1
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Žaper L, Rickhaus P, Wyss M, Gross B, Wagner K, Poggio M, Braakman F. Scanning Nitrogen-Vacancy Magnetometry of Focused-Electron-Beam-Deposited Cobalt Nanomagnets. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2024; 7:3854-3860. [PMID: 38420184 PMCID: PMC10897878 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c05470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Focused-electron-beam-induced deposition is a promising technique for patterning nanomagnets in a single step. We fabricate cobalt nanomagnets in such a process and characterize their content, saturation magnetization, and stray magnetic field profiles by using a combination of transmission electron microscopy and scanning nitrogen-vacancy (NV) magnetometry. We find agreement between the measured stray field profiles and saturation magnetization with micromagnetic simulations. We further characterize magnetic domains and grainy stray magnetic fields in the nanomagnets and their halo side-deposits. This work may aid in the evaluation of Co nanomagnets produced through focused electron-beam-induced deposition for applications in spin qubits, magnetic field sensing, and magnetic logic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Žaper
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Qnami
AG, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | | | - Marcus Wyss
- Swiss
Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Boris Gross
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kai Wagner
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martino Poggio
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss
Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Floris Braakman
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss
Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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2
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Winkler R, Brugger-Hatzl M, Porrati F, Kuhness D, Mairhofer T, Seewald LM, Kothleitner G, Huth M, Plank H, Barth S. Pillar Growth by Focused Electron Beam-Induced Deposition Using a Bimetallic Precursor as Model System: High-Energy Fragmentation vs. Low-Energy Decomposition. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2907. [PMID: 37947751 PMCID: PMC10647607 DOI: 10.3390/nano13212907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Electron-induced fragmentation of the HFeCo3(CO)12 precursor allows direct-write fabrication of 3D nanostructures with metallic contents of up to >95 at %. While microstructure and composition determine the physical and functional properties of focused electron beam-induced deposits, they also provide fundamental insights into the decomposition process of precursors, as elaborated in this study based on EDX and TEM. The results provide solid information suggesting that different dominant fragmentation channels are active in single-spot growth processes for pillar formation. The use of the single source precursor provides a unique insight into high- and low-energy fragmentation channels being active in the same deposit formation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory—DEFINE, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Fabrizio Porrati
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany (M.H.)
| | - David Kuhness
- Christian Doppler Laboratory—DEFINE, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Mairhofer
- Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lukas M. Seewald
- Christian Doppler Laboratory—DEFINE, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Kothleitner
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Huth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Harald Plank
- Christian Doppler Laboratory—DEFINE, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sven Barth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany (M.H.)
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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3
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Winkler R, Ciria M, Ahmad M, Plank H, Marcuello C. A Review of the Current State of Magnetic Force Microscopy to Unravel the Magnetic Properties of Nanomaterials Applied in Biological Systems and Future Directions for Quantum Technologies. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2585. [PMID: 37764614 PMCID: PMC10536909 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Magnetism plays a pivotal role in many biological systems. However, the intensity of the magnetic forces exerted between magnetic bodies is usually low, which demands the development of ultra-sensitivity tools for proper sensing. In this framework, magnetic force microscopy (MFM) offers excellent lateral resolution and the possibility of conducting single-molecule studies like other single-probe microscopy (SPM) techniques. This comprehensive review attempts to describe the paramount importance of magnetic forces for biological applications by highlighting MFM's main advantages but also intrinsic limitations. While the working principles are described in depth, the article also focuses on novel micro- and nanofabrication procedures for MFM tips, which enhance the magnetic response signal of tested biomaterials compared to commercial nanoprobes. This work also depicts some relevant examples where MFM can quantitatively assess the magnetic performance of nanomaterials involved in biological systems, including magnetotactic bacteria, cryptochrome flavoproteins, and magnetic nanoparticles that can interact with animal tissues. Additionally, the most promising perspectives in this field are highlighted to make the reader aware of upcoming challenges when aiming toward quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory—DEFINE, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.W.); (H.P.)
| | - Miguel Ciria
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Margaret Ahmad
- Photobiology Research Group, IBPS, UMR8256 CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Harald Plank
- Christian Doppler Laboratory—DEFINE, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.W.); (H.P.)
