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Nicley SS, Morley GW, Haenen K. A special issue preface: diamond for quantum applications. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2024; 382:20220323. [PMID: 38043578 PMCID: PMC10693977 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
This special issue discusses current progress in the utilization of defect centres in diamond as spin-photon interfaces for quantum applications. This issue is based on the discussions of the Theo Murphy meeting 'Diamond for quantum applications' which covered the recent progress of diamond growth and engineering for the creation and optimization of colour centres, toward the integration of diamond-based qubits in quantum systems. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Diamond for quantum applications'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon S. Nicley
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Ken Haenen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University & IMEC vzw, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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2
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Verding P, Mary Joy R, Reenaers D, Kumar RS, Rouzbahani R, Jeunen E, Thomas S, Desta D, Boyen HG, Pobedinskas P, Haenen K, Deferme W. The Influence of UV-Ozone, O 2 Plasma, and CF 4 Plasma Treatment on the Droplet-Based Deposition of Diamond Nanoparticles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:1719-1726. [PMID: 38154790 PMCID: PMC10789259 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Surface treatment is critical for homogeneous coating over a large area and high-resolution patterning of nanodiamond (ND) particles. To optimize the interaction between the surface of a substrate and the colloid of ND particles, it is essential to remove hydrocarbon contamination by surface treatment and to increase the surface energy of the substrate, hence improving the diamond film homogeneity upon its deposition. However, the impact of substrate surface treatment on the properties of coatings and patterns is not fully understood. This study explores the impact of UV-ozone, O2 plasma, and CF4 plasma treatments on the wetting properties of the fused silica glass substrate surface. We identify the optimal time interval between the treatment and subsequent ND coating/patterning processes, which were conducted using inkjet printing and ultrasonic spray coating techniques. Our results showed that UV-ozone and O2 plasma resulted in hydrophilic surfaces, while CF4 plasma treatment resulted in hydrophobic surfaces. We demonstrate the use of CF4 plasma treatment before inkjet printing to generate high-resolution patterns with dots as small as 30 μm in diameter. Ultrasonic spray coating showed homogeneous coatings after using UV-ozone and O2 plasma treatment. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the hydrocarbon airborne contamination on cleaned surfaces over time even in clean-room environments and have a notable impact on the performance of liquid coatings and patterns. We highlight the importance of timing between the surface treatment and printing in achieving high resolution or homogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Verding
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC
vzw, IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark
1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Rani Mary Joy
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC
vzw, IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark
1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Dieter Reenaers
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC
vzw, IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark
1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Rachith Shanivarasanthe
Nithyananda Kumar
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC
vzw, IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark
1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Rozita Rouzbahani
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC
vzw, IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark
1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ewoud Jeunen
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Seppe Thomas
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Derese Desta
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC
vzw, IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark
1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Hans-Gerd Boyen
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC
vzw, IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark
1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Paulius Pobedinskas
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC
vzw, IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark
1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ken Haenen
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC
vzw, IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark
1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Wim Deferme
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC
vzw, IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark
1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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3
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Liu Z, Baluchová S, Brocken B, Ahmed E, Pobedinskas P, Haenen K, Buijnsters JG. Inkjet Printing-Manufactured Boron-Doped Diamond Chip Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensing Purposes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:39915-39925. [PMID: 37556596 PMCID: PMC10450640 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of patterned boron-doped diamond (BDD) in an inexpensive and straightforward way is required for a variety of practical applications, including the development of BDD-based electrochemical sensors. This work describes a simplified and novel bottom-up fabrication approach for BDD-based three-electrode sensor chips utilizing direct inkjet printing of diamond nanoparticles on silicon-based substrates. The whole seeding process, accomplished by a commercial research inkjet printer with piezo-driven drop-on-demand printheads, was systematically examined. Optimized and continuous inkjet-printed features were obtained with glycerol-based diamond ink (0.4% vol/wt), silicon substrates pretreated by exposure to oxygen plasma and subsequently to air, and applying a dot density of 750 drops (volume 9 pL) per inch. Next, the dried micropatterned substrate was subjected to a chemical vapor deposition step to grow uniform thin-film BDD, which satisfied the function of both working and counter electrodes. Silver was inkjet-printed to complete the sensor chip with a reference electrode. Scanning electron micrographs showed a closed BDD layer with a typical polycrystalline structure and sharp and well-defined edges. Very good homogeneity in diamond layer composition and a high boron content (∼2 × 1021 atoms cm-3) was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Important electrochemical characteristics, including the width of the potential window (2.5 V) and double-layer capacitance (27 μF cm-2), were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry. Fast electron transfer kinetics was recognized for the [Ru(NH3)6]3+/2+ redox marker due to the high doping level, while somewhat hindered kinetics was observed for the surface-sensitive [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- probe. Furthermore, the ability to electrochemically detect organic compounds of different structural motifs, such as glucose, ascorbic acid, uric acid, tyrosine, and dopamine, was successfully verified and compared with commercially available screen-printed BDD electrodes. The newly developed chip-based manufacture method enables the rapid prototyping of different small-scale electrode designs and BDD microstructures, which can lead to enhanced sensor performance with capability of repeated use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Liu
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Simona Baluchová
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Bob Brocken
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Essraa Ahmed
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC, IMEC
vzw, Wetenschapspark
1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Paulius Pobedinskas
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC, IMEC
vzw, Wetenschapspark
1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ken Haenen
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC, IMEC
vzw, Wetenschapspark
1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Josephus G. Buijnsters
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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Zalieckas J, Mondragon IR, Pobedinskas P, Kristoffersen AS, Mohamed-Ahmed S, Gjerde C, Høl PJ, Hallan G, Furnes ON, Cimpan MR, Haenen K, Holst B, Greve MM. Polycrystalline Diamond Coating on Orthopedic Implants: Realization and Role of Surface Topology and Chemistry in Adsorption of Proteins and Cell Proliferation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:44933-44946. [PMID: 36135965 PMCID: PMC9542704 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polycrystalline diamond has the potential to improve the osseointegration of orthopedic implants compared to conventional materials such as titanium. However, despite the excellent biocompatibility and superior mechanical properties, the major challenge of using diamond for implants, such as those used for hip arthroplasty, is the limitation of microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques to synthesize diamond on complex-shaped objects. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate diamond growth on titanium acetabular shells using the surface wave plasma CVD method. Polycrystalline diamond coatings were synthesized at low temperatures (∼400 °C) on three types of acetabular shells with different surface structures and porosities. We achieved the growth of diamond on highly porous surfaces designed to mimic the structure of the trabecular bone and improve osseointegration. Biocompatibility was investigated on nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) and ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) coatings terminated either with hydrogen or oxygen. To understand the role of diamond surface topology and chemistry in the attachment and proliferation of mammalian cells, we investigated the adsorption of extracellular matrix proteins and monitored the metabolic activity of fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The interaction of bovine serum albumin and type I collagen with the diamond surfaces was investigated by confocal fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). We found that the proliferation of osteogenic cells was better on hydrogen-terminated UNCD than on the oxygen-terminated counterpart. These findings correlated with the behavior of collagen on diamond substrates observed by FLIM. Hydrogen-terminated UNCD provided better adhesion and proliferation of osteogenic cells, compared to titanium, while the growth of fibroblasts was poorest on hydrogen-terminated NCD and MSCs behaved similarly on all tested surfaces. These results open new opportunities for application of diamond coatings on orthopedic implants to further improve bone fixation and osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justas Zalieckas
- Department
of Physics and Technology, University of
Bergen, Allegaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ivan R. Mondragon
- Department
for Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Paulius Pobedinskas
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC,
Interuniversity MicroElectronics Center (IMEC) vzw, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Arne S. Kristoffersen
- Department
of Physics and Technology, University of
Bergen, Allegaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Samih Mohamed-Ahmed
- Department
for Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Cecilie Gjerde
- Department
for Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Paul J. Høl
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Haukeland University
Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department
of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 87, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Geir Hallan
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Haukeland University
Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department
of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 87, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ove N. Furnes
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Haukeland University
Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department
of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 87, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mihaela Roxana Cimpan
- Department
for Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ken Haenen
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC,
Interuniversity MicroElectronics Center (IMEC) vzw, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bodil Holst
- Department
of Physics and Technology, University of
Bergen, Allegaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Martin M. Greve
- Department
of Physics and Technology, University of
Bergen, Allegaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway
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5
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Sledz F, Flatae AM, Lagomarsino S, Piccolomo S, Nicley SS, Haenen K, Rechenberg R, Becker MF, Sciortino S, Gelli N, Giuntini L, Speranza G, Agio M. Light emission from color centers in phosphorus-doped diamond. EPJ Web Conf 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202226609008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Light emission from color centers in diamond is being extensively investigated for developing, among other quantum devices, single-photon sources operating at room temperature. By doping diamond with phosphorus, one obtains an n-type semiconductor, which can be exploited for the electrical excitation of color centers. Here, we discuss the optical properties of color centers in phosphorus-doped diamond, especially the silicon-vacancy center, presenting the single-photon emission characteristics and the temperature dependence aiming for electroluminescent single-photon emitting devices.
