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Horng RH, Cho PH, Chang JC, Singh AK, Jhang SY, Liu PL, Wuu DS, Bairagi S, Chen CH, Järrendahl K, Hsiao CL. Growth and Characterization of Sputtered InAlN Nanorods on Sapphire Substrates for Acetone Gas Sensing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 14:26. [PMID: 38202481 PMCID: PMC10781005 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The demand for highly sensitive and selective gas sensors has been steadily increasing, driven by applications in various fields such as environmental monitoring, healthcare, and industrial safety. In this context, ternary alloy indium aluminum nitride (InAlN) semiconductors have emerged as a promising material for gas sensing due to their unique properties and tunable material characteristics. This work focuses on the fabrication and characterization of InAlN nanorods grown on sapphire substrates using an ultra-high vacuum magnetron sputter epitaxy with precise control over indium composition and explores their potential for acetone-gas-sensing applications. Various characterization techniques, including XRD, SEM, and TEM, demonstrate the structural and morphological insights of InAlN nanorods, making them suitable for gas-sensing applications. To evaluate the gas-sensing performance of the InAlN nanorods, acetone was chosen as a target analyte due to its relevance in medical diagnostics and industrial processes. The results reveal that the InAlN nanorods exhibit a remarkable sensor response of 2.33% at 600 ppm acetone gas concentration at an operating temperature of 350 °C, with a rapid response time of 18 s. Their high sensor response and rapid response make InAlN a viable candidate for use in medical diagnostics, industrial safety, and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray-Hua Horng
- Institute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiang Cho
- Institute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Che Chang
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anoop Kumar Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yuan Jhang
- Graduate Institute of Precision Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Po-Liang Liu
- Graduate Institute of Precision Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Materials and Optoelectronic Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou 54561, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Sing Wuu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Materials and Optoelectronic Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou 54561, Taiwan
| | - Samiran Bairagi
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Cheng-Hsu Chen
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402010, Taiwan
| | - Kenneth Järrendahl
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ching-Lien Hsiao
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
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2
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Liu Z, Baluchová S, Brocken B, Ahmed E, Pobedinskas P, Haenen K, Buijnsters JG. Inkjet Printing-Manufactured Boron-Doped Diamond Chip Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensing Purposes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:39915-39925. [PMID: 37556596 PMCID: PMC10450640 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of patterned boron-doped diamond (BDD) in an inexpensive and straightforward way is required for a variety of practical applications, including the development of BDD-based electrochemical sensors. This work describes a simplified and novel bottom-up fabrication approach for BDD-based three-electrode sensor chips utilizing direct inkjet printing of diamond nanoparticles on silicon-based substrates. The whole seeding process, accomplished by a commercial research inkjet printer with piezo-driven drop-on-demand printheads, was systematically examined. Optimized and continuous inkjet-printed features were obtained with glycerol-based diamond ink (0.4% vol/wt), silicon substrates pretreated by exposure to oxygen plasma and subsequently to air, and applying a dot density of 750 drops (volume 9 pL) per inch. Next, the dried micropatterned substrate was subjected to a chemical vapor deposition step to grow uniform thin-film BDD, which satisfied the function of both working and counter electrodes. Silver was inkjet-printed to complete the sensor chip with a reference electrode. Scanning electron micrographs showed a closed BDD layer with a typical polycrystalline structure and sharp and well-defined edges. Very good homogeneity in diamond layer composition and a high boron content (∼2 × 1021 atoms cm-3) was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Important electrochemical characteristics, including the width of the potential window (2.5 V) and double-layer capacitance (27 μF cm-2), were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry. Fast electron transfer kinetics was recognized for the [Ru(NH3)6]3+/2+ redox marker due to the high doping level, while somewhat hindered kinetics was observed for the surface-sensitive [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- probe. Furthermore, the ability to electrochemically detect organic compounds of different structural motifs, such as glucose, ascorbic acid, uric acid, tyrosine, and dopamine, was successfully verified and compared with commercially available screen-printed BDD electrodes. The newly developed chip-based manufacture method enables the rapid prototyping of different small-scale electrode designs and BDD microstructures, which can lead to enhanced sensor performance with capability of repeated use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Liu
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Simona Baluchová
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Bob Brocken
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Essraa Ahmed
