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Shams Es-haghi S, Weiss RA. Fabrication of Tough Double-Network Hydrogels from Highly Cross-Linked Brittle Neutral Networks Using Alkaline Hydrolysis. Gels 2023; 10:29. [PMID: 38247751 PMCID: PMC10815074 DOI: 10.3390/gels10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper describes a simple method to synthesize tough hydrogels from a highly cross-linked neutral network. It was found that applying alkaline hydrolysis to a highly cross-linked hydrogel synthesized from acrylamide (AAm) can increase its swelling ratio dramatically. Double-network (DN) hydrogels synthesized from polymerization of loosely cross-linked AAm networks inside a highly cross-linked AAm gel were not tough. However, repeating the same recipes with a second polymerization step to synthesize a DN hydrogel from a hydrolyzed highly cross-linked AAm gel resulted in tough hydrogels. Those gels exhibited finite tensile behavior similar to that of conventional DN hydrogels. Moreover, craze-like patterns were observed during tensile loading of a DN hydrogel synthesized from a hydrolyzed highly cross-linked first network and a loosely cross-linked second network. The patterns remained in the gel even after strain hardening at high stretch ratios. The craze-like pattern formation was suppressed by increasing the concentration of cross-linking monomer in the second polymerization step. Crack propagation in DN hydrogels synthesized using hydrolysis was also studied by applying a tensile load on notched specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Shams Es-haghi
- Advanced Structures and Composites Center, The University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, ME 04469-5793, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Maine, 5737 Jenness Hall, Orono, ME 04469-5737, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Maine, 75 Long Road, Orono, ME 04469-5744, USA
| | - R. A. Weiss
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, 25 King Hill Rd Unit 3136, Storrs, CT 06268-1702, USA
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Wei G, Kudo Y, Matsuda T, Wang ZJ, Mu QF, King DR, Nakajima T, Gong JP. Sustainable mechanochemical growth of double-network hydrogels supported by vascular-like perfusion. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:4882-4891. [PMID: 37602807 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01038d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Double-network (DN) gels are unique mechanochemical materials owing to their structures that can be dynamically remodelled during use. The mechanical energy applied to DN gels is efficiently transferred to the chemical bonds of the brittle network, generating mechanoradicals that initiate the polymerisation of pre-loaded monomers, thereby remodelling the materials. To attain continuous remodelling or growth in response to repetitive mechanical stimuli, a sustainable supply of chemical reagents to such dynamic materials is essential. In this study, inspired by the vascular perfusion transporting nutrients to cells, we constructed a circulatory system for a continuous supply of chemicals to channel-containing DN hydrogels (c-DN gels). The perfusion of monomer solutions through the channel and permeability of the c-DN gels not only replenishes the monomers consumed by the polymerisation but also replenishes the water loss caused by the surface evaporation of hydrogel, thereby freeing the mechanochemical process of DN gels from the constraints of the underwater environment. The facile chemical supply enabled us to modulate the mechanical enhancement of the c-DN gel and attain muscle-like strengthening under repeated mechanical training in deoxygenated air. We also studied the kinetics of polymer growth and strengthening and deciphered unique features of mechanochemical reaction in DN gels including the extremely long-living radicals and delayed mechanical strengthening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gumi Wei
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yumeko Kudo
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsuda
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Zhi Jian Wang
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.