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6
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Panda K, Kim JE, Sankaran KJ, Lin IN, Haenen K, Duesberg GS, Park JY. Hydrogenation of diamond nanowire surfaces for effective electrostatic charge storage. Nanoscale 2021; 13:7308-7321. [PMID: 33889909 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00189b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel versatile method for writing charged areas on diamond nanowire (DNW) surfaces using an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations revealed the existence of abundant plate-like diamond aggregates, which were encased in layers of graphite, forming nano-sized diamond-graphite composites (DGCs) on DNW surfaces. These DGCs are the main feature, acting as charge-trapping centers and storing electrostatic charge. A hydrogenation process has been observed effectively enhancing the charge-trapping properties of these DNW materials. The effective charge trapping properties with hydrogenation are ascribed to the disintegration of the DGCs into smaller pieces, with an overall increase in the metallic nanographitic phase fractions in a dielectric diamond matrix. Moreover, the written charge on the surface can be easily modified, re-written, or completely erased, enabling application in diamond-based re-writable electronic devices. However, excessive hydrogenation degrades the charge-trapping properties, which is attributed to the etching of the DGCs from the surface. This study demonstrates the potential importance of a simple hydrogenation process in effective electrostatic charge trapping and storage for diamond related nanocarbon materials and the role of DGCs to further enhance it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpataru Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
- Institute of Physics, EIT 2, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Jae-Eun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
| | | | - I-Nan Lin
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, 251 Tamsui, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ken Haenen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Georg S Duesberg
- Institute of Physics, EIT 2, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Jeong Young Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
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Lloret F, Sankaran KJ, Millan-Barba J, Desta D, Rouzbahani R, Pobedinskas P, Gutierrez M, Boyen HG, Haenen K. Improved Field Electron Emission Properties of Phosphorus and Nitrogen Co-Doped Nanocrystalline Diamond Films. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:nano10061024. [PMID: 32471124 PMCID: PMC7353415 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) field emitters have attracted significant interest for vacuum microelectronics applications. This work presents an approach to enhance the field electron emission (FEE) properties of NCD films by co-doping phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) using microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. While the methane (CH4) and P concentrations are kept constant, the N2 concentration is varied from 0.2% to 2% and supplemented by H2. The composition of the gas mixture is tracked in situ by optical emission spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy are used to provide evidence of the changes in crystal morphology, surface roughness, microstructure, and crystalline quality of the different NCD samples. The FEE results display that the 2% N2 concentration sample had the best FEE properties, viz. the lowest turn-on field value of 14.3 V/µm and the highest current value of 2.7 µA at an applied field of 73.0 V/µm. Conductive AFM studies reveal that the 2% N2 concentration NCD sample showed more emission sites, both from the diamond grains and the grain boundaries surrounding them. While phosphorus doping increased the electrical conductivity of the diamond grains, the incorporation of N2 during growth facilitated the formation of nano-graphitic grain boundary phases that provide conducting pathways for the electrons, thereby improving the FEE properties for the 2% N2 concentrated NCD films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Lloret
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium (D.D.); (R.R.); (P.P.); (H.-G.B.)
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department Fisica Aplicada, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Kamatchi Jothiramalingam Sankaran
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium (D.D.); (R.R.); (P.P.); (H.-G.B.)
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Josué Millan-Barba
- Department Ciencia de los Materiales e IM y QI, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.M.-B.); (M.G.)
| | - Derese Desta
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium (D.D.); (R.R.); (P.P.); (H.-G.B.)
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Rozita Rouzbahani
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium (D.D.); (R.R.); (P.P.); (H.-G.B.)
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Paulius Pobedinskas
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium (D.D.); (R.R.); (P.P.); (H.-G.B.)
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marina Gutierrez
- Department Ciencia de los Materiales e IM y QI, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (J.M.-B.); (M.G.)
| | - Hans-Gerd Boyen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium (D.D.); (R.R.); (P.P.); (H.-G.B.)
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ken Haenen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium (D.D.); (R.R.); (P.P.); (H.-G.B.)
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (K.H.)
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8
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Banerjee D, Sankaran KJ, Deshmukh S, Ficek M, Yeh CJ, Ryl J, Lin IN, Bogdanowicz R, Kanjilal A, Haenen K, Sinha Roy S. Single-step grown boron doped nanocrystalline diamond-carbon nanograss hybrid as an efficient supercapacitor electrode. Nanoscale 2020; 12:10117-10126. [PMID: 32352121 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00230e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Direct synthesis of a nano-structured carbon hybrid consisting of vertically aligned carbon nanograsses on top of boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond is demonstrated and the carbon hybrid is further applied as an electrode material for the fabrication of supercapacitors. The hybrid film combines the dual advantages of sp2 (carbon nanograss) and sp3 (nanocrystalline diamond) bonded carbon, possessing not only the excellent electrical characteristics of sp2 carbon but also the exceptional electrochemical stability of sp3 carbon. As a result, the specific capacitance of the as-prepared hybrid material reaches up to 0.4 F cm-2, one of the highest reported in diamond-based supercapacitors. The entire electrochemical results exhibit enhanced electron transfer efficiency with remarkable stability of 95% of capacitance retention even after 10 000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debosmita Banerjee
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH-91, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India.
