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Sarkar S. Recent advancements in bionanomaterial applications of peptide nucleic acid assemblies. Biopolymers 2024; 115:e23567. [PMID: 37792292 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a unique combination of peptides and nucleic acids. PNA can exhibit hydrogen bonding interactions with complementary nucleobases like DNA/RNA. Also, its polyamide backbone allows easy incorporation of biomolecules like peptides and proteins to build hybrid molecular constructs. Because of chimeric structural properties, PNA has lots of potential to build diverse nanostructures. However, progress in the PNA material field is still immature compared with its massive applications in antisense oligonucleotide research. Examples of well-defined molecular assemblies have been reported with PNA amphiphiles, self-assembling guanine-PNA monomers/dimers, and PNA-decorated nucleic acids/ polymers/ peptides. All these works indicate the great potential of PNA to be used as bionanomaterials. The review summarizes the recent reports on PNA-based nanostructures and their versatile applications. Additionally, this review shares a perspective to promote a better understanding of controlling molecular assembly by the systematic structural modifications of PNA monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijani Sarkar
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Singh G, Monga V. Peptide Nucleic Acids: Recent Developments in the Synthesis and Backbone Modifications. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106860. [PMID: 37748328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid represents the ideal drug candidate for protein targets that are hard to target or against which drug development is not easy. Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are synthesized by attaching modified peptide backbones generally derived from repetitive N-2-aminoethyl glycine units in place of the regular phosphodiester backbone and represent synthetic impersonator of nucleic acids that offers an exciting research field due to their fascinating spectrum of biotechnological, diagnostic and potential therapeutic applications. The semi-rigid peptide nucleic acid backbone serves as a nearly-perfect template for attaching complimentary base pairs on DNA or RNA in a sequence-dependent manner as described by Watson-Crick models. PNAs and their analogues are endowed with exceptionally high affinity and specificity for receptor sites, essentially due to their polyamide backbone's uncharged and flexible nature. The present review compiled various strategies to modify the polypeptide backbone for improving the target selectivity and stability of the PNAs in the body. The investigated biological activities carried out on PNAs have also been summarized in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, VPO-Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India.
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Mikame Y, Yamayoshi A. Recent Advancements in Development and Therapeutic Applications of Genome-Targeting Triplex-Forming Oligonucleotides and Peptide Nucleic Acids. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2515. [PMID: 37896275 PMCID: PMC10609763 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in artificial nucleic acid and drug delivery systems present possibilities for the symbiotic engineering of therapeutic oligonucleotides, such as antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNAs). Employing these technologies, triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) or peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) can be applied to the development of symbiotic genome-targeting tools as well as a new class of oligonucleotide drugs, which offer conceptual advantages over antisense as the antigene target generally comprises two gene copies per cell rather than multiple copies of mRNA that are being continually transcribed. Further, genome editing by TFOs or PNAs induces permanent changes in the pathological genes, thus facilitating the complete cure of diseases. Nuclease-based gene-editing tools, such as zinc fingers, CRISPR-Cas9, and TALENs, are being explored for therapeutic applications, although their potential off-target, cytotoxic, and/or immunogenic effects may hinder their in vivo applications. Therefore, this review is aimed at describing the ongoing progress in TFO and PNA technologies, which can be symbiotic genome-targeting tools that will cause a near-future paradigm shift in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mikame
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyomachi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Asako Yamayoshi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyomachi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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Wagh MA, Shinde DR, Gamidi RK, Sanjayan GJ. 2-Amino-5-methylene-pyrimidine-4,6-dione-based Janus G-C nucleobase as a versatile building block for self-assembly. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6914-6918. [PMID: 37593940 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01174g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
This communication reports a nature-inspired Janus G-C nucleobase featuring two recognition sites: DDA (G mimic) and DAA (C mimic), which is capable of forming a linear tape-like supramolecular polymer structure. As demonstrated herein, the amino group of this self-assembling system can be further modified to yield a highly stable quadruple H-bonding system as well as a masked self-assembling system cleavable upon exposure to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra A Wagh
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201002, India
| | - Dinesh R Shinde
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201002, India
| | - Rama Krishna Gamidi
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Gangadhar J Sanjayan
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201002, India
