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Sandhu ZA, Raza MA, Alqurashi A, Sajid S, Ashraf S, Imtiaz K, Aman F, Alessa AH, Shamsi MB, Latif M. Advances in the Optimization of Fe Nanoparticles: Unlocking Antifungal Properties for Biomedical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:645. [PMID: 38794307 PMCID: PMC11124843 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, nanotechnology has achieved a remarkable status in shaping the future of biological applications, especially in combating fungal diseases. Owing to excellence in nanotechnology, iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs) have gained enormous attention in recent years. In this review, we have provided a comprehensive overview of Fe NPs covering key synthesis approaches and underlying working principles, the factors that influence their properties, essential characterization techniques, and the optimization of their antifungal potential. In addition, the diverse kinds of Fe NP delivery platforms that command highly effective release, with fewer toxic effects on patients, are of great significance in the medical field. The issues of biocompatibility, toxicity profiles, and applications of optimized Fe NPs in the field of biomedicine have also been described because these are the most significant factors determining their inclusion in clinical use. Besides this, the difficulties and regulations that exist in the transition from laboratory to experimental clinical studies (toxicity, specific standards, and safety concerns) of Fe NPs-based antifungal agents have been also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeshan Ali Sandhu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hafiz Hayat Campus, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan; (Z.A.S.); (S.A.); (K.I.)
| | - Muhammad Asam Raza
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hafiz Hayat Campus, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan; (Z.A.S.); (S.A.); (K.I.)
| | - Abdulmajeed Alqurashi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Samavia Sajid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan;
| | - Sufyan Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hafiz Hayat Campus, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan; (Z.A.S.); (S.A.); (K.I.)
| | - Kainat Imtiaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hafiz Hayat Campus, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan; (Z.A.S.); (S.A.); (K.I.)
| | - Farhana Aman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Sargodha Campus, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan;
| | - Abdulrahman H. Alessa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Monis Bilal Shamsi
- Centre for Genetics and Inherited Diseases (CGID), Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia;
- Department Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Latif
- Centre for Genetics and Inherited Diseases (CGID), Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia;
- Department Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia
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Shahid H, Shah AA, Shah Bukhari SNU, Naqvi AZ, Arooj I, Javeed M, Aslam M, Chandio AD, Farooq M, Gilani SJ, Bin Jumah MN. Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Properties of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized from Apis mellifera Honey. Molecules 2023; 28:6504. [PMID: 37764280 PMCID: PMC10534332 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Green approaches for nanoparticle synthesis have emerged as biocompatible, economical, and environment-friendly alternatives to counteract the menace of microbial drug resistance. Recently, the utilization of honey as a green source to synthesize Fe2O3-NPs has been introduced, but its antibacterial activity against one of the opportunistic MDR pathogens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, has not been explored. Therefore, this study employed Apis mellifera honey as a reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs). Subsequent to the characterization of nanoparticles, their antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties were appraised. In UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis, the absorption band ascribed to the SPR peak was observed at 350 nm. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of Fe2O3-NPs, and the crystal size was deduced to be 36.2 nm. Elemental analysis by EDX validated the presence of iron coupled with oxygen in the nanoparticle composition. In ICP-MS, the highest concentration was of iron (87.15 ppm), followed by sodium (1.49 ppm) and other trace elements (<1 ppm). VSM analysis revealed weak magnetic properties of Fe2O3-NPs. Morphological properties of Fe2O3-NPs revealed by SEM demonstrated that their average size range was 100-150 nm with a non-uniform spherical shape. The antibacterial activity of Fe2O3-NPs was ascertained against 30 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, with the largest inhibition zone recorded being 10 mm. The MIC value for Fe2O3-NPs was 30 µg/mL. However, when mingled with three selected antibiotics, Fe2O3-NPs did not affect any antibacterial activity. Momentous antioxidant (IC50 = 22 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory (IC50 = 70 µg/mL) activities of Fe2O3-NPs were discerned in comparison with the standard at various concentrations. Consequently, honey-mediated Fe2O3-NP synthesis may serve as a substitute for orthodox antimicrobial drugs and may be explored for prospective biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamna Shahid
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, The Women University, Multan 66000, Pakistan; (H.S.); (M.J.)
| | - Aqeel Ahmed Shah
- Wet Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (A.A.S.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Syed Nizam Uddin Shah Bukhari
- Department of Basic Science and Humanities, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 74800, Pakistan;
| | - Anjum Zehra Naqvi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan;
| | - Iqra Arooj
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, The Women University, Multan 66000, Pakistan; (H.S.); (M.J.)
| | - Mehvish Javeed
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, The Women University, Multan 66000, Pakistan; (H.S.); (M.J.)
