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Mao C, Mao Y, Zhu X, Chen G, Feng C. Synthetic biology-based bioreactor and its application in biochemical analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-18. [PMID: 36803337 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2180319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years, synthetic biologists have established some biological elements and bioreactors composed of nucleotides under the guidance of engineering methods. Following the concept of engineering, the common bioreactor components in recent years are introduced and compared. At present, biosensors based on synthetic biology have been applied to water pollution monitoring, disease diagnosis, epidemiological monitoring, biochemical analysis and other detection fields. In this paper, the biosensor components based on synthetic bioreactors and reporters are reviewed. In addition, the applications of biosensors based on cell system and cell-free system in the detection of heavy metal ions, nucleic acid, antibiotics and other substances are presented. Finally, the bottlenecks faced by biosensors and the direction of optimization are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Mao
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yichun Mao
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Guifang Chen
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Chang Feng
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Thavarajah W, Owuor PM, Awuor DR, Kiprotich K, Aggarwal R, Lucks JB, Young SL. The accuracy and usability of point-of-use fluoride biosensors in rural Kenya. NPJ CLEAN WATER 2023; 6:5. [PMID: 36777475 PMCID: PMC9905762 DOI: 10.1038/s41545-023-00221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Geogenic fluoride contaminates the water of tens of millions of people. However, many are unaware of the fluoride content due in part to shortcomings of detection methods. Biosensor tests are a relatively new approach to water quality testing that address many of these shortcomings but have never been tested by non-experts in a "real-world" setting. We therefore sought to assess the accuracy and usability of a point-of-use fluoride biosensor using surveys and field tests in Nakuru County, Kenya. Biosensor tests accurately classified elevated fluoride (≥1.5 ppm) in 89.5% of the 57 samples tested. Usability was also high; all participants were able to use the test and correctly interpreted all but one sample. These data suggest that biosensor tests can provide accurate, meaningful water quality data that help non-experts make decisions about the water they consume. Further scaling of these technologies could provide new approaches to track global progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Thavarajah
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
- Center for Water Research, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
- Center for Engineering, Sustainability and Resilience, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Patrick Mbullo Owuor
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, 2040 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
- Program of African Studies, Northwestern University, 620 Library Pl, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Diana Ross Awuor
- Department of Management Science and Project Planning, Nairobi University, P.O. Box 30197, GPO, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Karlmax Kiprotich
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Moi University, P.O. Box 4606-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Rahul Aggarwal
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Julius B. Lucks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
- Center for Water Research, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
- Center for Engineering, Sustainability and Resilience, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Sera L. Young
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
- Center for Water Research, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
- Center for Engineering, Sustainability and Resilience, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
- Program of African Studies, Northwestern University, 620 Library Pl, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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Patterson AT, Styczynski MP. Rapid and Finely-Tuned Expression for Deployable Sensing Applications. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 186:141-161. [PMID: 37316621 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organisms from across the tree of life have evolved highly efficient mechanisms for sensing molecules of interest using biomolecular machinery that can in turn be quite valuable for the development of biosensors. However, purification of such machinery for use in in vitro biosensors is costly, while the use of whole cells as in vivo biosensors often leads to long sensor response times and unacceptable sensitivity to the chemical makeup of the sample. Cell-free expression systems overcome these weaknesses by removing the requirements associated with maintaining living sensor cells, allowing for increased function in toxic environments and rapid sensor readout at a production cost that is often more reasonable than purification. Here, we focus on the challenge of implementing cell-free protein expression systems that meet the stringent criteria required for them to serve as the basis for field-deployable biosensors. Fine-tuning expression to meet these requirements can be achieved through careful selection of the sensing and output elements, as well as through optimization of reaction conditions via tuning of DNA/RNA concentrations, lysate preparation methods, and buffer conditions. Through careful sensor engineering, cell-free systems can continue to be successfully used for the production of tightly regulated, rapidly expressing genetic circuits for biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra T Patterson
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark P Styczynski