| | - Qi Feng Mu
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Daniel R King
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Tasuku Nakajima
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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Nakagawa S, Aoki D, Asano Y, Yoshie N. Module-Assembled Elastomer Showing Large Strain Stiffening Capability and High Stretchability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301124. [PMID: 36929528 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Elastomers are indispensable materials due to their flexible, stretchable, and elastic nature. However, the polymer network structure constituting an elastomer is generally inhomogeneous, limiting the performance of the material. Here, a highly stretchable elastomer with unprecedented strain-stiffening capability is developed based on a highly homogeneous network structure enabled by a module assembly strategy. The elastomer is synthesized by efficient end-linking of a star-shaped aliphatic polyester precursor with a narrow molecular-weight distribution. The resulting product shows high strength (≈26 MPa) and remarkable stretchability (stretch ratio at break ≈1900%), as well as good fatigue resistance and notch insensitivity. Moreover, it shows extraordinary strain-stiffening capability (>2000-fold increase in the apparent stiffness) that exceeds the performance of any existing soft material. These unique properties are due to strain-induced ordering of the polymer chains in a uniformly stretched network, as revealed by in situ X-ray scattering analyses. The utility of this great strain-stiffening capability is demonstrated by realizing a simple variable stiffness actuator for soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Nakagawa
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yuki Asano
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Naoko Yoshie
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
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Kawano Y, Masai H, Nakagawa S, Yoshie N, Terao J. Effects of Alkyl Ester Chain Length on the Toughness of PolyAcrylate-Based Network Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102389. [PMID: 37242964 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyacrylate-based network materials are widely used in various products owing to their facile synthesis via radical polymerization reactions. In this study, the effects of alkyl ester chains on the toughness of polyacrylate-based network materials were investigated. Polymer networks were fabricated via the radical polymerization of methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA), and butyl acrylate (BA) in the presence of 1,4-butanediol diacrylate as a crosslinker. Differential scanning calorimetry and rheological measurements revealed that the toughness of MA-based networks drastically increased compared with that of EA- and BA-based networks; the fracture energy of the MA-based network was approximately 10 and 100 times greater than that of EA and BA, respectively. The high fracture energy was attributed to the glass transition temperature of the MA-based network (close to room temperature), resulting in large energy dissipation via viscosity. Our results set a new basis for expanding the applications of polyacrylate-based networks as functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Kawano
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masai
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nakagawa
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Naoko Yoshie
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Jun Terao
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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Nie L, Wei Q, Li J, Deng Y, He X, Gao X, Ma X, Liu S, Sun Y, Jiang G, Okoro OV, Shavandi A, Jing S. Fabrication and desired properties of conductive hydrogel dressings for wound healing. RSC Adv 2023; 13:8502-8522. [PMID: 36926300 PMCID: PMC10012873 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07195a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels are platforms recognized as constituting promising materials for tissue engineering applications. This is because such conductive hydrogels are characterized by the inherent conductivity properties while retaining favorable biocompatibility and mechanical properties. These conductive hydrogels can be particularly useful in enhancing wound healing since their favorable conductivity can promote the transport of essential ions for wound healing via the imposition of a so-called transepithelial potential. Other valuable properties of these conductive hydrogels, such as wound monitoring, stimuli-response etc., are also discussed in this study. Crucially, the properties of conductive hydrogels, such as 3D printability and monitoring properties, suggest the possibility of its use as an alternative wound dressing to traditional dressings such as bandages. This review, therefore, seeks to comprehensively explore the functionality of conductive hydrogels in wound healing, types of conductive hydrogels and their preparation strategies and crucial properties of hydrogels. This review will also assess the limitations of conductive hydrogels and future perspectives, with an emphasis on the development trend for conductive hydrogel uses in wound dressing fabrication for subsequent clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China +86-13600621068.,Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50 - CP 165/61 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Qianqian Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China +86-13600621068
| | - Jingyu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China +86-13600621068
| | - Yaling Deng
- College of Intelligent Science and Control Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology Nanjing 211169 P.R. China
| | - Xiaorui He
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China +86-13600621068
| | - Xinyue Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China +86-13600621068
| | - Xiao Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China +86-13600621068