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC, IMEC
vzw, Wetenschapspark
1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Paulius Pobedinskas
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC, IMEC
vzw, Wetenschapspark
1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ken Haenen
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC, IMEC
vzw, Wetenschapspark
1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Josephus G. Buijnsters
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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3
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Mandal S. Nucleation of diamond films on heterogeneous substrates: a review. RSC Adv 2021; 11:10159-10182. [PMID: 35423515 PMCID: PMC8695650 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00397f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamond thin films are known to have properties similar to bulk diamond and have applications in both industry and fundamental studies in academia. The high surface energy of diamond makes it extremely difficult to grow diamond films on foreign substrates. Hence, to grow diamond films on non-diamond substrates, a nucleation step is needed. In this review various techniques used for diamond nucleation/seeding will be discussed. At present electrostatic seeding by diamond nanoparticles is the most commonly used seeding technique for nanocrystalline growth. In this technique the substrate is dipped in a nanodiamond solution to form a mono layer of diamond seeds. These seeds when exposed to appropriate conditions grow to form diamond layers. This technique is suitable for most substrates. For heteroepitaxial growth, bias enhanced nucleation is the primary technique. In this technique the substrate is biased to form diamond nuclei in the initial stages of growth. This technique can be used for any conducting flat surface. For growth on ceramics, polishing by diamond grit or electrostatic seeding can be used. Polishing the ceramics with diamond powder leaves small diamond particles embedded in the substrate. These small particles then act as seeds for subsequent diamond growth. Apart from these techniques, chemical nucleation, interlayer driven nucleation and mixed techniques have been discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of individual techniques have also been discussed. Growth of diamond film on heterogeneous substrates assisted by nucleation/seeding.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Mandal
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University Cardiff UK
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4
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Wang P, Zhou R, Zhou R, Recek N, Prasad K, Speight R, Richard D, Cullen PJ, Thompson EW, Ostrikov KK, Bazaka K. Chemo-Radiative Stress of Plasma as a Modulator of Charge-Dependent Nanodiamond Cytotoxicity. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:7202-7210. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Wang
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Rusen Zhou
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Renwu Zhou
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nina Recek
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Department of Surface Engineering and Optoelectronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Karthika Prasad
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Robert Speight
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Derek Richard
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Patrick J. Cullen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Erik W. Thompson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kostya Ken Ostrikov
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Kateryna Bazaka
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2000, Australia
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5
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Hybrid diamond/ carbon fiber microelectrodes enable multimodal electrical/chemical neural interfacing. Biomaterials 2020; 230:119648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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6
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Wang Y, Pan JA, Wu H, Talapin DV. Direct Wavelength-Selective Optical and Electron-Beam Lithography of Functional Inorganic Nanomaterials. ACS NANO 2019; 13:13917-13931. [PMID: 31609104 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b05491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Direct optical lithography of functional inorganic nanomaterials (DOLFIN) is a photoresist-free method for high-resolution patterning of inorganic nanocrystals (NCs) that has been demonstrated using deep UV (DUV, 254 nm) photons. Here, we expand the versatility of DOLFIN by designing a series of photochemically active NC surface ligands for direct patterning using various photon energies including DUV, near-UV (i-line, 365 nm), blue (h-line, 405 nm), and visible (450 nm) light. We show that the exposure dose for DOLFIN can be ∼30 mJ/cm2, which is small compared to most commercial photopolymer resists. Patterned nanomaterials can serve as highly robust optical diffraction gratings. We also introduce a general approach for resist-free direct electron-beam lithography of functional inorganic nanomaterials (DELFIN) which enables all-inorganic NC patterns with feature size down to 30 nm, while preserving the optical and electronic properties of patterned NCs. The designed ligand chemistries and patterning techniques offer a versatile platform for nano- and micron-scale additive manufacturing, complementing the existing toolbox for device fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Jia-Ahn Pan
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Haoqi Wu
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Dmitri V Talapin