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Carlos Marcuello
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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4
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Winkler R, Brugger-Hatzl M, Seewald LM, Kuhness D, Barth S, Mairhofer T, Kothleitner G, Plank H. Additive Manufacturing of Co 3Fe Nano-Probes for Magnetic Force Microscopy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1217. [PMID: 37049311 PMCID: PMC10097098 DOI: 10.3390/nano13071217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is a powerful extension of atomic force microscopy (AFM), which mostly uses nano-probes with functional coatings for studying magnetic surface features. Although well established, additional layers inherently increase apex radii, which reduce lateral resolution and also contain the risk of delamination, rendering such nano-probes doubtful or even useless. To overcome these limitations, we now introduce the additive direct-write fabrication of magnetic nano-cones via focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) using an HCo3Fe(CO)12 precursor. The study first identifies a proper 3D design, confines the most relevant process parameters by means of primary electron energy and beam currents, and evaluates post-growth procedures as well. That way, highly crystalline nano-tips with minimal surface contamination and apex radii in the sub-15 nm regime are fabricated and benchmarked against commercial products. The results not only reveal a very high performance during MFM operation but in particular demonstrate virtually loss-free behavior after almost 8 h of continuous operation, thanks to the all-metal character. Even after more than 12 months of storage in ambient conditions, no performance loss is observed, which underlines the high overall performance of the here-introduced FEBID-based Co3Fe MFM nano-probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory—DEFINE, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - David Kuhness
- Christian Doppler Laboratory—DEFINE, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sven Barth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Mairhofer
- Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Kothleitner
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Plank
- Christian Doppler Laboratory—DEFINE, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
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5
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Escalante-Quiceno AT, Novotný O, Neuman J, Magén C, De Teresa JM. Long-Term Performance of Magnetic Force Microscopy Tips Grown by Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2879. [PMID: 36991589 PMCID: PMC10052145 DOI: 10.3390/s23062879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution micro- and nanostructures can be grown using Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition (FEBID), a direct-write, resist-free nanolithography technology which allows additive patterning, typically with sub-100 nm lateral resolution, and down to 10 nm in optimal conditions. This technique has been used to grow magnetic tips for use in Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM). Due to their high aspect ratio and good magnetic behavior, these FEBID magnetic tips provide several advantages over commercial magnetic tips when used for simultaneous topographical and magnetic measurements. Here, we report a study of the durability of these excellent candidates for high-resolution MFM measurements. A batch of FEBID-grown magnetic tips was subjected to a systematic analysis of MFM magnetic contrast for 30 weeks, using magnetic storage tape as a test specimen. Our results indicate that these FEBID magnetic tips operate effectively over a long period of time. The magnetic signal was well preserved, with a maximum reduction of 60% after 21 weeks of recurrent use. No significant contrast degradation was observed after 30 weeks in storage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Neuman
- NenoVision s.r.o., 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - César Magén
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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6
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Fullerton J, Hierro-Rodriguez A, Donnelly C, Sanz-Hernández D, Skoric L, MacLaren DA, Fernández-Pacheco A. Controlled evolution of three-dimensional magnetic states in strongly coupled cylindrical nanowire pairs. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:125301. [PMID: 36595337 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aca9d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrical magnetic nanowires are promising systems for the development of three-dimensional spintronic devices. Here, we simulate the evolution of magnetic states during fabrication of strongly-coupled cylindrical nanowires with varying degrees of overlap. By varying the separation between wires, the relative strength of exchange and magnetostatic coupling can be tuned. Hence, we observe the formation of six fundamental states as a function of both inter-wire separation and wire height. In particular, two complex three-dimensional magnetic states, a 3D Landau Pattern and a Helical domain wall, are observed to emerge for intermediate overlap. These two emergent states show complex spin configurations, including a modulated domain wall with both Néel and Bloch character. The competition of magnetic interactions and the parallel growth scheme we follow (growing both wires at the same time) favours the formation of these anti-parallel metastable states. This works shows how the engineering of strongly coupled 3D nanostructures with competing interactions can be used to create complex spin textures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fullerton
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - C Donnelly
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Dresden, Germany
| | - D Sanz-Hernández
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - L Skoric
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - D A MacLaren
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - A Fernández-Pacheco
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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7
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Utke I, Swiderek P, Höflich K, Madajska K, Jurczyk J, Martinović P, Szymańska I. Coordination and organometallic precursors of group 10 and 11: Focused electron beam induced deposition of metals and insight gained from chemical vapour deposition, atomic layer deposition, and fundamental surface and gas phase studies. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Magnetic Functionalization of Scanning Probes by Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition Technology. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry7100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of nanostructures with high resolution and precise control of the deposition site makes Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition (FEBID) a unique nanolithography process. In the case of magnetic materials, apart from the FEBID potential in standard substrates for multiple applications in data storage and logic, the use of this technology for the growth of nanomagnets on different types of scanning probes opens new paths in magnetic sensing, becoming a benchmark for magnetic functionalization. This work reviews the recent advances in the integration of FEBID magnetic nanostructures onto cantilevers to produce advanced magnetic sensing devices with unprecedented performance.