| | - Shuang Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Yanfang Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Guohua Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China.,International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Intelligent Biomaterials and Functional Fibers, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Oseweuba Valentine Okoro
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50 - CP 165/61 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Amin Shavandi
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50 - CP 165/61 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Shengli Jing
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China +86-13600621068
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Chen G, Tang S, Yan H, Zhu X, Wang H, Ma L, Mao K, Yang C, Ran J. Binary Double Network-like Structure: An Effective Energy-Dissipation System for Strong Tough Hydrogel Design. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030724. [PMID: 36772025 PMCID: PMC9921367 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, hydrogels simultaneously featuring high strength, high toughness, superior recoverability, and benign anti-fatigue properties have demonstrated great application potential in broad fields; thus, great efforts have been made by researchers to develop satisfactory hydrogels. Inspired by the double network (DN)-like theory, we previously reported a novel high-strength/high-toughness hydrogel which had two consecutive energy-dissipation systems, namely, the unzipping of coordinate bonds and the dissociation of the crystalline network. However, this structural design greatly damaged its stretchability, toughness recoverability, shape recoverability, and anti-fatigue capability. Thus, we realized that a soft/ductile matrix is indispensable for an advanced strong tough hydrogel. On basis of our previous work, we herein reported a modified energy-dissipation model, namely, a "binary DN-like structure" for strong tough hydrogel design for the first time. This structural model comprises three interpenetrated polymer networks: a covalent/ionic dually crosslinked tightened polymer network (stiff, first order network), a constrictive crystalline polymer network (sub-stiff, second order network), and a ductile/flexible polymer network (soft, third order network). We hypothesized that under low tension, the first order network served as the sacrificing phase through decoordination of ionic crosslinks, while the second order and third order networks together functioned as the elastic matrix phase; under high tension, the second order network worked as the energy dissipation phase (ionic crosslinks have been destroyed at the time), while the third order network played the role of the elastic matrix phase. Owing to the "binary DN-like" structure, the as-prepared hydrogel, in principle, should demonstrate enhanced energy dissipation capability, toughness/shape recoverability, and anti-fatigue/anti-tearing capability. Finally, through a series of characterizations, the unique "binary DN-like" structure was proved to fit well with our initial theoretical assumption. Moreover, compared to other energy-dissipation models, this structural design showed a significant advantage regarding comprehensive properties. Therefore, we think this design philosophy would inspire the development of advanced strong tough hydrogel in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genxin Chen
- College of Biological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Sijie Tang
- College of Biological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Honghan Yan
- College of Biological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Xiongbin Zhu
- College of Biological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- College of Biological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Liya Ma
- The Centre of Analysis and Measurement of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Changying Yang
- College of Biological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); or (J.R.)
| | - Jiabing Ran
- College of Biological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); or (J.R.)
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7
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Force-triggered rapid microstructure growth on hydrogel surface for on-demand functions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6213. [PMID: 36266283 PMCID: PMC9585076 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms share the ability to grow various microstructures on their surface to achieve functions. Here we present a force stamp method to grow microstructures on the surface of hydrogels based on a force-triggered polymerisation mechanism of double-network hydrogels. This method allows fast spatial modulation of the morphology and chemistry of the hydrogel surface within seconds for on-demand functions. We demonstrate the oriented growth of cells and directional transportation of water droplets on the engineered hydrogel surfaces. This force-triggered method to chemically engineer the hydrogel surfaces provides a new tool in addition to the conventional methods using light or heat, and will promote the wide application of hydrogels in various fields.
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Yasui T, Zheng Y, Nakajima T, Kamio E, Matsuyama H, Gong JP. Rate-Independent Self-Healing Double Network Hydrogels Using a Thixotropic Sacrificial Network. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Yasui
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido001-0021, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo657-8501, Japan
| | - Yong Zheng
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, N21W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido001-0021, Japan
| | - Tasuku Nakajima
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido001-0021, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, N21W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido001-0021, Japan
| | - Eiji Kamio
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo657-8501, Japan
| | - Hideto Matsuyama
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo657-8501, Japan
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido001-0021, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, N21W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido001-0021, Japan