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Kulkarni P, Datta D, Ganesh KN. Gemdimethyl Peptide Nucleic Acids (α/β/γ -gdm-PNA): E/Z-Rotamers Influence the Selectivity in the Formation of Parallel/Antiparallel gdm-PNA:DNA/RNA Duplexes. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40558-40568. [PMID: 36385799 PMCID: PMC9647847 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) consist of an aminoethylglycine (aeg) backbone to which the nucleobases are linked through a tertiary amide group and bind to complementary DNA/RNA in a sequence-specific manner. The flexible aeg backbone has been the target for several chemical modifications of the PNA to improve its properties such as specificity, solubility, etc. PNA monomers exhibit a mixture of two rotamers (Z/E) arising from the restricted rotation around the tertiary amide N-CO bond. We have recently demonstrated that achiral gemdimethyl substitution at the α, β, and γ sites on the aeg backbone induces exclusive Z (α-gdm)- or E-rotamer (β-gdm) selectivity at the monomer level. It is now shown that γ/β-gdm-PNA:DNA parallel duplexes are more stable than the analogous antiparallel duplexes, while γ/β-gdm-PNA:RNA antiparallel duplexes are more stable than parallel duplexes. Furthermore, the γ/β-gdm-PNA:RNA duplexes are more stable than the γ/β-gdm-PNA:DNA duplexes. These results with γ/β-gdm-PNA are the reverse of those previously seen with α-gdm-PNA oligomers that stabilized antiparallel α-gdm-PNA:DNA duplexes compared to α-gdm-PNA:RNA duplexes. The stability of antiparallel/parallel PNA:DNA/RNA duplexes is correlated with the preference for Z/E-rotamer selectivity in α/β-gdm-PNA monomers, with Z-rotamers (α-gdm) leading to antiparallel duplexes and E-rotamers (β/γ-gdm) leading to parallel duplexes. The results highlight the role and importance of Z- and E-rotamers in controlling the structural preferences of PNA:DNA/RNA duplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradnya Kulkarni
- Chemistry
Department, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Karkambadi Road, Mangalam, Tirupati517507, India
| | - Dhrubajyoti Datta
- Chemistry
Department, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Karkambadi Road, Mangalam, Tirupati517507, India
| | - Krishna N. Ganesh
- Indian
Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune411008, India
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Suparpprom C, Vilaivan T. Perspectives on conformationally constrained peptide nucleic acid (PNA): insights into the structural design, properties and applications. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:648-697. [PMID: 35755191 PMCID: PMC9175113 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00017b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide nucleic acid or PNA is a synthetic DNA mimic that contains a sequence of nucleobases attached to a peptide-like backbone derived from N-2-aminoethylglycine. The semi-rigid PNA backbone acts as a scaffold that arranges the nucleobases in a proper orientation and spacing so that they can pair with their complementary bases on another DNA, RNA, or even PNA strand perfectly well through the standard Watson-Crick base-pairing. The electrostatically neutral backbone of PNA contributes to its many unique properties that make PNA an outstanding member of the xeno-nucleic acid family. Not only PNA can recognize its complementary nucleic acid strand with high affinity, but it does so with excellent specificity that surpasses the specificity of natural nucleic acids and their analogs. Nevertheless, there is still room for further improvements of the original PNA in terms of stability and specificity of base-pairing, direction of binding, and selectivity for different types of nucleic acids, among others. This review focuses on attempts towards the rational design of new generation PNAs with superior performance by introducing conformational constraints such as a ring or a chiral substituent in the PNA backbone. A large collection of conformationally rigid PNAs developed during the past three decades are analyzed and compared in terms of molecular design and properties in relation to structural data if available. Applications of selected modified PNA in various areas such as targeting of structured nucleic acid targets, supramolecular scaffold, biosensing and bioimaging, and gene regulation will be highlighted to demonstrate how the conformation constraint can improve the performance of the PNA. Challenges and future of the research in the area of constrained PNA will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaturong Suparpprom
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Tah-Poe District, Muang Phitsanulok 65000 Thailand
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Phayathai Road Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Tirayut Vilaivan
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Tah-Poe District, Muang Phitsanulok 65000 Thailand
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Phayathai Road Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
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Sequence-Specific Recognition of Double-Stranded DNA by Peptide Nucleic Acid Forming Double-Duplex Invasion Complex. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is an analog of natural nucleic acids, where the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA is replaced by an electrostatically neutral N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine backbone. This unique peptide-based backbone enables PNAs to form a very stable duplex with the complementary nucleic acids via Watson–Crick base pairing since there is no electrostatic repulsion between PNA and DNA·RNA. With this high nucleic acid affinity, PNAs have been used in a wide range of fields, from biological applications such as gene targeting, to engineering applications such as probe and sensor developments. In addition to single-stranded DNA, PNA can also recognize double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) through the formation of a double-duplex invasion complex. This double-duplex invasion is hard to achieve with other artificial nucleic acids and is expected to be a promising method to recognize dsDNA in cellula or in vivo since the invasion does not require the prior denaturation of dsDNA. In this paper, we provide basic knowledge of PNA and mainly focus on the research of PNA invasion.
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Todkari I, Gupta MK, Ganesh KN. Silver soldering of PNA:DNA duplexes: assembly of a triple duplex from bimodal PNAs with all-C on one face. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4083-4086. [PMID: 35266467 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc07297h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA:bm-PNA duplexes endowed with all-C on either the t-amide or triazole face and mixed base sequence on the other face can be welded with silver ions through C:Ag+:C connects to give triple duplexes in one complex. The interplay of WC and Ag+-mediated duplexes leads to synergistic stability effects on both duplexes and the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iranna Todkari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India. .,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Karkambadi Road Road, Tirupati, 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Krishna N Ganesh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India. .,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Karkambadi Road Road, Tirupati, 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India
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