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9
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Bran C, Saugar E, Fernandez-Roldan JA, Del Real RP, Asenjo A, Aballe L, Foerster M, Fraile Rodríguez A, Palmero EM, Vazquez M, Chubykalo-Fesenko O. Stochastic vs. deterministic magnetic coding in designed cylindrical nanowires for 3D magnetic networks. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:12587-12593. [PMID: 34259293 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02337c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Advances in cylindrical nanowires for 3D information technologies profit from intrinsic curvature that introduces significant differences with regards to planar systems. A model is proposed to control the stochastic and deterministic coding of remanent 3D complex vortex configurations in designed multilayered (magnetic/non-magnetic) cylindrical nanowires. This concept, introduced by micromagnetic simulations, is experimentally confirmed by magnetic imaging in FeCo/Cu multilayered nanowires. The control over the random/deterministic vortex states configurations is achieved by a suitable geometrical interface tilting of almost non-interacting FeCo segments with respect to the nanowire axis, together with the relative orientation of the perpendicular magnetic field. The proper design of the segments' geometry (e.g. tilting) in cylindrical nanowires opens multiple opportunities for advanced nanotechnologies in 3D magnetic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bran
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
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10
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Recent Advances on Properties and Utility of Nanomaterials Generated from Industrial and Biological Activities. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11060634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Today is the era of nanoscience and nanotechnology, which find applications in the field of medicine, electronics, and environmental remediation. Even though nanotechnology is in its emerging phase, it continues to provide solutions to numerous challenges. Nanotechnology and nanoparticles are found to be very effective because of their unique chemical and physical properties and high surface area, but their high cost is one of the major hurdles to its wider application. So, the synthesis of nanomaterials, especially 2D nanomaterials from industrial, agricultural, and other biological activities, could provide a cost-effective technique. The nanomaterials synthesized from such waste not only minimize pollution, but also provide an eco-friendly approach towards the utilization of the waste. In the present review work, emphasis has been given to the types of nanomaterials, different methods for the synthesis of 2D nanomaterials from the waste generated from industries, agriculture, and their application in electronics, medicine, and catalysis.
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11
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Magén C, Pablo-Navarro J, De Teresa JM. Focused-Electron-Beam Engineering of 3D Magnetic Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020402. [PMID: 33557442 PMCID: PMC7914621 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Focused-electron-beam-induced deposition (FEBID) is the ultimate additive nanofabrication technique for the growth of 3D nanostructures. In the field of nanomagnetism and its technological applications, FEBID could be a viable solution to produce future high-density, low-power, fast nanoelectronic devices based on the domain wall conduit in 3D nanomagnets. While FEBID has demonstrated the flexibility to produce 3D nanostructures with almost any shape and geometry, the basic physical properties of these out-of-plane deposits are often seriously degraded from their bulk counterparts due to the presence of contaminants. This work reviews the experimental efforts to understand and control the physical processes involved in 3D FEBID growth of nanomagnets. Co and Fe FEBID straight vertical nanowires have been used as benchmark geometry to tailor their dimensions, microstructure, composition and magnetism by smartly tuning the growth parameters, post-growth purification treatments and heterostructuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Magén
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.P.-N.); (J.M.D.T.)
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-876-555369; Fax: +34-976-762-776
| | - Javier Pablo-Navarro
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.P.-N.); (J.M.D.T.)
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.P.-N.); (J.M.D.T.)