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Phan VHG, Murugesan M, Huong H, Le TT, Phan TH, Manivasagan P, Mathiyalagan R, Jang ES, Yang DC, Li Y, Thambi T. Cellulose Nanocrystals-Incorporated Thermosensitive Hydrogel for Controlled Release, 3D Printing, and Breast Cancer Treatment Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:42812-42826. [PMID: 36112403 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In situ-gel-forming thermoresponsive copolymers have been widely exploited in controlled delivery applications because their critical gel temperature is similar to human body temperature. However, there are limitations to controlling the delivery of biologics from a hydrogel network because of the poor networking and reinforcement between the copolymer networks. This study developed an in situ-forming robust injectable and 3D printable hydrogel network based on cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) incorporated amphiphilic copolymers, poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide (PCLA). In addition, the physicochemical and mechanical properties of injectable hydrogels were controlled by physically incorporating CNCs with amphiphilic PCLA copolymers. CNCs played an unprecedented role in physically reinforcing the PCLA copolymers' micelle network via intermicellar bridges. Apart from that, the free-flowing closely packed rod-like CNCs incorporated PCLA micelle networks at low temperature transformed to a stable viscoelastic hydrogel network at physiological temperature. CNC incorporated PCLA copolymer sols effectively coordinated with hydrophobic doxorubicin and water-soluble lysozyme by a combination of hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interaction and controlled the release of biologics. As shown by the 3D printing results, the biocompatible PCLA hydrogels continuously extruded during printing had good injectability and maintained high shape fidelity after printing without any secondary cross-linking steps. The interlayer bonding between the printed layers was high and formed stable 3D structures up to 10 layers. Subcutaneous injection of free-flowing CNC incorporated PCLA copolymer sols to BALB/c mice formed a hydrogel instantly and showed controlled biodegradation of the hydrogel depot without induction of toxicity at the implantation sites or surrounding tissues. At the same time, the in vivo antitumor effect on the MDA-MB-231 tumor xenograft model demonstrated that DOX-loaded hydrogel formulation significantly inhibited the tumor growth. In summary, the CNC incorporated biodegradable hydrogels developed in this study exhibit a prolonged release with special release kinetics for hydrophobic and hydrophilic biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Giang Phan
- Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Mohanapriya Murugesan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Huong
- Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Thanh-Tam Le
- Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Thuy-Hien Phan
- Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Panchanathan Manivasagan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Daehak-ro 61, Gumi, Gyeongbuk 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramya Mathiyalagan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Eue-Soon Jang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Daehak-ro 61, Gumi, Gyeongbuk 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Li
- College of Materials and Textile Engineering & Nanotechnology Research Institute, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province 314001, PR China
| | - Thavasyappan Thambi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Huang YT, Zhou Y, Yu WW, Liao S, Luo MC. Nonprestretching double-network enabled by physical interaction-induced aggregation. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Huang Z, Jin B, Wu H, Zeng Z, Huang M, Wu J, Liao L, Zheng J. Mechanically Robust Dual-Crosslinking Elastomer Enabled by a Facile Self-Crosslinking Approach. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15113983. [PMID: 35683281 PMCID: PMC9182282 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
We propose a simple but rapid strategy to fabricate self-crosslinked dual-crosslinking elastomers (SCDCEs) with high mechanical properties. The SCDCEs are synthesized through one-pot copolymerization of Butyl acrylate (BA), acrylic amide (AM), and 3-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MEMO). Both the amino group on AM and the methoxy group on MEMO can be self-crosslinked after polymerization to form a dual-network crosslink consisting of hydrogen bonds crosslink and Si-O-Si covalent bonds crosslink. The SCDC endow optimal elastomer with high mechanical properties (the tensile strength is 6MPa and elongation at break is 490%) as the hydrogen bonds crosslink can serve as sacrificial construction to dissipate stress energy, while covalent crosslinking networks can ensure the elasticity and strength of the material. These two networks also contribute to the recoverability of the elastomers, leading them to recover their original shape and mechanical properties after being subjected to deformation in a short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Z.H.); (B.J.); (H.W.); (Z.Z.); (M.H.); (J.W.)
| | - Biqiang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Z.H.); (B.J.); (H.W.); (Z.Z.); (M.H.); (J.W.)
| | - Haitao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Z.H.); (B.J.); (H.W.); (Z.Z.); (M.H.); (J.W.)
| | - Zihang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Z.H.); (B.J.); (H.W.); (Z.Z.); (M.H.); (J.W.)
| | - Minghui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Z.H.); (B.J.); (H.W.); (Z.Z.); (M.H.); (J.W.)
| | - Jinrong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Z.H.); (B.J.); (H.W.); (Z.Z.); (M.H.); (J.W.)
| | - Lusheng Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nature Rubber Processing, Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Zhanjiang 524001, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Z.H.); (B.J.); (H.W.); (Z.Z.); (M.H.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (J.Z.)