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Mathur D, Thakur M, Díaz SA, Susumu K, Stewart MH, Oh E, Walper SA, Medintz IL. Hybrid Nucleic Acid-Quantum Dot Assemblies as Multiplexed Reporter Platforms for Cell-Free Transcription Translation-Based Biosensors. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:4089-4102. [PMID: 36441919 PMCID: PMC9829448 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell-free synthetic biology has emerged as a valuable tool for the development of rapid, portable biosensors that can be readily transported in the freeze-dried form to the point of need eliminating cold chain requirements. One of the challenges associated with cell-free sensors is the ability to simultaneously detect multiple analytes within a single reaction due to the availability of a limited set of fluorescent and colorimetric reporters. To potentially provide multiplexing capabilities to cell-free biosensors, we designed a modular semiconductor quantum dot (QD)-based reporter platform that is plugged in downstream of the transcription-translation functionality in the cell-free reaction and which converts enzymatic activity in the reaction into distinct optical signals. We demonstrate proof of concept by converting restriction enzyme activity, utilized as our prototypical sensing output, into optical changes across several distinct spectral output channels that all use a common excitation wavelength. These hybrid Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based QD peptide PNA-DNA-Dye reporters (QD-PDDs) are completely self-assembled and consist of differentially emissive QD donors paired to a dye-acceptor displayed on a unique DNA encoding a given enzyme's cleavage site. Three QD-based PDDs, independently activated by the enzymes BamHI, EcoRI, and NcoI, were prototyped in mixed enzyme assays where all three demonstrated the ability to convert enzymatic activity into fluorescent output. Simultaneous monitoring of each of the three paired QD-donor dye-acceptor spectral channels in cell-free biosensing reactions supplemented with added linear genes encoding each enzyme confirmed robust multiplexing capabilities for at least two enzymes when co-expressed. The modular QD-PDDs are easily adapted to respond to other restriction enzymes or even proteases if desired.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sebastián A. Díaz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington 20375, United States
| | - Kimihiro Susumu
- Jacobs Corporation, Hanover, Maryland 21076, United States; Optical Sciences Division Code 5600, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington 20375, United States
| | - Michael H. Stewart
- Optical Sciences Division Code 5600, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington 20375, United States
| | - Eunkeu Oh
- Optical Sciences Division Code 5600, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington 20375, United States
| | - Scott A. Walper
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington 20375, United States
| | - Igor L. Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington 20375, United States
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Cui Y, Chen X, Wang Z, Lu Y. Cell-Free PURE System: Evolution and Achievements. BIODESIGN RESEARCH 2022; 2022:9847014. [PMID: 37850137 PMCID: PMC10521753 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9847014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system, as a technical core of synthetic biology, can simulate the transcription and translation process in an in vitro open environment without a complete living cell. It has been widely used in basic and applied research fields because of its advanced engineering features in flexibility and controllability. Compared to a typical crude extract-based CFPS system, due to defined and customizable components and lacking protein-degrading enzymes, the protein synthesis using recombinant elements (PURE) system draws great attention. This review first discusses the elemental composition of the PURE system. Then, the design and preparation of functional proteins for the PURE system, especially the critical ribosome, were examined. Furthermore, we trace the evolving development of the PURE system in versatile areas, including prototyping, synthesis of unnatural proteins, peptides and complex proteins, and biosensors. Finally, as a state-of-the-art engineering strategy, this review analyzes the opportunities and challenges faced by the PURE system in future scientific research and diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cui
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinjie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ze Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Brookwell A, Oza JP, Caschera F. Biotechnology Applications of Cell-Free Expression Systems. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121367. [PMID: 34947898 PMCID: PMC8705439 DOI: 10.3390/life11121367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free systems are a rapidly expanding platform technology with an important role in the engineering of biological systems. The key advantages that drive their broad adoption are increased efficiency, versatility, and low cost compared to in vivo systems. Traditionally, in vivo platforms have been used to synthesize novel and industrially relevant proteins and serve as a testbed for prototyping numerous biotechnologies such as genetic circuits and biosensors. Although in vivo platforms currently have many applications within biotechnology, they are hindered by time-constraining growth cycles, homeostatic considerations, and limited adaptability in production. Conversely, cell-free platforms are not hindered by constraints for supporting life and are therefore highly adaptable to a broad range of production and testing schemes. The advantages of cell-free platforms are being leveraged more commonly by the biotechnology community, and cell-free applications are expected to grow exponentially in the next decade. In this study, new and emerging applications of cell-free platforms, with a specific focus on cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS), will be examined. The current and near-future role of CFPS within metabolic engineering, prototyping, and biomanufacturing will be investigated as well as how the integration of machine learning is beneficial to these applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- August Brookwell
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, College of Science & Mathematics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
| | - Javin P. Oza
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, College of Science & Mathematics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.P.O.); (F.C.)
| | - Filippo Caschera
- Nuclera Nucleics Ltd., Cambridge CB4 0GD, UK
- Correspondence: (J.P.O.); (F.C.)
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