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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12
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Fernández-Pacheco A, Skoric L, De Teresa JM, Pablo-Navarro J, Huth M, Dobrovolskiy OV. Writing 3D Nanomagnets Using Focused Electron Beams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3774. [PMID: 32859076 PMCID: PMC7503546 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is a direct-write nanofabrication technique able to pattern three-dimensional magnetic nanostructures at resolutions comparable to the characteristic magnetic length scales. FEBID is thus a powerful tool for 3D nanomagnetism which enables unique fundamental studies involving complex 3D geometries, as well as nano-prototyping and specialized applications compatible with low throughputs. In this focused review, we discuss recent developments of this technique for applications in 3D nanomagnetism, namely the substantial progress on FEBID computational methods, and new routes followed to tune the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic FEBID materials. We also review a selection of recent works involving FEBID 3D nanostructures in areas such as scanning probe microscopy sensing, magnetic frustration phenomena, curvilinear magnetism, magnonics and fluxonics, offering a wide perspective of the important role FEBID is likely to have in the coming years in the study of new phenomena involving 3D magnetic nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalio Fernández-Pacheco
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK;
| | - Luka Skoric
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK;
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA) and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Javier Pablo-Navarro
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA) and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Huth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Oleksandr V. Dobrovolskiy
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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13
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Reiser A, Koch L, Dunn KA, Matsuura T, Iwata F, Fogel O, Kotler Z, Zhou N, Charipar K, Piqué A, Rohner P, Poulikakos D, Lee S, Seol SK, Utke I, van Nisselroy C, Zambelli T, Wheeler JM, Spolenak R. Metals by Micro-Scale Additive Manufacturing: Comparison of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1910491. [PMID: 32684902 PMCID: PMC7357576 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201910491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Many emerging applications in microscale engineering rely on the fabrication of 3D architectures in inorganic materials. Small-scale additive manufacturing (AM) aspires to provide flexible and facile access to these geometries. Yet, the synthesis of device-grade inorganic materials is still a key challenge toward the implementation of AM in microfabrication. Here, a comprehensive overview of the microstructural and mechanical properties of metals fabricated by most state-of-the-art AM methods that offer a spatial resolution ≤10 μm is presented. Standardized sets of samples are studied by cross-sectional electron microscopy, nanoindentation, and microcompression. It is shown that current microscale AM techniques synthesize metals with a wide range of microstructures and elastic and plastic properties, including materials of dense and crystalline microstructure with excellent mechanical properties that compare well to those of thin-film nanocrystalline materials. The large variation in materials' performance can be related to the individual microstructure, which in turn is coupled to the various physico-chemical principles exploited by the different printing methods. The study provides practical guidelines for users of small-scale additive methods and establishes a baseline for the future optimization of the properties of printed metallic objects-a significant step toward the potential establishment of AM techniques in microfabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Reiser
- Laboratory for NanometallurgyDepartment of MaterialsETH ZürichVladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 1‐5/10Zürich8093Switzerland
| | - Lukas Koch
- Laboratory for NanometallurgyDepartment of MaterialsETH ZürichVladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 1‐5/10Zürich8093Switzerland
| | - Kathleen A. Dunn
- College of Nanoscale Science & EngineeringSUNY Polytechnic Institute257 Fuller RoadAlbanyNY12203USA
| | - Toshiki Matsuura
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and TechnologyShizuoka UniversityJohoku, Naka‐kuHamamatsu432‐8561Japan
| | - Futoshi Iwata
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and TechnologyShizuoka UniversityJohoku, Naka‐kuHamamatsu432‐8561Japan
| | - Ofer Fogel
- Additive Manufacturing LaboratoryOrbotech Ltd.P.O. Box 215Yavne81101Israel
| | - Zvi Kotler
- Additive Manufacturing LaboratoryOrbotech Ltd.P.O. Box 215Yavne81101Israel
| | - Nanjia Zhou
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of EngineeringWestlake University18 Shilongshan RoadHangzhouZhejiang Province310024China
- Institute of Advanced TechnologyWestlake Institute for Advanced Study18 Shilongshan RoadHangzhouZhejiang Province310024China
| | - Kristin Charipar
- Materials Science and Technology DivisionNaval Research Laboratory4555 Overlook Ave. SWWashingtonDC20375USA
| | - Alberto Piqué
- Materials Science and Technology DivisionNaval Research Laboratory4555 Overlook Ave. SWWashingtonDC20375USA