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Zheng Y, Matsuda T, Nakajima T, Cui W, Zhang Y, Hui CY, Kurokawa T, Gong JP. How chain dynamics affects crack initiation in double-network gels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2111880118. [PMID: 34848539 PMCID: PMC8670445 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111880118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-network gels are a class of tough soft materials comprising two elastic networks with contrasting structures. The formation of a large internal damage zone ahead of the crack tip by the rupturing of the brittle network accounts for the large crack resistance of the materials. Understanding what determines the damage zone is the central question of the fracture mechanics of double-network gels. In this work, we found that at the onset of crack propagation, the size of necking zone, in which the brittle network breaks into fragments and the stretchable network is highly stretched, distinctly decreases with the increase of the solvent viscosity, resulting in a reduction in the fracture toughness of the material. This is in sharp contrast to the tensile behavior of the material that does not change with the solvent viscosity. This result suggests that the dynamics of stretchable network strands, triggered by the rupture of the brittle network, plays a role. To account for this solvent viscosity effect on the crack initiation, a delayed blunting mechanism regarding the polymer dynamics effect is proposed. The discovery on the role of the polymer dynamic adds an important missing piece to the fracture mechanism of this unique material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zheng
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsuda
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Tasuku Nakajima
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan;
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Wei Cui
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Ye Zhang
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Chung-Yuen Hui
- Field of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Takayuki Kurokawa
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan;
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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14
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Matsuda T, Kawakami R, Nakajima T, Hane Y, Gong JP. Revisiting the Origins of the Fracture Energy of Tough Double-Network Hydrogels with Quantitative Mechanochemical Characterization of the Damage Zone. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Matsuda
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Runa Kawakami
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Tasuku Nakajima
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, N21W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hane
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, N21W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, N21W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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15
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Hirsch M, Steinacher M, Zhao R, Amstad E. Load-bearing hydrogels ionically reinforced through competitive ligand exchanges. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:6753-6762. [PMID: 34498620 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01170g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fast advances in soft robotics and tissue engineering demand for new soft materials whose mechanical properties can be interchangeably and locally varied, thereby enabling, for example, the design of soft joints within an integral material. Inspired by nature, we introduce a competitive ligand-mediated approach to selectively and interchangeably reinforce metal-coordinated hydrogels. This is achieved by reinforcing carboxylate-containing hydrogels with Fe3+ ions. Key to achieving a homogeneous, predictable reinforcement of the hydrogels is the presence of weak complexation agents that delay the formation of metal-complexes within the hydrogels, thereby allowing a homogeneous distribution of the metal ions. The resulting metal-reinforced hydrogels show a compressive modulus of up to 2.5 MPa, while being able to withstand pressures as high as 0.6 MPa without appreciable damage. Competitive ligand exchanges offer an additional advantage: they enable non-linear compositional changes that, for example, allow the formation of joints within these hydrogels. These features open up new possibilities to extend the field of use of metal reinforced hydrogels to load-bearing applications that are omnipresent for example in soft robots and actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Hirsch
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Mathias Steinacher
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ran Zhao
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Esther Amstad
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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16
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Du W, Zhao Z, Zhang M, Jiang X, Zhang X. Preparation and characterization of mechanically robust and thermo-responsive hydrogel inspired by spring-like structure. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Xie R, Mukherjee S, Levi AE, Reynolds VG, Wang H, Chabinyc ML, Bates CM. Room temperature 3D printing of super-soft and solvent-free elastomers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc6900. [PMID: 33188029 PMCID: PMC7673745 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc6900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Super-soft elastomers derived from bottlebrush polymers show promise as advanced materials for biomimetic tissue and device applications, but current processing strategies are restricted to simple molding. Here, we introduce a design concept that enables the three-dimensional (3D) printing of super-soft and solvent-free bottlebrush elastomers at room temperature. The key advance is a class of inks comprising statistical bottlebrush polymers that self-assemble into well-ordered body-centered cubic sphere phases. These soft solids undergo sharp and reversible yielding at 20°C in response to shear with a yield stress that can be tuned by manipulating the length scale of microphase separation. The addition of a soluble photocrosslinker allows complete ultraviolet curing after extrusion to form super-soft elastomers with near-perfect recoverable elasticity well beyond the yield strain. These structure-property design rules create exciting opportunities to tailor the performance of 3D-printed elastomers in ways that are not possible with current materials and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renxuan Xie
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Sanjoy Mukherjee
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Adam E Levi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Veronica G Reynolds
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Hengbin Wang
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Michael L Chabinyc