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
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7
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Varga M, Potocký Š, Domonkos M, Ižák T, Babčenko O, Kromka A. Great Variety of Man-Made Porous Diamond Structures: Pulsed Microwave Cold Plasma System with a Linear Antenna Arrangement. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:8441-8450. [PMID: 31459933 PMCID: PMC6648511 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic diamond films are routinely grown using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques. Due to their extraordinary combination of intrinsic properties, they are used as the functional layers in various bio-optoelectronic devices. It is a challenge to grow the dimensional layers or porous structures that are required. This study reviews the fabrication of various porous diamond-based structures using linear antenna microwave plasma (LAMWP) chemical vapor deposition (CVD), a low-cost technology for growing diamond films over a large area (>1 m2) at low pressure (<100 Pa) and at low temperature (even at 350 °C). From a technological point of view, two different approaches, i.e., templated diamond growth using three different prestructured (macro-, micro-, and nanosized) porous substrates and direct bottom-up growth of ultra-nanoporous diamond (block-stone and dendritelike) films, are successfully employed to form diamond-based structures with controlled porosity and an enhanced surface area. As a bottom-up strategy, the LAMWP CVD system allows diamond growth at as high as 80% CO2 in the CH4/CO2/H2 gas mixture. In summary, the low-pressure and cold plasma conditions in the LAMWP system facilitate the growth on three-dimensionally prestructured substrates of various materials that naturally form porous self-standing diamond structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marián Varga
- Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Štepán Potocký
- Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Domonkos
- Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tibor Ižák
- Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Babčenko
- Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 2, 166 27 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Kromka
- Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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8
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McLean B, Eveleens CA, Mitchell I, Webber GB, Page AJ. Catalytic CVD synthesis of boron nitride and carbon nanomaterials - synergies between experiment and theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:26466-26494. [PMID: 28849841 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03835f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-dimensional carbon and boron nitride nanomaterials - hexagonal boron nitride, graphene, boron nitride nanotubes and carbon nanotubes - remain at the forefront of advanced materials research. Catalytic chemical vapour deposition has become an invaluable technique for reliably and cost-effectively synthesising these materials. In this review, we will emphasise how a synergy between experimental and theoretical methods has enhanced the understanding and optimisation of this synthetic technique. This review examines recent advances in the application of CVD to synthesising boron nitride and carbon nanomaterials and highlights where, in many cases, molecular simulations and quantum chemistry have provided key insights complementary to experimental investigation. This synergy is particularly prominent in the field of carbon nanotube and graphene CVD synthesis, and we propose here it will be the key to future advances in optimisation of CVD synthesis of boron nitride nanomaterials, boron nitride - carbon composite materials, and other nanomaterials generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben McLean
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
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9
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Jirásek V, Stehlík Š, Štenclová P, Artemenko A, Rezek B, Kromka A. Hydroxylation and self-assembly of colloidal hydrogenated nanodiamonds by aqueous oxygen radicals from atmospheric pressure plasma jet. RSC Adv 2018; 8:37681-37692. [PMID: 35558630 PMCID: PMC9089410 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07873d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma chemical surface modification of nanoparticles in gas–liquid type reactors enables a controllable, specific, low-cost, and environmentally friendly alternative to wet chemistry methods or thermal and dry plasma treatments. Here the atmospheric pressure radio-frequency microplasma jet (µ-APPJ) operating with 0.6% O2 in He is used to deliver aqueous oxygen radicals (AOR) to the surface of ∼3 nm hydrogenated detonation nanodiamonds (H-DNDs) suspended in water. The AOR-treated H-DND samples are characterized by FTIR and XPS spectroscopies and by AFM and SEM imaging. The main chemical reaction mechanism is identified as the abstraction of surface hydrogen atoms by O or OH radicals and a consequent attachment of the OH group, thereby increasing concentration of alcohols, carboxyls, and aldehydes on the DND's surface. FTIR spectra reveal also a structural re-arrangement of the surface water on the AOR-treated H-DNDs. Yet zeta-potential of AOR-treated H-DNDs still remains positive (decreases from +45 mV to +30 mV). The chemical modification gives rise to formation of nanoscale chain-like aggregates when AOR-treated H-DNDs are deposited on Si substrate. Colloidal nanodiamonds are hydroxylated by action of plasma-supplied O atoms and undergo self-assembly to chains.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Vít Jirásek
- Institute of Physics
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- Czech Republic