| | - Patrik Rohner
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging TechnologiesDepartment of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZürichSonneggstr. 3Zürich8092Switzerland
| | - Dimos Poulikakos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging TechnologiesDepartment of Mechanical and Process EngineeringETH ZürichSonneggstr. 3Zürich8092Switzerland
| | - Sanghyeon Lee
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe University of Hong KongPokfulam RoadHong KongChina
| | - Seung Kwon Seol
- Nano Hybrid Technology Research CenterKorea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI)Changwon‐SiGyeongsangnam‐do51543Republic of Korea
- Electrical Functionality Materials EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology (UST)Changwon‐SiGyeongsangnam‐do51543Republic of Korea
| | - Ivo Utke
- Laboratory of Mechanics for Materials and NanostructuresEmpaFeuerwerkerstrasse 39Thun3602Switzerland
| | - Cathelijn van Nisselroy
- Laboratory of Biosensors and BioelectronicsDepartment of Information Technology and Electrical EngineeringETH ZürichGloriastrasse 35Zürich8092Switzerland
| | - Tomaso Zambelli
- Laboratory of Biosensors and BioelectronicsDepartment of Information Technology and Electrical EngineeringETH ZürichGloriastrasse 35Zürich8092Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey M. Wheeler
- Laboratory for NanometallurgyDepartment of MaterialsETH ZürichVladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 1‐5/10Zürich8093Switzerland
| | - Ralph Spolenak
- Laboratory for NanometallurgyDepartment of MaterialsETH ZürichVladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 1‐5/10Zürich8093Switzerland
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14
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Jaafar M, Pablo-Navarro J, Berganza E, Ares P, Magén C, Masseboeuf A, Gatel C, Snoeck E, Gómez-Herrero J, de Teresa JM, Asenjo A. Customized MFM probes based on magnetic nanorods. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:10090-10097. [PMID: 32348391 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00322k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition (FEBID) for magnetic tip fabrication is presented in this work as an alternative to conventional sputtering-based Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) tips. FEBID enables the growth of a high-aspect-ratio magnetic nanorod with customized geometry and composition to overcome the key technical limitations of MFM probes currently on the market. The biggest advantage of these tips, in comparison with CoCr coated pyramidal probes, lies in the capability of creating sharp ends, nearly 10 nm in diameter, which provides remarkable (topographic and magnetic) lateral resolution in samples with magnetic features close to the resolution limits of the MFM technique itself. The shape of the nanorods produces a very confined magnetic stray field, whose interaction with the sample is extremely localized and perpendicular to the surface, with negligible in-plane components. This effect can lead to a better analytical and numerical modelling of the MFM probes and to an increase in the sensitivity without perturbing the magnetic configuration of soft samples. Besides, the high-aspect ratio achievable in FEBID nanorod tips makes them magnetically harder than the commercial ones, reaching coercive fields higher than 900 Oe. According to the results shown, tips based on magnetic nanorods grown by FEBID can be eventually used for quantitative analysis in MFM measurements. Moreover, the customized growth of Co- or Fe-based tips onto levers with different mechanical properties allows MFM studies that demand different measuring conditions. To showcase the versatility of this type of probe, as a last step, MFM is performed in a liquid environment, which still remains a challenge for the MFM community largely due to the lack of appropriate probes on the market. This opens up new possibilities in the investigation of magnetic biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Jaafar
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Sivasubramani S, Mattela V, P R, Pal C, Acharyya A. Nanomagnetic logic based runtime Reconfigurable area efficient and high speed adder design methodology. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:18LT02. [PMID: 31986497 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab704b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present a runtime reconfigurable nanomagnetic (RRN) adder design offering significant area efficiency and high speed operations. Subsequently, it is implemented using a micromagnetic simulation tool, by exploiting the reversal magnetization and energy minimization nature of the nanomagnets. We compute the carry and sum of the 1-bit full adder using only two majority gates comprising a total of 7 nanomagnets and single design layout. Consequently, the on-chip clocking schematic for the proposed RRN adder implementation for both horizontal and vertical layouts are introduced. The quantitative analysis of the required resources for higher bit adder architecture using the proposed design is performed and compared with state-of-the art. The proposed design methodology leads to ∼86%, ∼83% and ∼93% reduction in the number of nanomagnets, majority gates and clock cycles respectively resulting in an area efficient and high speed RRN adder architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Sivasubramani
- Advanced Embedded Systems and IC Design Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Hyderabad - 502285, India