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9
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Raymakers J, Artemenko A, Verstraeten F, Krysova H, Cermák J, Nicley S, Lopez-Carballeira D, Kromka A, Haenen K, Kavan L, Maes W, Rezek B. Photogenerated charge collection on diamond electrodes with covalently linked chromophore monolayers. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Sankaran KJ, Ficek M, Panda K, Yeh CJ, Sawczak M, Ryl J, Leou KC, Park JY, Lin IN, Bogdanowicz R, Haenen K. Boron-Doped Nanocrystalline Diamond-Carbon Nanospike Hybrid Electron Emission Source. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:48612-48623. [PMID: 31794182 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electron emission signifies an important mechanism facilitating the enlargement of devices that have modernized large parts of science and technology. Today, the search for innovative electron emission devices for imaging, sensing, electronics, and high-energy physics continues. Integrating two materials with dissimilar electronic properties into a hybrid material is an extremely sought-after synergistic approach, envisioning a superior field electron emission (FEE) material. An innovation is described regarding the fabrication of a nanostructured carbon hybrid, resulting from the one-step growth of boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond (BNCD) and carbon nanospikes (CNSs) by a microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique. Spectroscopic and microscopic tools are used to investigate the morphological, bonding, and microstructural characteristics related to the growth mechanism of these hybrids. Utilizing the benefits of both the sharp edges of the CNSs and the high stability of BNCD, promising FEE performance with a lower turn-on field of 1.3 V/μm, a higher field enhancement factor of 6780, and a stable FEE current stability lasting for 780 min is obtained. The microplasma devices utilizing these hybrids as a cathode illustrate a superior plasma illumination behavior. Such hybrid carbon nanostructures, with superb electron emission characteristics, can encourage the enlargement of several electron emission device technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mateusz Ficek
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics , Gdansk University of Technology , 11/12 G. Narutowicza Street , 80-233 Gdansk , Poland
| | - Kalpataru Panda
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , 34141 Daejeon , Korea
- Department of Chemistry , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 34141 Daejeon , Korea
| | - Chien-Jui Yeh
- Department of Engineering and System Science , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu , 30013 Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Miroslaw Sawczak
- Center for Plasma and Laser Engineering, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery , Polish Academy of Sciences , Fiszera 14 , 80-231 Gdansk , Poland
| | - Jacek Ryl
- Department of Electrochemistry, Corrosion and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry , Gdansk University of Technology , Narutowicza 11/12 , 80-233 Gdansk , Poland
| | - Keh-Chyang Leou
- Department of Engineering and System Science , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu , 30013 Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Jeong Young Park
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , 34141 Daejeon , Korea
- Department of Chemistry , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 34141 Daejeon , Korea
| | - I-Nan Lin
- Department of Physics , Tamkang University , Tamsui , 251 Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Robert Bogdanowicz
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics , Gdansk University of Technology , 11/12 G. Narutowicza Street , 80-233 Gdansk , Poland
| | - Ken Haenen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO) , Hasselt University , 3590 Diepenbeek , Belgium
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw , 3590 Diepenbeek , Belgium
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11
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Sankaran KJ, Bikkarolla SK, Desta D, Roy SS, Boyen HG, Lin IN, McLaughlin J, Haenen K. Laser-Patternable Graphene Field Emitters for Plasma Displays. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9:nano9101493. [PMID: 31635101 PMCID: PMC6835302 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a plasma display device (PDD) based on laser-induced graphene nanoribbons (LIGNs), which were directly fabricated on polyimide sheets. Superior field electron emission (FEE) characteristics, viz. a low turn-on field of 0.44 V/μm and a large field enhancement factor of 4578, were achieved for the LIGNs. Utilizing LIGNs as a cathode in a PDD showed excellent plasma illumination characteristics with a prolonged plasma lifetime stability. Moreover, the LIGN cathodes were directly laser-patternable. Such superior plasma illumination performance of LIGN-based PDDs has the potential to make a significant impact on display technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santosh Kumar Bikkarolla
- School of Engineering, Engineering Research Institute, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK.
| | - Derese Desta
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Susanta Sinha Roy
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India.
| | - Hans-Gerd Boyen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - I-Nan Lin
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, Tamsui 251, Taiwan, China.
| | - James McLaughlin
- School of Engineering, Engineering Research Institute, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK.
| | - Ken Haenen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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12
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Yu S, Sankaran KJ, Korneychuk S, Verbeeck J, Haenen K, Jiang X, Yang N. High-performance supercabatteries using graphite@diamond nano-needle capacitor electrodes and redox electrolytes. Nanoscale 2019; 11:17939-17946. [PMID: 31553006 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07037k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Supercabatteries have the characteristics of supercapacitors and batteries, namely high power and energy densities as well as long cycle life. To construct them, capacitor electrodes with wide potential windows and/or redox electrolytes are required. Herein, graphite@diamond nano-needles and an aqueous solution of Fe(CN)63-/4- are utilized as the capacitor electrode and the electrolyte, respectively. This diamond capacitor electrode has a nitrogen-doped diamond core and a nano-graphitic shell. In 0.05 M Fe(CN)63-/4- + 1.0 M Na2SO4 aqueous solution, the fabricated supercabattery has a capacitance of 66.65 mF cm-2 at a scan rate of 10 mV s-1. It is stable over 10 000 charge/discharge cycles. The symmetric supercabattery device assembled using a two-electrode system possesses energy and power densities of 10.40 W h kg-1 and 6.96 kW kg-1, respectively. These values are comparable to those of other energy storage devices. Therefore, diamond supercabatteries are promising for many industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Yu
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen, Siegen 57076, Germany.
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13
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Sankaran KJ, Yeh CJ, Hsieh PY, Pobedinskas P, Kunuku S, Leou KC, Tai NH, Lin IN, Haenen K. Origin of Conductive Nanocrystalline Diamond Nanoneedles for Optoelectronic Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:25388-25398. [PMID: 31260239 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microstructural evolution of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) nanoneedles owing to the addition of methane and nitrogen in the reactant gases is systematically addressed. It has been determined that varying the concentration of CH4 in the CH4/H2/N2 plasma is significant to tailor the morphology and microstructure of NCD films. While NCD films grown with 1% CH4 in a CH4/H2/N2 (3%) plasma contain large diamond grains, the microstructure changed considerably for NCD films grown using 5% (or 10%) CH4, ensuing in nanosized diamond grains. For 15% CH4-grown NCD films, a well-defined nanoneedle structure evolves. These NCD nanoneedle films contain sp3 phase diamond, sheathed with sp2-bonded graphitic phases, achieving a low resistivity of 90 Ω cm and enhanced field electron emission (FEE) properties, namely, a low turn-on field of 4.3 V/μm with a high FEE current density of 3.3 mA/cm2 (at an applied field of 8.6 V/μm) and a significant field enhancement factor of 3865. Furthermore, a microplasma device utilizing NCD nanoneedle films as cathodes can trigger a gas breakdown at a low threshold field of 3600 V/cm attaining a high plasma illumination current density of 1.14 mA/cm2 at an applied voltage of 500 V, and a high plasma lifetime stability of 881 min is evidenced. The optical emission spectroscopy studies suggest that the C2, CN, and CH species in the growing plasma are the major causes for the observed microstructural evolution in the NCD films. However, the increase in substrate temperature to ∼780 °C due to the incorporation of 15% CH4 in the CH4/H2/N2 plasma is the key driver resulting in the origin of nanoneedles in NCD films. The outstanding optoelectronic characteristics of these nanoneedle films make them suitable as cathodes in high-brightness display panels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paulius Pobedinskas
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO) , Hasselt University , Diepenbeek 3590 , Belgium
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw , Diepenbeek 3590 , Belgium
| | | | | | | | - I-Nan Lin
- Department of Physics , Tamkang University , Tamsui 251 , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Ken Haenen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO) , Hasselt University , Diepenbeek 3590 , Belgium
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw , Diepenbeek 3590 , Belgium
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14
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Deshmukh S, Sankaran KJ, Korneychuk S, Verbeeck J, Mclaughlin J, Haenen K, Roy SS. Nanostructured nitrogen doped diamond for the detection of toxic metal ions. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Sankaran KJ, Yeh CJ, Kunuku S, Thomas JP, Pobedinskas P, Drijkoningen S, Sundaravel B, Leou KC, Leung KT, Van Bael MK, Schreck M, Lin IN, Haenen K. Microstructural Effect on the Enhancement of Field Electron Emission Properties of Nanocrystalline Diamond Films by Li-Ion Implantation and Annealing Processes. ACS Omega 2018; 3:9956-9965. [PMID: 31459124 PMCID: PMC6645082 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The impact of lithium-ion implantation and postannealing processes on improving the electrical conductivity and field electron emission (FEE) characteristics of nitrogen-doped nanocrystalline diamond (nNCD) films was observed to be distinctly different from those of undoped NCD (uNCD) films. A high-dose Li-ion implantation induced the formation of electron trap centers inside the diamond grains and amorphous carbon (a-C) phases in grain boundaries for both types of NCD films. Postannealing at 1000 °C healed the defects, eliminated the electron trap centers, and converted the a-C into nanographitic phases. The abundant nanographitic phases in the grain boundaries of the nNCD films as compared to the uNCD films made an interconnected path for effectual electron transport and consequently enhanced the FEE characteristics of nNCD films.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chien-Jui Yeh
- Department
of Engineering and System Science, National
Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Srinivasu Kunuku
- Department
of Engineering and System Science, National
Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | - Paulius Pobedinskas
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC,
IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sien Drijkoningen
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC,
IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | - Keh-Chyang Leou
- Department
of Engineering and System Science, National
Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kam Tong Leung
- WATLab
and Department of Chemistry, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Marlies K. Van Bael
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC,
IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Matthias Schreck
- Institute
of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - I-Nan Lin
- Department
of Physics, Tamkang University, Tamsui 251, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ken Haenen
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC,
IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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16
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Sankaran KJ, Panda K, Hsieh PY, Pobedinskas P, Park JY, Van Bael MK, Tai NH, Lin IN, Haenen K. Low Temperature Synthesis of Lithium-Doped Nanocrystalline Diamond Films with Enhanced Field Electron Emission Properties. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2018; 8:E653. [PMID: 30149533 PMCID: PMC6164399 DOI: 10.3390/nano8090653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low temperature (350 °C) grown conductive nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films were realized by lithium diffusion from Cr-coated lithium niobate substrates (Cr/LNO). The NCD/Cr/LNO films showed a low resistivity of 0.01 Ω·cm and excellent field electron emission characteristics, viz. a low turn-on field of 2.3 V/µm, a high-current density of 11.0 mA/cm² (at 4.9 V/m), a large field enhancement factor of 1670, and a life-time stability of 445 min (at 3.0 mA/cm²). The low temperature deposition process combined with the excellent electrical characteristics offers a new prospective for applications based on temperature sensitive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kalpataru Panda
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Ping-Yen Hsieh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, China.