- Institute of Plasma Physics
- Czech Academy of Sciences
| | - Štěpán Stehlík
- Institute of Physics
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- Czech Republic
| | | | - Anna Artemenko
- Institute of Physics
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Rezek
- Institute of Physics
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- Czech Republic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering
- Czech Technical University
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10
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Heffernan AH, Greentree AD, Gibson BC. Nanodiamond arrays on glass for quantification and fluorescence characterisation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9252. [PMID: 28835622 PMCID: PMC5569055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the variation in emission properties of fluorescent nanodiamonds is important for developing their wide-ranging applicability. Directed self-assembly techniques show promise for positioning nanodiamonds precisely enabling such quantification. Here we show an approach for depositing nanodiamonds in pre-determined arrays which are used to gather statistical information about fluorescent lifetimes. The arrays were created via a layer of photoresist patterned with grids of apertures using electron beam lithography and then drop-cast with nanodiamonds. Electron microscopy revealed a 90% average deposition yield across 3,376 populated array sites, with an average of 20 nanodiamonds per site. Confocal microscopy, optimised for nitrogen vacancy fluorescence collection, revealed a broad distribution of fluorescent lifetimes in agreement with literature. This method for statistically quantifying fluorescent nanoparticles provides a step towards fabrication of hybrid photonic devices for applications from quantum cryptography to sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh H Heffernan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001, Australia.
| | - Andrew D Greentree
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001, Australia
| | - Brant C Gibson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001, Australia
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11
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Kianinia M, Shimoni O, Bendavid A, Schell AW, Randolph SJ, Toth M, Aharonovich I, Lobo CJ. Robust, directed assembly of fluorescent nanodiamonds. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:18032-18037. [PMID: 27735962 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr05419f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Arrays of fluorescent nanoparticles are highly sought after for applications in sensing, nanophotonics and quantum communications. Here we present a simple and robust method of assembling fluorescent nanodiamonds into macroscopic arrays. Remarkably, the yield of this directed assembly process is greater than 90% and the assembled patterns withstand ultra-sonication for more than three hours. The assembly process is based on covalent bonding of carboxyl to amine functional carbon seeds and is applicable to any material, and to non-planar surfaces. Our results pave the way to directed assembly of sensors and nanophotonics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia. Charlene Lobo,
| | - Olga Shimoni
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia. Charlene Lobo,
| | - Avi Bendavid
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
| | - Andreas W Schell
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto daigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia. Charlene Lobo,
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia. Charlene Lobo,
| | - Charlene J Lobo
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia. Charlene Lobo,
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12
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The influence of sterilization on nitrogen-included ultrananocrystalline diamond for biomedical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 61:324-32. [PMID: 26838856 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diamond has shown great potential in different biomedical applications, but the effects of sterilization on its properties have not been investigated. Here, we studied the influence of five sterilization techniques (solvent cleaning, oxygen plasma, UV irradiation, autoclave and hydrogen peroxide) on nitrogen-included ultrananocrystalline diamond. The chemical modification of the diamond surface was evaluated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle measurements. Different degrees of surface oxidation and selective sp(2) bonded carbon etching were found following all sterilization techniques, resulting in an increase of hydrophilicity. Higher viabilities of in vitro mouse 3T3 fibroblasts and rat cortical neuron cells were observed on oxygen plasma, autoclave and hydrogen peroxide sterilized diamond, which correlated with their higher hydrophilicity. By examination of apatite formation in simulated body fluid, in vivo bioactivity was predicted to be best on those surfaces which have been oxygen plasma treated and lowest on those which have been exposed to UV irradiation. The charge injection properties were also altered by the sterilization process and there appears to be a correlation between these changes and the degree of oxygen termination of the surface. We find that the modification brought by autoclave, oxygen plasma and hydrogen peroxide were most consistent with the use of N-UNCD in biological applications as compared to samples sterilized by solvent cleaning or UV exposure or indeed non-sterilized. A two-step process of sterilization by hydrogen peroxide following oxygen plasma treatment was then suggested. However, the final choice of sterilization technique will depend on the intended end application.