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Mira Str. 19, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia;
| | - Ali Dad Chandio
- Wet Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (A.A.S.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), PCSIR Head Office, 01-Constitution Avenue, Sector G-5/2, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Sadaf Jamal Gilani
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Foundation Year, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - May Nasser Bin Jumah
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
- Environment and Biomaterial Unit, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
- Saudi Society for Applied Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Ciont C, Mesaroș A, Pop OL, Vodnar DC. Iron oxide nanoparticles carried by probiotics for iron absorption: a systematic review. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:124. [PMID: 37038224 PMCID: PMC10088223 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One-third of the world's population has anemia, contributing to higher morbidity and death and impaired neurological development. Conventional anemia treatment raises concerns about iron bioavailability and gastrointestinal (GI) adverse effects. This research aims to establish how iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) interact with probiotic cells and how they affect iron absorption, bioavailability, and microbiota variation. METHODS Pointing to the study of the literature and developing a review and critical synthesis, a robust search methodology was utilized by the authors. The literature search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Information was collected between January 2017 and June 2022 using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) protocols for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. We identified 122 compatible research articles. RESULTS The research profile of the selected scientific articles revealed the efficacy of IONPs treatment carried by probiotics versus conventional treatment. Therefore, the authors employed content assessment on four topics to synthesize previous studies. The key subjects of the reviewed reports are the characteristics of the IONPs synthesis method, the evaluation of cell absorption and cytotoxicity of IONPs, and the transport of IONPs with probiotics in treating anemia. CONCLUSIONS To ensure a sufficient iron level in the enterocyte, probiotics with the capacity to attach to the gut wall transport IONPs into the enterocyte, where the maghemite nanoparticles are released.
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Affiliation(s)
- Călina Ciont
- Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Molecular Nutrition and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Amalia Mesaroș
- Physics and Chemistry Department, C4S Centre, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28 Memorandumului Street, 400114, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Molecular Nutrition and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oana Lelia Pop
- Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Molecular Nutrition and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Dan Cristian Vodnar
- Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Laha SS, Thorat ND, Singh G, Sathish CI, Yi J, Dixit A, Vinu A. Rare-Earth Doped Iron Oxide Nanostructures for Cancer Theranostics: Magnetic Hyperthermia and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104855. [PMID: 34874618 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been extensively investigated during the last couple of decades because of their potential applications across various disciplines ranging from spintronics to nanotheranostics. However, pure iron oxide nanoparticles cannot meet the requirement for practical applications. Doping is considered as one of the most prominent and simplest techniques to achieve optimized multifunctional properties in nanomaterials. Doped iron oxides, particularly, rare-earth (RE) doped nanostructures have shown much-improved performance for a wide range of biomedical applications, including magnetic hyperthermia and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), compared to pure iron oxide. Extensive investigations have revealed that bigger-sized RE ions possessing high magnetic moment and strong spin-orbit coupling can serve as promising dopants to significantly regulate the properties of iron oxides for advanced biomedical applications. This review provides a detailed investigation on the role of RE ions as primary dopants for engineering the structural and magnetic properties of Fe3 O4 nanoparticles to carefully introspect and correlate their impact on cancer theranostics with a special focus on magnetic hyperthermia and MRI. In addition, prospects for achieving high-performance magnetic hyperthermia and MRI are thoroughly discussed. Finally, suggestions on future work in these two areas are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvra S Laha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering (CeNSE), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Nanasaheb D Thorat
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Gurwinder Singh
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - C I Sathish
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Jiabao Yi
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Ambesh Dixit
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, 342037, India
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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Gohain SB, Boruah PK, Das MR, Thakur AJ. Gold-coated iron oxide core–shell nanostructures for the oxidation of indoles and the synthesis of uracil-derived spirooxindoles. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05205e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of isatins and uracil-based spirooxindoles catalysed by Au/Fe3O4 core–shell nanoparticles under mild conditions and low reaction times.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Purna Kanta Boruah
- Advanced Materials Group, Materials Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST), Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
| | - Manash Ranjan Das
- Advanced Materials Group, Materials Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST), Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
| | - Ashim Jyoti Thakur
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Assam, 784028, India