| | - Paulius Pobedinskas
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Jeong Young Park
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Graduate School of EEWS, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Marlies K Van Bael
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Nyan-Hwa Tai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, China.
| | - I-Nan Lin
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, Tamsui 251, Taiwan, China.
| | - Ken Haenen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
- IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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17
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Kellens E, Bové H, Vandenryt T, Lambrichts J, Dekens J, Drijkoningen S, D'Haen J, Ceuninck WD, Thoelen R, Junkers T, Haenen K, Ethirajan A. Micro-patterned molecularly imprinted polymer structures on functionalized diamond-coated substrates for testosterone detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 118:58-65. [PMID: 30056301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) can selectively bind target molecules and can therefore be advantageously used as a low-cost and robust alternative to replace fragile and expensive natural receptors. Yet, one major challenge in using MIPs for sensor development is the lack of simple and cost-effective techniques that allow firm fixation as well as controllable and consistent receptor material distribution on the sensor substrate. In this work, a convenient method is presented wherein microfluidic systems in conjunction with in situ photo-polymerization on functionalized diamond substrates are used. This novel strategy is simple, efficient, low-cost and less time consuming. Moreover, the approach ensures a tunable and consistent MIP material amount and distribution between different sensor substrates and thus a controllable active sensing surface. The obtained patterned MIP structures are successfully tested as a selective sensor platform to detect physiological concentrations of the hormone disruptor testosterone in buffer, urine and saliva using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The highest added testosterone concentration (500 nM) in buffer resulted in an impedance signal of 10.03 ± 0.19% and the lowest concentration (0.5 nM) led to a measurable signal of 1.8 ± 0.15% for the MIPs. With a detection limit of 0.5 nM, the MIP signals exhibited good linearity between a 0.5 nM and 20 nM concentration range. Apart from the excellent and selective recognition offered by these MIP structures, they are also stable during and after the dynamic sensor measurements. Additionally, the MIPs can be easily regenerated by a simple washing procedure and are successfully tested for their reusability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Kellens
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Hannelore Bové
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Thijs Vandenryt
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Lambrichts
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jolien Dekens
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sien Drijkoningen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jan D'Haen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ward De Ceuninck
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ronald Thoelen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ken Haenen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Anitha Ethirajan
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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18
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Korneychuk S, Partoens B, Guzzinati G, Ramaneti R, Derluyn J, Haenen K, Verbeeck J. Exploring possibilities of band gap measurement with off-axis EELS in TEM. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 189:76-84. [PMID: 29626835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A technique to measure the band gap of dielectric materials with high refractive index by means of energy electron loss spectroscopy (EELS) is presented. The technique relies on the use of a circular (Bessel) aperture and suppresses Cherenkov losses and surface-guided light modes by enforcing a momentum transfer selection. The technique also strongly suppresses the elastic zero loss peak, making the acquisition, interpretation and signal to noise ratio of low loss spectra considerably better, especially for excitations in the first few eV of the EELS spectrum. Simulations of the low loss inelastic electron scattering probabilities demonstrate the beneficial influence of the Bessel aperture in this setup even for high accelerating voltages. The importance of selecting the optimal experimental convergence and collection angles is highlighted. The effect of the created off-axis acquisition conditions on the selection of the transitions from valence to conduction bands is discussed in detail on a simplified isotropic two band model. This opens the opportunity for deliberately selecting certain transitions by carefully tuning the microscope parameters. The suggested approach is experimentally demonstrated and provides good signal to noise ratio and interpretable band gap signals on reference samples of diamond, GaN and AlN while offering spatial resolution in the nm range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Korneychuk
- Electron Microscopy for Material Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium.
| | - Bart Partoens
- Condensed Matter Theory (CMT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Giulio Guzzinati
- Electron Microscopy for Material Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Rajesh Ramaneti
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium; IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | | | - Ken Haenen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium; IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Jo Verbeeck
- Electron Microscopy for Material Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
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19
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Sankaran KJ, Ficek M, Kunuku S, Panda K, Yeh CJ, Park JY, Sawczak M, Michałowski PP, Leou KC, Bogdanowicz R, Lin IN, Haenen K. Self-organized multi-layered graphene-boron-doped diamond hybrid nanowalls for high-performance electron emission devices. Nanoscale 2018; 10:1345-1355. [PMID: 29296984 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06774g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials such as nanotubes, nanoflakes/nanowalls, and graphene have been used as electron sources due to their superior field electron emission (FEE) characteristics. However, these materials show poor stability and short lifetimes, which prevent their use in practical device applications. The aim of this study was to find an innovative nanomaterial possessing both high robustness and reliable FEE behavior. Herein, a hybrid structure of self-organized multi-layered graphene (MLG)-boron doped diamond (BDD) nanowall materials with superior FEE characteristics was successfully synthesized using a microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition process. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the as-prepared carbon clusters have a uniform, dense, and sharp nanowall morphology with sp3 diamond cores encased by an sp2 MLG shell. Detailed nanoscale investigations conducted using peak force-controlled tunneling atomic force microscopy show that each of the core-shell structured carbon cluster fields emits electrons equally well. The MLG-BDD nanowall materials show a low turn-on field of 2.4 V μm-1, a high emission current density of 4.2 mA cm-2 at an applied field of 4.0 V μm-1, a large field enhancement factor of 4500, and prominently high lifetime stability (lasting for 700 min), which demonstrate the superiority of these materials over other hybrid nanostructured materials. The potential of these MLG-BDD hybrid nanowall materials in practical device applications was further illustrated by the plasma illumination behavior of a microplasma device with these materials as the cathode, where a low threshold voltage of 330 V (low threshold field of 330 V mm-1) and long plasma stability of 358 min were demonstrated. The fabrication of these hybrid nanowalls is straight forward and thereby opens up a pathway for the advancement of next-generation cathode materials for high brightness electron emission and microplasma-based display devices.
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20
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Raymakers J, Krysova H, Artemenko A, Čermák J, Nicley SS, Verstappen P, Gielen S, Kromka A, Haenen K, Kavan L, Maes W, Rezek B. Functionalization of boron-doped diamond with a push–pull chromophore via Sonogashira and CuAAC chemistry. RSC Adv 2018; 8:33276-33290. [PMID: 35548149 PMCID: PMC9086440 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07545j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionalization of boron-doped diamond with a push–pull chromophore via Sonogashira cross-coupling affords better photovoltaic performances as compared to functionalization via CuAAC.
