis. We discuss in detail the stability issues and the occurrence of transformations of the sample coupled to the measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Guerrero
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain
| | - Juan Bisquert
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain.,Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
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Bisquert J, Janssen M. From Frequency Domain to Time Transient Methods for Halide Perovskite Solar Cells: The Connections of IMPS, IMVS, TPC, and TPV. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:7964-7971. [PMID: 34388001 PMCID: PMC8404195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The correlation of different methods of measurement can become an important tool to identify the dominant physical elements that govern the electronic and ionic dynamics in perovskite solar cells. The diverse phenomena underlying the response of halide perovskite materials to different stimuli are reflected in time-domain measurements, where transients appear with time scales spanning orders of magnitude, from nanoseconds to hours. We discuss the connection between different frequency- and time-domain methods to probe the voltage and current response of halide perovskite solar cells to different small perturbations. To solve the frequency-to-time transformation, we start from models of the transfer function of intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) and derive the associated impulse response function, the transient photocurrent (TPC), in response to a short light pulse. Similarly, we determine the transient photovoltage (TPV) starting from the intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS) transfer function. We also discuss the open-circuit voltage decays (OCVD). We first show the response of simple equivalent circuit models, and then we treat the full model for generation-diffusion-recombination of electrons that shows a spiraling loop in IMPS. This model gives rise to overshoots in the time domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bisquert
- Institute
of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat
Jaume I, 12006 Castelló, Spain
| | - Mathijs Janssen
- Department
of Mathematics, Mechanics Division, University
of Oslo, N-0851 Oslo, Norway
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