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13
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Degutis G, Pobedinskas P, Boyen HG, Dexters W, Janssen W, Drijkoningen S, Hardy A, Haenen K, Van Bael M. Improved nanodiamond seeding on chromium by surface plasma pretreatment. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Taylor AC, Edgington R, Jackman RB. Patterning of nanodiamond tracks and nanocrystalline diamond films using a micropipette for additive direct-write processing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:6490-5. [PMID: 25669757 DOI: 10.1021/am507900a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ability to pattern the seeding of nanodiamonds (NDs), and thus selectively control areas of diamond growth, is a useful capability for many applications, including photonics, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) prototyping, and biomaterial design. A microprinting technique using a computer-driven micropipette has been developed to deposit patterns of ND monolayers from an unreactive water/glycerol ND ink to 5-μm resolution. The concentration and composition of the ND solution were optimized to realize high-density monolayers of NDs and consistent ND printing. Subsequent nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) patterns grown using chemical vapor deposition showed a high level of compliance with the printed ND pattern. This "direct-write", bottom-up, and additive process offers a versatile and simple alternative to pattern diamond. The process has the particular advantage that it does not require lithography or destructive processing such as reactive-ion etching (RIE) and, pertinently, does not involve reactive chemicals that could alter the surface chemistry of NDs. Furthermore, given that this process obviates the use of conventional lithography, substrates that are not suitable for lithographic processing (e.g., excessively small or three-dimensional structured substrates) can be inscribed with ND patterns. The technique also allows for the growth of discrete, localized, single-crystal nanodiamonds with applications in quantum technology.
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Aramesh M, Shimoni O, Ostrikov K, Prawer S, Cervenka J. Surface charge effects in protein adsorption on nanodiamonds. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:5726-5736. [PMID: 25743890 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00250h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interaction of proteins with charged diamond nanoparticles is of fundamental importance for diverse biomedical applications. Here we present a thorough study of protein binding, adsorption kinetics and structure on strongly positively (hydrogen-terminated) and negatively (oxygen-terminated) charged nanodiamond particles using a quartz crystal microbalance by dissipation and infrared spectroscopy. By using two model proteins (bovine serum albumin and lysozyme) of different properties (charge, molecular weight and rigidity), the main driving mechanism responsible for the protein binding to the charged nanoparticles was identified. Electrostatic interactions were found to dominate the protein adsorption dynamics, attachment and conformation. We developed a simple electrostatic model that can qualitatively explain the observed adsorption behaviour based on charge-induced pH modifications near the charged nanoparticle surfaces. Under neutral conditions, the local pH around the positively and negatively charged nanodiamonds becomes very high (11-12) and low (1-3) respectively, which has a profound impact on the protein charge, hydration and affinity to the nanodiamonds. Small proteins (lysozyme) were found to form multilayers with significant conformational changes to screen the surface charge, while larger proteins (albumin) formed monolayers with minor conformational changes. The findings of this study provide a step forward toward understanding and eventually predicting nanoparticle interactions with biofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aramesh
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Cicala G, Massaro A, Velardi L, Senesi GS, Valentini A. Self-assembled pillar-like structures in nanodiamond layers by pulsed spray technique. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:21101-21109. [PMID: 25402729 DOI: 10.1021/am505974d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pillar-like structures of nanodiamonds on a silicon substrate are self-assembled for the first time by a pulsed spray technique. This technique allows us to deposit nanodiamond layers by using high quality nanocrystals of 250 nm dispersed in 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) solvent. The analysis of 2D/3D confocal and atomic force microscopy images evidences the presence of self-assembled pillar-like structures distributed in an irregular way. The proposed method is simple, easy and cheap, and does not require complex growth processes or structured materials, ideal for upscaling toward industrial biochip implementation and photonic applications. The suggested formation mechanisms of self-assembly are based on the so-called coffee stain effect, i.e., on the time evolution of DCE evaporation.
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