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21
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Geiger S, Kasian O, Mingers AM, Nicley SS, Haenen K, Mayrhofer KJJ, Cherevko S. Catalyst Stability Benchmarking for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction: The Importance of Backing Electrode Material and Dissolution in Accelerated Aging Studies. ChemSusChem 2017; 10:4140-4143. [PMID: 28922570 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In searching for alternative oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts for acidic water splitting, fast screening of the material intrinsic activity and stability in half-cell tests is of vital importance. The screening process significantly accelerates the discovery of new promising materials without the need of time-consuming real-cell analysis. In commonly employed tests, a conclusion on the catalyst stability is drawn solely on the basis of electrochemical data, for example, by evaluating potential-versus-time profiles. Herein important limitations of such approaches, which are related to the degradation of the backing electrode material, are demonstrated. State-of-the-art Ir-black powder is investigated for OER activity and for dissolution as a function of the backing electrode material. Even at very short time intervals materials like glassy carbon passivate, increasing the contact resistance and concealing the degradation phenomena of the electrocatalyst itself. Alternative backing electrodes like gold and boron-doped diamond show better stability and are thus recommended for short accelerated aging investigations. Moreover, parallel quantification of dissolution products in the electrolyte is shown to be of great importance for comparing OER catalyst feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Geiger
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Olga Kasian
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea M Mingers
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Shannon S Nicley
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, &, IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ken Haenen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, &, IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Karl J J Mayrhofer
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Department of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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22
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Bhattacharya G, Jothiramalingam Sankaran K, Srivastava SB, Thomas JP, Deshmukh S, Pobedinskas P, Singh SP, Leung KT, Van Bael MK, Haenen K, Roy SS. Probing the flat band potential and effective electronic carrier density in vertically aligned nitrogen doped diamond nanorods via electrochemical method. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Sankaran KJ, Yeh CJ, Drijkoningen S, Pobedinskas P, Van Bael MK, Leou KC, Lin IN, Haenen K. Enhancement of plasma illumination characteristics of few-layer graphene-diamond nanorods hybrid. Nanotechnology 2017; 28:065701. [PMID: 28035093 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa5378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Few-layer graphene (FLG) was catalytically formed on vertically aligned diamond nanorods (DNRs) by a high temperature annealing process. The presence of 4-5 layers of FLG on DNRs was confirmed by transmission electron microscopic studies. It enhances the field electron emission (FEE) behavior of the DNRs. The FLG-DNRs show excellent FEE characteristics with a low turn-on field of 4.21 V μm-1 and a large field enhancement factor of 3480. Moreover, using FLG-DNRs as cathode markedly enhances the plasma illumination behavior of a microplasma device, viz not only the plasma current density is increased, but also the robustness of the devices is improved.
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Drijkoningen S, Janssens SD, Pobedinskas P, Koizumi S, Van Bael MK, Haenen K. The pressure sensitivity of wrinkled B-doped nanocrystalline diamond membranes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35667. [PMID: 27767048 PMCID: PMC5073358 DOI: 10.1038/srep35667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) membranes are promising candidates for use as sensitive pressure sensors. NCD membranes are able to withstand harsh conditions and are easily fabricated on glass. In this study the sensitivity of heavily boron doped NCD (B:NCD) pressure sensors is evaluated with respect to different types of supporting glass substrates, doping levels and membrane sizes. Higher pressure sensing sensitivities are obtained for membranes on Corning Eagle 2000 glass, which have a better match in thermal expansion coefficient with diamond compared to those on Schott AF45 glass. In addition, it is shown that larger and more heavily doped membranes are more sensitive. After fabrication of the membranes, the stress in the B:NCD films is released by the emergence of wrinkles. A better match between the thermal expansion coefficient of the NCD layer and the underlying substrate results in less stress and a smaller amount of wrinkles as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and 3D surface imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Drijkoningen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - S D Janssens
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - P Pobedinskas
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - S Koizumi
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), c/o AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - M K Van Bael
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - K Haenen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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25
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Sankaran KJ, Hoang DQ, Kunuku S, Korneychuk S, Turner S, Pobedinskas P, Drijkoningen S, Van Bael MK, D' Haen J, Verbeeck J, Leou KC, Lin IN, Haenen K. Enhanced optoelectronic performances of vertically aligned hexagonal boron nitride nanowalls-nanocrystalline diamond heterostructures. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29444. [PMID: 27404130 PMCID: PMC4941520 DOI: 10.1038/srep29444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Field electron emission (FEE) properties of vertically aligned hexagonal boron nitride nanowalls (hBNNWs) grown on Si have been markedly enhanced through the use of nitrogen doped nanocrystalline diamond (nNCD) films as an interlayer. The FEE properties of hBNNWs-nNCD heterostructures show a low turn-on field of 15.2 V/μm, a high FEE current density of 1.48 mA/cm(2) and life-time up to a period of 248 min. These values are far superior to those for hBNNWs grown on Si substrates without the nNCD interlayer, which have a turn-on field of 46.6 V/μm with 0.21 mA/cm(2) FEE current density and life-time of 27 min. Cross-sectional TEM investigation reveals that the utilization of the diamond interlayer circumvented the formation of amorphous boron nitride prior to the growth of hexagonal boron nitride. Moreover, incorporation of carbon in hBNNWs improves the conductivity of hBNNWs. Such a unique combination of materials results in efficient electron transport crossing nNCD-to-hBNNWs interface and inside the hBNNWs that results in enhanced field emission of electrons. The prospective application of these materials is manifested by plasma illumination measurements with lower threshold voltage (370 V) and longer life-time, authorizing the role of hBNNWs-nNCD heterostructures in the enhancement of electron emission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duc Quang Hoang
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Srinivasu Kunuku
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, 30013 Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Svetlana Korneychuk
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stuart Turner
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paulius Pobedinskas
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sien Drijkoningen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marlies K Van Bael
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jan D' Haen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Johan Verbeeck
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Keh-Chyang Leou
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, 30013 Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - I-Nan Lin
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, 251 Tamsui, Taiwan
| | - Ken Haenen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,IMOMEC, IMEC vzw, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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26
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Sankaran KJ, Hoang DQ, Korneychuk S, Kunuku S, Thomas JP, Pobedinskas P, Drijkoningen S, Van Bael MK, D'Haen J, Verbeeck J, Leou KC, Leung KT, Lin IN, Haenen K. Hierarchical hexagonal boron nitride nanowall–diamond nanorod heterostructures with enhanced optoelectronic performance. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19596b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Covering diamond nanorod with hexagonal boron nitride nanowalls is an effective approach for the fabrication of hierarchical heterostructured field emission devices that open new prospects in flat panel displays and high brightness electron sources.
