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Pavundurai Chandra K, Perumal D, Ragunathan P. Pseudouridimycin-A Potent Nucleoside Inhibitor of the RNA Polymerase Beta Prime Subunit of Streptococcus pyogenes. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:7989-8000. [PMID: 36873015 PMCID: PMC9979225 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus, GAS), a Gram-positive bacterium, is a major cause of mild to severe life-threatening infections. Antibacterial resistance to penicillin and macrolides poses a major threat in the treatment of GAS and necessitates alternate drugs and newer antibiotics. In this direction, nucleotide-analog inhibitors (NIAs) have emerged as important antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal agents. Pseudouridimycin (PUM), a nucleoside analogue inhibitor discovered from the soil bacterium Streptomyces sp., has proven to be effective against multidrug-resistant S. pyogenes. However, the mechanism of its activity remains elusive. In this study, subunits of the RNA polymerase of GAS have been identified as targets for PUM inhibition and the binding regions have been mapped to the N-terminal domain of the β' subunit, using computational methods. The antibacterial activity of PUM against macrolide-resistant GAS was evaluated. PUM showed effective inhibition at 0.1-1 μg/mL concentration, which was higher when compared to earlier reports. The molecular interaction between PUM and the RNA polymerase β'-N terminal subunit was investigated using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), circular dichorism (CD), and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy. The thermodynamic characterization by ITC showed an affinity constant of 6.175 × 105 M-1 denoting a moderate affinity. Fluorescence studies revealed that the interaction of protein-PUM was spontaneous in nature and follows a static quenching of tyrosine signals from the protein. The near- and far-UV CD spectral analysis concluded that PUM induced local tertiary structural changes in the protein, predominantly contributed by aromatic amino acids rather than notable changes in the secondary structure. Hence PUM could be a promising lead drug target for macrolide-resistant strains of S. pyogenes and enable eradication of pathogen in the host system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunthavai Pavundurai Chandra
- Centre
of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - Damodharan Perumal
- Department
of Microbiology, Dr ALM PGIBMS, University
of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600 113, India
| | - Preethi Ragunathan
- Centre
of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
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Cheng A, Wan D, Ghatak A, Wang C, Feng D, Fondell JD, Ebright RH, Fan H. Identification and Structural Modeling of the RNA Polymerase Omega Subunits in Chlamydiae and Other Obligate Intracellular Bacteria. mBio 2023; 14:e0349922. [PMID: 36719197 PMCID: PMC9973325 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03499-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene transcription in bacteria is carried out by the multisubunit RNA polymerase (RNAP), which is composed of a catalytic core enzyme and a promoter-recognizing σ factor. The core enzyme comprises two α subunits, one β subunit, one β' subunit, and one ω subunit. The ω subunit plays critical roles in the assembly of the core enzyme and other cellular functions, including the regulation of bacterial growth, the stress response, and biofilm formation. However, the identity of an ω subunit for the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia has not previously been determined. Here, we report the identification of the hypothetical protein CTL0286 as the probable chlamydial ω subunit based on sequence, synteny, and AlphaFold and AlphaFold-Multimer three-dimensional-structure predictions. Our findings indicate that CTL0286 functions as the missing ω subunit of chlamydial RNAP. Our extended analysis also indicates that all obligate intracellular bacteria have ω orthologs. IMPORTANCE Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that replicate only inside eukaryotic cells. Previously, it has not been possible to identify a candidate gene encoding the chlamydial RNA polymerase ω subunit, and it has been hypothesized that the chlamydial RNA polymerase ω subunit was lost in the evolutionary process through which Chlamydiae reduced their genome size and proteome sizes to adapt to an obligate intracellular lifestyle. Here, we report the identification of the chlamydial RNA polymerase ω subunit, based on conserved sequence, conserved synteny, AlphaFold-predicted conserved three-dimensional structure, and AlfaFold-Multimer-predicted conserved interactions. Our identification of the previously elusive chlamydial RNA polymerase ω subunit sets the stage for investigation of its roles in regulation of gene expression during chlamydial growth, development, and stress responses, and sets the stage for preparation and study of the intact chlamydial RNA polymerase and its interactions with inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Danny Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Graduate Program in Physiology and Integrative Biology, Rutgers School of Graduate Studies, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Arkaprabha Ghatak
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Chengyuan Wang
- Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Deyu Feng
- Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Joseph D. Fondell
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Richard H. Ebright
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Huizhou Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Caputo A, Sartini S, Levati E, Minato I, Elisi GM, Di Stasi A, Guillou C, Goekjian PG, Garcia P, Gueyrard D, Bach S, Comte A, Ottonello S, Rivara S, Montanini B. An Optimized Workflow for the Discovery of New Antimicrobial Compounds Targeting Bacterial RNA Polymerase Complex Formation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11101449. [PMID: 36290107 PMCID: PMC9598883 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance represents a major health problem worldwide and there is an urgent need to develop first-in-class compounds directed against new therapeutic targets. We previously developed a drug-discovery platform to identify new antimicrobials able to disrupt the protein–protein interaction between the β’ subunit and the σ70 initiation factor of bacterial RNA polymerase, which is essential for transcription. As a follow-up to such work, we have improved the discovery strategy to make it less time-consuming and more cost-effective. This involves three sequential assays, easily scalable to a high-throughput format, and a subsequent in-depth characterization only limited to hits that passed the three tests. This optimized workflow, applied to the screening of 5360 small molecules from three synthetic and natural compound libraries, led to the identification of six compounds interfering with the β’–σ70 interaction, and thus was capable of inhibiting promoter-specific RNA transcription and bacterial growth. Upon supplementation with a permeability adjuvant, the two most potent transcription-inhibiting compounds displayed a strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values among the lowest (0.87–1.56 μM) thus far reported for β’–σ PPI inhibitors. The newly identified hit compounds share structural feature similarities with those of a pharmacophore model previously developed from known inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Caputo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Sartini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elisabetta Levati
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Ilaria Minato
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Elisi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Adriana Di Stasi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Catherine Guillou
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Peter G. Goekjian
- Laboratoire Chimie Organique 2 Glycochimie, ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pierre Garcia
- Laboratoire Chimie Organique 2 Glycochimie, ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - David Gueyrard
- Laboratoire Chimie Organique 2 Glycochimie, ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stéphane Bach
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Team Physiology and Cell Fate, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, 29680 Roscoff, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR 2424, Plateforme de criblage KISSf (Kinase Inhibitor Specialized Screening Facility), Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Arnaud Comte
- Chimiothèque, ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Simone Ottonello
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Interdepartmental Research Centre Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Barbara Montanini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0521-905654
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Kirsch SH, Haeckl FPJ, Müller R. Beyond the approved: target sites and inhibitors of bacterial RNA polymerase from bacteria and fungi. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1226-1263. [PMID: 35507039 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00067e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2016 to 2022RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the central enzyme in bacterial gene expression representing an attractive and validated target for antibiotics. Two well-known and clinically approved classes of natural product RNAP inhibitors are the rifamycins and the fidaxomycins. Rifampicin (Rif), a semi-synthetic derivative of rifamycin, plays a crucial role as a first line antibiotic in the treatment of tuberculosis and a broad range of bacterial infections. However, more and more pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis develop resistance, not only against Rif and other RNAP inhibitors. To overcome this problem, novel RNAP inhibitors exhibiting different target sites are urgently needed. This review includes recent developments published between 2016 and today. Particular focus is placed on novel findings concerning already known bacterial RNAP inhibitors, the characterization and development of new compounds isolated from bacteria and fungi, and providing brief insights into promising new synthetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne H Kirsch
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - F P Jake Haeckl
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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