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Christopher M Bates
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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18
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Nakajima T, Kurokawa T, Furukawa H, Gong JP. Effect of the constituent networks of double-network gels on their mechanical properties and energy dissipation process. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:8618-8627. [PMID: 32844868 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01057j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Double-network (DN) gels, consisting of brittle first and ductile second networks, possess extraordinary strength, extensibility, and fracture toughness while maintaining a high solvent content. Herein, we prepare DN gels consisting of various concentrations of the first and second networks to investigate the effect of each network structure on the tensile and fracture properties of DN gels. The results showed that the tensile properties of DN gels before yielding are mainly dominated by the first network, serving as a skeleton, whereas the properties after necking are determined by both networks. Moreover, we found that the DN gels with significant energy dissipation capacities exhibit high fracture resistance. Thus, this study not only confirms the factors determining the mechanical characteristics of DN gels but also explains how the two networks concertedly improve the toughness of DN gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Nakajima
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan. and WPI-ICReDD, Hokkaido University, N21W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan and Soft Matter GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kurokawa
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan. and Soft Matter GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Jian Ping Gong
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan. and WPI-ICReDD, Hokkaido University, N21W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan and Soft Matter GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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19
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Huang J, Frauenlob M, Shibata Y, Wang L, Nakajima T, Nonoyama T, Tsuda M, Tanaka S, Kurokawa T, Gong JP. Chitin-Based Double-Network Hydrogel as Potential Superficial Soft-Tissue-Repairing Materials. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4220-4230. [PMID: 32936628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is a biopolymer, which has been proven to be a biomedical material candidate, yet the weak mechanical properties seriously limit their potentials. In this work, a chitin-based double-network (DN) hydrogel has been designed as a potential superficial repairing material. The hydrogel was synthesized through a double-network (DN) strategy composing hybrid regenerated chitin nanofiber (RCN)-poly (ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether) (PEGDE) as the first network and polyacrylamide (PAAm) as the second network. The hybrid RCN-PEGDE/PAAm DN hydrogel was strong and tough, possessing Young's modulus (elasticity) E 0.097 ± 0.020 MPa, fracture stress σf 0.449 ± 0.025 MPa, and work of fracture Wf 5.75 ± 0.35 MJ·m-3. The obtained DN hydrogel was strong enough for surgical requirements in the usage of soft tissue scaffolds. In addition, chitin endowed the DN hydrogel with good bacterial resistance and accelerated fibroblast proliferation, which increased the NIH3T3 cell number by nearly five times within 3 days. Subcutaneous implantation studies showed that the DN hydrogel did not induce inflammation after 4 weeks, suggesting a good biosafety in vivo. These results indicated that the hybrid RCN-PEGDE/PAAm DN hydrogel had great prospect as a rapid soft-tissue-repairing material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Huang
- Laboratory of Soft and Wet Matter, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Martin Frauenlob
- Laboratory of Soft and Wet Matter, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yuki Shibata
- Laboratory of Soft and Wet Matter, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.,Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Tasuku Nakajima
- Laboratory of Soft and Wet Matter, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.,Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nonoyama
- Laboratory of Soft and Wet Matter, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.,Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Masumi Tsuda
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.,Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.,Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kurokawa
- Laboratory of Soft and Wet Matter, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.,Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- Laboratory of Soft and Wet Matter, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.,Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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20
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Zhao L, Wang S, Yang Z, Tian L, Gao L, Shi X. Structural evolution of dispersed hydrophobic association in a hydrogel analyzed by the tensile behavior. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:8245-8253. [PMID: 32803214 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01211d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of dispersed cross-links with different levels of strength is one of the most successful strategies for toughening a hydrogel. By using a model hydrogel having dispersed association of single-component short alkyl chains, this work demonstrates that the differential modulus-elongation relation derived from tensile curves can reflect the structural evolution of dispersed cross-links at a molecular level. This analysis method allows for decoupling the mechanical contribution of strong and weak hydrophobic clusters, which serve as the minor and major cross-links in our system, respectively. At small deformation, the weak hydrophobic associations majorly determine the stiffness, and their rupture releases folded partial chains to endow deformation capacity. At large deformation, the strength ratio of strong and weak hydrophobic association should be balanced to achieve the optimal strength. Furthermore, the structural parameters of these partial chains, including the Kuhn number, the Kuhn length and the chain conformation, are determined based on scaling theory of extensibility. These results allow for correlating the apparent mechanics to the structural parameters of the dispersed hydrophobic association, paving the way for customized mechanics for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Shuting Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Zican Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Luming Tian
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Liang Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Xuetao Shi
- National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China.
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