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27
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Sankaran KJ, Chang TH, Bikkarolla SK, Roy SS, Papakonstantinou P, Drijkoningen S, Pobedinskas P, Van Bael MK, Tai NH, Lin IN, Haenen K. Growth, structural and plasma illumination properties of nanocrystalline diamond-decorated graphene nanoflakes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07116c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Decorating graphene nanoflakes with nanocrystalline diamond gives superior functioning for microplasma devices with long lifetime stability plasma illumination performances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ting Hsun Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu
- Republic of China
| | | | | | | | - Sien Drijkoningen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Hasselt University
- Diepenbeek
- Belgium
- IMOMEC
| | - Paulius Pobedinskas
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Hasselt University
- Diepenbeek
- Belgium
- IMOMEC
| | - Marlies K. Van Bael
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Hasselt University
- Diepenbeek
- Belgium
- IMOMEC
| | - Nyan-Hwa Tai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu
- Republic of China
| | - I.-Nan Lin
- Department of Physics
- Tamkang University
- Tamsui
- Republic of China
| | - Ken Haenen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Hasselt University
- Diepenbeek
- Belgium
- IMOMEC
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28
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Vlčková Živcová Z, Frank O, Drijkoningen S, Haenen K, Mortet V, Kavan L. n-Type phosphorus-doped nanocrystalline diamond: electrochemical and in situ Raman spectroelectrochemical study. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05217g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical and in situ Raman spectroelectrochemical characterization of n-type phosphorus-doped nanocrystalline diamond (P-NCD) is carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Vlčková Živcová
- Department of Electrochemical Materials
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the AS CR
- Prague 8
- Czech Republic
| | - O. Frank
- Department of Electrochemical Materials
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the AS CR
- Prague 8
- Czech Republic
| | - S. Drijkoningen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Hasselt University
- B-3590 Diepenbeek
- Belgium
| | - K. Haenen
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Hasselt University
- B-3590 Diepenbeek
- Belgium
- IMOMEC
| | - V. Mortet
- Institute of Physics of the AS CR
- Prague 8
- Czech Republic
- Czech Technical University in Prague
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering
| | - L. Kavan
- Department of Electrochemical Materials
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the AS CR
- Prague 8
- Czech Republic
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29
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Degutis G, Pobedinskas P, Boyen HG, Dexters W, Janssen W, Drijkoningen S, Hardy A, Haenen K, Van Bael M. Improved nanodiamond seeding on chromium by surface plasma pretreatment. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Dexters W, Bourgeois E, Nesládek M, D'Haen J, Goovaerts E, Haenen K. Molecular orientation of lead phthalocyanine on (100) oriented single crystal diamond surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:9619-23. [PMID: 25779759 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00174a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lead phthalocyanine (PbPc) thin films of 5 and 50 nm have been deposited on hydrogen and oxygen terminated single crystal diamond (SCD) using organic molecular beam deposition. Atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies showed that PbPc grown on the hydrogen terminated SCD forms layers with a high degree of crystallinity, dominated by the monoclinic (320) orientation parallel to the diamond surface. The oxygen terminated diamond led to a randomly oriented PbPc film. Absorption and photocurrent measurements indicated the presence of both polymorphs of PbPc, however, the ratio differed depending on the termination of the SCD. Finally, polarized Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the orientation of the molecules of the thin film. The results confirmed the random orientation on the O-terminated diamond. On SCD:H, the PbPc molecules are lying down in accordance with the XRD results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Dexters
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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31
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Caterino R, Csiki R, Lyuleeva A, Pfisterer J, Wiesinger M, Janssens SD, Haenen K, Cattani-Scholz A, Stutzmann M, Garrido JA. Photocurrent generation in diamond electrodes modified with reaction centers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:8099-8107. [PMID: 25836362 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoactive reaction centers (RCs) are protein complexes in bacteria able to convert sunlight into other forms of energy with a high quantum yield. The photostimulation of immobilized RCs on inorganic electrodes result in the generation of photocurrent that is of interest for biosolar cell applications. This paper reports on the use of novel electrodes based on functional conductive nanocrystalline diamond onto which bacterial RCs are immobilized. A three-dimensional conductive polymer scaffold grafted to the diamond electrodes enables efficient entrapment of photoreactive proteins. The electron transfer in these functional diamond electrodes is optimized through the use of a ferrocene-based electron mediator, which provides significant advantages such as a rapid electron transfer as well as high generated photocurrent. A detailed discussion of the generated photocurrent as a function of time, bias voltage, and mediators in solution unveils the mechanisms limiting the electron transfer in these functional electrodes. This work featuring diamond-based electrodes in biophotovoltaics offers general guidelines that can serve to improve the performance of similar devices based on different materials and geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Caterino
- †Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4 Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Réka Csiki
- †Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4 Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Alina Lyuleeva
- †Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4 Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Jonas Pfisterer
- †Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4 Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Markus Wiesinger
- †Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4 Garching, 85748, Germany
| | | | | | - Anna Cattani-Scholz
- †Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4 Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Martin Stutzmann
- †Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4 Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Jose A Garrido
- †Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4 Garching, 85748, Germany
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32
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Seshan V, Island JO, van Leeuwen R, Venstra WJ, Schneider BH, Janssens SD, Haenen K, Sudhölter EJR, de Smet LCPM, van der Zant HSJ, Steele GA, Castellanos-Gomez A. Pick-up and drop transfer of diamond nanosheets. Nanotechnology 2015; 26:125706. [PMID: 25742057 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/12/125706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) is a promising material for electronic and mechanical micro- and nanodevices. Here we introduce a versatile pick-up and drop technique that makes it possible to investigate the electrical, optical and mechanical properties of as-grown NCD films. Using this technique, NCD nanosheets, as thin as 55 nm, can be picked-up from a growth substrate and positioned on another substrate. As a proof of concept, electronic devices and mechanical resonators are fabricated and their properties are characterized. In addition, the versatility of the method is further explored by transferring NCD nanosheets onto an optical fiber, which allows measuring its optical absorption. Finally, we show that NCD nanosheets can also be transferred onto two-dimensional crystals, such as MoS2, to fabricate heterostructures. Pick-up and drop transfer enables the fabrication of a variety of NCD-based devices without requiring lithography or wet processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Seshan
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands. Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
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33
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Krysova H, Kavan L, Zivcova ZV, Yeap WS, Verstappen P, Maes W, Haenen K, Gao F, Nebel CE. Dye-sensitization of boron-doped diamond foam: champion photoelectrochemical performance of diamond electrodes under solar light illumination. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12413a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diamond foams composed of hollow spheres of polycrystalline boron-doped diamond are chemically modified with two donor–acceptor type molecular dyes, BT-Rho and CPDT-Fur, and tested as electrode materials for p-type dye-sensitized solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Krysova
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the AS CR
- Prague 8
- Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Kavan
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the AS CR
- Prague 8
- Czech Republic
| | | | - Weng Siang Yeap
- Hasselt University
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- B-3590 Diepenbeek
- Belgium
| | - Pieter Verstappen
- Hasselt University
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- B-3590 Diepenbeek
- Belgium
| | - Wouter Maes
- Hasselt University
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- B-3590 Diepenbeek
- Belgium
- IMEC vzw
| | - Ken Haenen
- Hasselt University
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- B-3590 Diepenbeek
- Belgium
- IMEC vzw
| | - Fang Gao
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics (IAF)
- D-79108 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Christoph E. Nebel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics (IAF)
- D-79108 Freiburg
- Germany
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34