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Gudkov SV, Burmistrov DE, Serov DA, Rebezov MB, Semenova AA, Lisitsyn AB. Do Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Have Significant Antibacterial Properties? ANTIBIOTICS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070884. [PMID: 34356805 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2021.641481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of metal oxide nanoparticles is one of the promising ways for overcoming antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have found wide applications in different fields of biomedicine. Several studies have suggested using the antimicrobial potential of IONPs. Iron is one of the key microelements and plays an important role in the function of living systems of different hierarchies. Iron abundance and its physiological functions bring into question the ability of iron compounds at the same concentrations, on the one hand, to inhibit the microbial growth and, on the other hand, to positively affect mammalian cells. At present, multiple studies have been published that show the antimicrobial effect of IONPs against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Several studies have established that IONPs have a low toxicity to eukaryotic cells. It gives hope that IONPs can be considered potential antimicrobial agents of the new generation that combine antimicrobial action and high biocompatibility with the human body. This review is intended to inform readers about the available data on the antimicrobial properties of IONPs, a range of susceptible bacteria, mechanisms of the antibacterial action, dependence of the antibacterial action of IONPs on the method for synthesis, and the biocompatibility of IONPs with eukaryotic cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Gudkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy E Burmistrov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy A Serov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maksim B Rebezov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 109316 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia A Semenova
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 109316 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey B Lisitsyn
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 109316 Moscow, Russia
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Gudkov SV, Burmistrov DE, Serov DA, Rebezov MB, Semenova AA, Lisitsyn AB. Do Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Have Significant Antibacterial Properties? Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:884. [PMID: 34356805 PMCID: PMC8300809 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of metal oxide nanoparticles is one of the promising ways for overcoming antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have found wide applications in different fields of biomedicine. Several studies have suggested using the antimicrobial potential of IONPs. Iron is one of the key microelements and plays an important role in the function of living systems of different hierarchies. Iron abundance and its physiological functions bring into question the ability of iron compounds at the same concentrations, on the one hand, to inhibit the microbial growth and, on the other hand, to positively affect mammalian cells. At present, multiple studies have been published that show the antimicrobial effect of IONPs against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Several studies have established that IONPs have a low toxicity to eukaryotic cells. It gives hope that IONPs can be considered potential antimicrobial agents of the new generation that combine antimicrobial action and high biocompatibility with the human body. This review is intended to inform readers about the available data on the antimicrobial properties of IONPs, a range of susceptible bacteria, mechanisms of the antibacterial action, dependence of the antibacterial action of IONPs on the method for synthesis, and the biocompatibility of IONPs with eukaryotic cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Gudkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.E.B.); (D.A.S.); (M.B.R.)
| | - Dmitriy E. Burmistrov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.E.B.); (D.A.S.); (M.B.R.)
| | - Dmitriy A. Serov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.E.B.); (D.A.S.); (M.B.R.)
| | - Maksim B. Rebezov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.E.B.); (D.A.S.); (M.B.R.)
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 109316 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.S.); (A.B.L.)
| | - Anastasia A. Semenova
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 109316 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.S.); (A.B.L.)
| | - Andrey B. Lisitsyn
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 109316 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.S.); (A.B.L.)
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Liu J, Liu J, Attarilar S, Wang C, Tamaddon M, Yang C, Xie K, Yao J, Wang L, Liu C, Tang Y. Nano-Modified Titanium Implant Materials: A Way Toward Improved Antibacterial Properties. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:576969. [PMID: 33330415 PMCID: PMC7719827 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.576969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys have superb biocompatibility, low elastic modulus, and favorable corrosion resistance. These exceptional properties lead to its wide use as a medical implant material. Titanium itself does not have antibacterial properties, so bacteria can gather and adhere to its surface resulting in infection issues. The infection is among the main reasons for implant failure in orthopedic surgeries. Nano-modification, as one of the good options, has the potential to induce different degrees of antibacterial effect on the surface of implant materials. At the same time, the nano-modification procedure and the produced nanostructures should not adversely affect the osteogenic activity, and it should simultaneously lead to favorable antibacterial properties on the surface of the implant. This article scrutinizes and deals with the surface nano-modification of titanium implant materials from three aspects: nanostructures formation procedures, nanomaterials loading, and nano-morphology. In this regard, the research progress on the antibacterial properties of various surface nano-modification of titanium implant materials and the related procedures are introduced, and the new trends will be discussed in order to improve the related materials and methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
- Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Shokouh Attarilar
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Wang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China
| | - Maryam Tamaddon
- Institute of Orthopaedic and Musculoskeletal Science, Division of Surgery & Orthopaedic Science, University College London, The Royal National National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom
| | - Chengliang Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Kegong Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Jinguang Yao
- Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaozong Liu
- Institute of Orthopaedic and Musculoskeletal Science, Division of Surgery & Orthopaedic Science, University College London, The Royal National National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom
| | - Yujin Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
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