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Murib MS, Yeap WS, Martens D, Bienstman P, De Ceuninck W, van Grinsven B, Schöning MJ, Michiels L, Haenen K, Ameloot M, Serpengüzel A, Wagner P. Photonic detection and characterization of DNA using sapphire microspheres. J Biomed Opt 2014; 19:97006. [PMID: 25260868 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.9.097006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A microcavity-based deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) optical biosensor is demonstrated for the first time using synthetic sapphire for the optical cavity. Transmitted and elastic scattering intensity at 1510 nm are analyzed from a sapphire microsphere (radius 500 µm, refractive index 1.77) on an optical fiber half coupler. The 0.43 nm angular mode spacing of the resonances correlates well with the optical size of the sapphire sphere. Probe DNA consisting of a 36-mer fragment was covalently immobilized on a sapphire microsphere and hybridized with a 29-mer target DNA. Whispering gallery modes (WGMs) were monitored before the sapphire was functionalized with DNA and after it was functionalized with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). The shift in WGMs from the surface modification with DNA was measured and correlated well with the estimated thickness of the add-on DNA layer. It is shown that ssDNA is more uniformly oriented on the sapphire surface than dsDNA. In addition, it is shown that functionalization of the sapphire spherical surface with DNA does not affect the quality factor (Q . ≈ 04) of the sapphire microspheres. The use of sapphire is especially interesting because this material is chemically resilient, biocompatible, and widely used for medical implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sharif Murib
- Hasselt University, Instituut voor Materiaalonderzoek, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Weng-Siang Yeap
- Hasselt University, Instituut voor Materiaalonderzoek, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Daan Martens
- Ghent University-Information Technology, Department of Information Technology, Photonics Research Group, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Peter Bienstman
- Ghent University-Information Technology, Department of Information Technology, Photonics Research Group, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Ward De Ceuninck
- Hasselt University, Instituut voor Materiaalonderzoek, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, BelgiumcInteruniversitair Microelectronica Centrum vereniging zonder winstoogmerk, Division Instituut voor Materiaalonderzoek in de Micro-Elektronica, Wetenschaps
| | - Bart van Grinsven
- Hasselt University, Instituut voor Materiaalonderzoek, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, BelgiumcInteruniversitair Microelectronica Centrum vereniging zonder winstoogmerk, Division Instituut voor Materiaalonderzoek in de Micro-Elektronica, Wetenschaps
| | - Michael J Schöning
- Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Heinrich-Mußmann-Straße 1, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Luc Michiels
- Hasselt University, BIOMED, Agoralaan Building C, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ken Haenen
- Hasselt University, Instituut voor Materiaalonderzoek, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, BelgiumcInteruniversitair Microelectronica Centrum vereniging zonder winstoogmerk, Division Instituut voor Materiaalonderzoek in de Micro-Elektronica, Wetenschaps
| | - Marcel Ameloot
- Hasselt University, BIOMED, Agoralaan Building C, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ali Serpengüzel
- Koç University, Department of Physics, Microphotonics Research Laboratory, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Patrick Wagner
- Hasselt University, Instituut voor Materiaalonderzoek, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, BelgiumcInteruniversitair Microelectronica Centrum vereniging zonder winstoogmerk, Division Instituut voor Materiaalonderzoek in de Micro-Elektronica, Wetenschaps
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35
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Caterino R, Csiki R, Wiesinger M, Sachsenhauser M, Stutzmann M, Garrido JA, Cattani-Scholz A, Speranza G, Janssens SD, Haenen K. Organophosphonate biofunctionalization of diamond electrodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:13909-13916. [PMID: 25029037 DOI: 10.1021/am503305t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The modification of the diamond surface with organic molecules is a crucial aspect to be considered for any bioapplication of this material. There is great interest in broadening the range of linker molecules that can be covalently bound to the diamond surface. In the case of protein immobilization, the hydropathicity of the surface has a major influence on the protein conformation and, thus, on the functionality of proteins immobilized at surfaces. For electrochemical applications, particular attention has to be devoted to avoid that the charge transfer between the electrode and the redox center embedded in the protein is hindered by a thick insulating linker layer. This paper reports on the grafting of 6-phosphonohexanoic acid on OH-terminated diamond surfaces, serving as linkers to tether electroactive proteins onto diamond surfaces. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirms the formation of a stable layer on the surface. The charge transfer between electroactive molecules and the substrate is studied by electrochemical characterization of the redox activity of aminomethylferrocene and cytochrome c covalently bound to the substrate through this linker. Our work demonstrates that OH-terminated diamond functionalized with 6-phosphonohexanoic acid is a suitable platform to interface redox-proteins, which are fundamental building blocks for many bioelectronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Caterino
- Walter Schottky Institut-Physik Department, Technische Universität München , Am Coulombwall 4, Garching, 85748, Germany
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36
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Seshan V, Murthy DHK, Castellanos-Gomez A, Sachdeva S, Ahmad HA, Janssens SD, Janssen W, Haenen K, van der Zant HSJ, Sudhölter EJR, Savenije TJ, de Smet LCPM. Contactless photoconductance study on undoped and doped nanocrystalline diamond films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:11368-11375. [PMID: 24918631 DOI: 10.1021/am501907q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen and oxygen surface-terminated nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films are studied by the contactless time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) technique and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The optoelectronic properties of undoped NCD films are strongly affected by the type of surface termination. Upon changing the surface termination from oxygen to hydrogen, the TRMC signal rises dramatically. For an estimated quantum yield of 1 for sub-bandgap optical excitation the hole mobility of the hydrogen-terminated undoped NCD was found to be ∼0.27 cm(2)/(V s) with a lifetime exceeding 1 μs. Assuming a similar mobility for the oxygen-terminated undoped NCD a lifetime of ∼100 ps was derived. Analysis of the valence band spectra obtained by XPS suggests that upon oxidation of undoped NCD the surface Fermi level shifts (toward an increased work function). This shift originates from the size and direction of the electronic dipole moment of the surface atoms, and leads to different types of band bending at the diamond/air interface in the presence of a water film. In the case of boron-doped NCD no shift of the work function is observed, which can be rationalized by pinning of the Fermi level. This is confirmed by TRMC results of boron-doped NCD, which show no dependency on the surface termination. We suggest that photoexcited electrons in boron-doped NCD occupy nonionized boron dopants, leaving relatively long-lived mobile holes in the valence band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Seshan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
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37
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Yeap WS, Liu X, Bevk D, Pasquarelli A, Lutsen L, Fahlman M, Maes W, Haenen K. Functionalization of boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond with N3 dye molecules. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:10322-10329. [PMID: 24915549 DOI: 10.1021/am501783b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
N3 dye molecules [cis-bis(isothiocyanato)bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylato)ruthenium(II)] are covalently attached to boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond (B:NCD) thin films through a combination of coupling chemistries, i.e., diazonium, Suzuki, and EDC-NHS. X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy are used to verify the covalent bonding of the dye on the B:NCD surface (compared to a hydrogen-terminated reference). The spectroscopic results confirm the presence of a dense N3 chromophore layer, and the positions of the frontier orbitals of the dye relative to the band edge of the B:NCD thin film are inferred as well. Proof-of-concept photoelectrochemical measurements show a strong increase in the photocurrent compared to non-dye-functionalized B:NCD films. This study opens up the possibility of applying N3-sensitized B:NCD thin films as hole conductors in dye-sensitized solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Yeap
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University , B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Yeap WS, Murib MS, Cuypers W, Liu X, van Grinsven B, Ameloot M, Fahlman M, Wagner P, Maes W, Haenen K. Boron-Doped Diamond Functionalization by an Electrografting/Alkyne-Azide Click Chemistry Sequence. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Heyer S, Janssen W, Turner S, Lu YG, Yeap WS, Verbeeck J, Haenen K, Krueger A. Toward deep blue nano hope diamonds: heavily boron-doped diamond nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2014; 8:5757-5764. [PMID: 24738731 DOI: 10.1021/nn500573x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The production of boron-doped diamond nanoparticles enables the application of this material for a broad range of fields, such as electrochemistry, thermal management, and fundamental superconductivity research. Here we present the production of highly boron-doped diamond nanoparticles using boron-doped CVD diamond films as a starting material. In a multistep milling process followed by purification and surface oxidation we obtained diamond nanoparticles of 10-60 nm with a boron content of approximately 2.3 × 10(21) cm(-3). Aberration-corrected HRTEM reveals the presence of defects within individual diamond grains, as well as a very thin nondiamond carbon layer at the particle surface. The boron K-edge electron energy-loss near-edge fine structure demonstrates that the B atoms are tetrahedrally embedded into the diamond lattice. The boron-doped diamond nanoparticles have been used to nucleate growth of a boron-doped diamond film by CVD that does not contain an insulating seeding layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Heyer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Vanden Bon N, van Grinsven B, Murib MS, Yeap WS, Haenen K, De Ceuninck W, Wagner P, Ameloot M, Vermeeren V, Michiels L. Heat-transfer-based detection of SNPs in the PAH gene of PKU patients. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:1629-40. [PMID: 24741310 PMCID: PMC3970950 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s58692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional neonatal diagnosis of phenylketonuria is based on the presence of abnormal levels of phenylalanine in the blood. However, for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis, direct detection of disease-correlated mutations is needed. To speed up and simplify mutation screening in genes, new technologies are developed. In this study, a heat-transfer method is evaluated as a mutation-detection technology in entire exons of the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene. This method is based on the change in heat-transfer resistance (Rth) upon thermal denaturation of dsDNA (double-stranded DNA) on nanocrystalline diamond. First, ssDNA (single-stranded DNA) fragments that span the size range of the PAH exons were successfully immobilized on nanocrystalline diamond. Next, it was studied whether an Rth change could be observed during the thermal denaturation of these DNA fragments after hybridization to their complementary counterpart. A clear Rth shift during the denaturation of exon 5, exon 9, and exon 12 dsDNA was observed, corresponding to lengths of up to 123 bp. Finally, Rth was shown to detect prevalent single-nucleotide polymorphisms, c.473G>A (R158Q), c.932T>C (p.L311P), and c.1222C>T (R408W), correlated with phenylketonuria, displaying an effect related to the different melting temperatures of homoduplexes and heteroduplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bart van Grinsven
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | - Weng Siang Yeap
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ken Haenen
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium ; IMOMEC, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ward De Ceuninck
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium ; IMOMEC, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Patrick Wagner
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium ; IMOMEC, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marcel Ameloot
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | - Luc Michiels
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Subramanian P, Motorina A, Yeap WS, Haenen K, Coffinier Y, Zaitsev V, Niedziolka-Jonsson J, Boukherroub R, Szunerits S. An impedimetric immunosensor based on diamond nanowires decorated with nickel nanoparticles. Analyst 2014; 139:1726-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an02045b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yeap WS, Bevk D, Liu X, Krysova H, Pasquarelli A, Vanderzande D, Lutsen L, Kavan L, Fahlman M, Maes W, Haenen K. Correction: Diamond functionalization with light-harvesting molecular wires: improved surface coverage by optimized Suzuki cross-coupling conditions. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra90027h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Yeap WS, Bevk D, Liu X, Krysova H, Pasquarelli A, Vanderzande D, Lutsen L, Kavan L, Fahlman M, Maes W, Haenen K. Diamond functionalization with light-harvesting molecular wires: improved surface coverage by optimized Suzuki cross-coupling conditions. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04740k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Wang Q, Subramanian P, Li M, Yeap WS, Haenen K, Coffinier Y, Boukherroub R, Szunerits S. Non-enzymatic glucose sensing on long and short diamond nanowire electrodes. Electrochem commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Seshan V, Ullien D, Castellanos-Gomez A, Sachdeva S, Murthy DHK, Savenije TJ, Ahmad HA, Nunney TS, Janssens SD, Haenen K, Nesládek M, van der Zant HSJ, Sudhölter EJR, de Smet LCPM. Hydrogen termination of CVD diamond films by high-temperature annealing at atmospheric pressure. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:234707. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4810866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kummer K, Fondacaro A, Yakhou-Harris F, Sessi V, Pobedinskas P, Janssens SD, Haenen K, Williams OA, Hees J, Brookes NB. Thin conductive diamond films as beam intensity monitors for soft x-ray beamlines. Rev Sci Instrum 2013; 84:035105. [PMID: 23556850 DOI: 10.1063/1.4794439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of X-ray absorption and dichroism data requires knowledge of the beamline photon flux during the measurements. We show that thin conductive (B-doped) diamond thin films can be an alternative to the widely used gold meshes for monitoring the beam intensity of soft X-ray beamlines in situ. Limited by the carbon extended x-ray absorption fine structure oscillations, the diamond films become applicable beginning from about 600 eV photon energy, where the important transition metal edges and the rare-earth edges are found. The 100 nm and 250 nm thick free-standing diamond films were grown and tested against standard gold meshes in real-life dichroism experiments performed at beamline ID08 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France. Quantitative agreement was found between the two experimental data sets. The films feature an extremely high transmission of about 90% and, at the same time, yield a sufficiently strong and clean reference signal. Furthermore, the thin films do not affect the shape of the transmitted beam. X-rays passing mesh-type monitors are subject to diffraction effects, which widen the beam and become particularly disturbing for small beamsizes in the micrometer range.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kummer
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
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Turner S, Lu YG, Janssens SD, Da Pieve F, Lamoen D, Verbeeck J, Haenen K, Wagner P, Van Tendeloo G. Local boron environment in B-doped nanocrystalline diamond films. Nanoscale 2012; 4:5960-5964. [PMID: 22903371 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31530k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Thin films of heavily B-doped nanocrystalline diamond (B:NCD) have been investigated by a combination of high resolution annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy and spatially resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy performed on a state-of-the-art aberration corrected instrument to determine the B concentration, distribution and the local B environment. Concentrations of ~1 to 3 at.% of boron are found to be embedded within individual grains. Even though most NCD grains are surrounded by a thin amorphous shell, elemental mapping of the B and C signal shows no preferential embedding of B in these amorphous shells or in grain boundaries between the NCD grains, in contrast with earlier work on more macroscopic superconducting polycrystalline B-doped diamond films. Detailed inspection of the fine structure of the boron K-edge and comparison with density functional theory calculated fine structure energy-loss near-edge structure signatures confirms that the B atoms present in the diamond grains are substitutional atoms embedded tetrahedrally into the diamond lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Turner
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Janssens SD, Drijkoningen S, Saitner M, Boyen HG, Wagner P, Larsson K, Haenen K. Evidence for phase separation of ethanol-water mixtures at the hydrogen terminated nanocrystalline diamond surface. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:044702. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4738192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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van Grinsven B, Vanden Bon N, Strauven H, Grieten L, Murib M, Monroy KLJ, Janssens SD, Haenen K, Schöning MJ, Vermeeren V, Ameloot M, Michiels L, Thoelen R, De Ceuninck W, Wagner P. Heat-transfer resistance at solid-liquid interfaces: a tool for the detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA. ACS Nano 2012; 6:2712-21. [PMID: 22356595 DOI: 10.1021/nn300147e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we report on the heat-transfer resistance at interfaces as a novel, denaturation-based method to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA. We observed that a molecular brush of double-stranded DNA grafted onto synthetic diamond surfaces does not notably affect the heat-transfer resistance at the solid-to-liquid interface. In contrast to this, molecular brushes of single-stranded DNA cause, surprisingly, a substantially higher heat-transfer resistance and behave like a thermally insulating layer. This effect can be utilized to identify ds-DNA melting temperatures via the switching from low- to high heat-transfer resistance. The melting temperatures identified with this method for different DNA duplexes (29 base pairs without and with built-in mutations) correlate nicely with data calculated by modeling. The method is fast, label-free (without the need for fluorescent or radioactive markers), allows for repetitive measurements, and can also be extended toward array formats. Reference measurements by confocal fluorescence microscopy and impedance spectroscopy confirm that the switching of heat-transfer resistance upon denaturation is indeed related to the thermal on-chip denaturation of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart van Grinsven
- Institute for Materials Research IMO, IMOMEC, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Grausova L, Kromka A, Burdikova Z, Eckhardt A, Rezek B, Vacik J, Haenen K, Lisa V, Bacakova L. Enhanced growth and osteogenic differentiation of human osteoblast-like cells on boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond thin films. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20943. [PMID: 21695172 PMCID: PMC3112228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films have been proven to be promising substrates for the adhesion, growth and osteogenic differentiation of bone-derived cells. To understand the role of various degrees of doping (semiconducting to metallic-like), the NCD films were deposited on silicon substrates by a microwave plasma-enhanced CVD process and their boron doping was achieved by adding trimethylboron to the CH4:H2 gas mixture, the B∶C ratio was 133, 1000 and 6700 ppm. The room temperature electrical resistivity of the films decreased from >10 MΩ (undoped films) to 55 kΩ, 0.6 kΩ, and 0.3 kΩ (doped films with 133, 1000 and 6700 ppm of B, respectively). The increase in the number of human osteoblast-like MG 63 cells in 7-day-old cultures on NCD films was most apparent on the NCD films doped with 133 and 1000 ppm of B (153,000±14,000 and 152,000±10,000 cells/cm2, respectively, compared to 113,000±10,000 cells/cm2 on undoped NCD films). As measured by ELISA per mg of total protein, the cells on NCD with 133 and 1000 ppm of B also contained the highest concentrations of collagen I and alkaline phosphatase, respectively. On the NCD films with 6700 ppm of B, the cells contained the highest concentration of focal adhesion protein vinculin, and the highest amount of collagen I was adsorbed. The concentration of osteocalcin also increased with increasing level of B doping. The cell viability on all tested NCD films was almost 100%. Measurements of the concentration of ICAM-1, i.e. an immunoglobuline adhesion molecule binding inflammatory cells, suggested that the cells on the NCD films did not undergo significant immune activation. Thus, the potential of NCD films for bone tissue regeneration can be further enhanced and tailored by B doping and that B doping up to metallic-like levels is not detrimental for cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubica Grausova
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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