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16
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Utke I, Michler J, Winkler R, Plank H. Mechanical Properties of 3D Nanostructures Obtained by Focused Electron/Ion Beam-Induced Deposition: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E397. [PMID: 32290292 PMCID: PMC7231341 DOI: 10.3390/mi11040397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the state-of-the -art of mechanical material properties and measurement methods of nanostructures obtained by two nanoscale additive manufacturing methods: gas-assisted focused electron and focused ion beam-induced deposition using volatile organic and organometallic precursors. Gas-assisted focused electron and ion beam-induced deposition-based additive manufacturing technologies enable the direct-write fabrication of complex 3D nanostructures with feature dimensions below 50 nm, pore-free and nanometer-smooth high-fidelity surfaces, and an increasing flexibility in choice of materials via novel precursors. We discuss the principles, possibilities, and literature proven examples related to the mechanical properties of such 3D nanoobjects. Most materials fabricated via these approaches reveal a metal matrix composition with metallic nanograins embedded in a carbonaceous matrix. By that, specific material functionalities, such as magnetic, electrical, or optical can be largely independently tuned with respect to mechanical properties governed mostly by the matrix. The carbonaceous matrix can be precisely tuned via electron and/or ion beam irradiation with respect to the carbon network, carbon hybridization, and volatile element content and thus take mechanical properties ranging from polymeric-like over amorphous-like toward diamond-like behavior. Such metal matrix nanostructures open up entirely new applications, which exploit their full potential in combination with the unique 3D additive manufacturing capabilities at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Utke
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Johann Michler
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Robert Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct-Write Fabrication of 3D Nano-Probes (DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Plank
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct-Write Fabrication of 3D Nano-Probes (DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, 8010 Graz, Austria
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17
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Plank H, Winkler R, Schwalb CH, Hütner J, Fowlkes JD, Rack PD, Utke I, Huth M. Focused Electron Beam-Based 3D Nanoprinting for Scanning Probe Microscopy: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2019; 11:E48. [PMID: 31906005 PMCID: PMC7019982 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) has become an essential surface characterization technique in research and development. By concept, SPM performance crucially depends on the quality of the nano-probe element, in particular, the apex radius. Now, with the development of advanced SPM modes beyond morphology mapping, new challenges have emerged regarding the design, morphology, function, and reliability of nano-probes. To tackle these challenges, versatile fabrication methods for precise nano-fabrication are needed. Aside from well-established technologies for SPM nano-probe fabrication, focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) has become increasingly relevant in recent years, with the demonstration of controlled 3D nanoscale deposition and tailored deposit chemistry. Moreover, FEBID is compatible with practically any given surface morphology. In this review article, we introduce the technology, with a focus on the most relevant demands (shapes, feature size, materials and functionalities, substrate demands, and scalability), discuss the opportunities and challenges, and rationalize how those can be useful for advanced SPM applications. As will be shown, FEBID is an ideal tool for fabrication / modification and rapid prototyping of SPM-tipswith the potential to scale up industrially relevant manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Plank
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct–Write Fabrication of 3D Nano–Probes (DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Direct–Write Fabrication of 3D Nano–Probes (DEFINE), Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | | | - Johanna Hütner
- GETec Microscopy GmbH, 1220 Vienna, Austria; (C.H.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Jason D. Fowlkes
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (J.D.F.); (P.D.R.)
- Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Philip D. Rack
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (J.D.F.); (P.D.R.)
- Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Ivo Utke
- Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, 3602 Thun, Switzerland;
| | - Michael Huth
- Physics Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
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18
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Sanz-Martín C, Magén C, De Teresa JM. High Volume-Per-Dose and Low Resistivity of Cobalt Nanowires Grown by Ga + Focused Ion Beam Induced Deposition. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1715. [PMID: 31805735 PMCID: PMC6955673 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The growth of ferromagnetic nanostructures by means of focused-Ga+-beam-induced deposition (Ga+-FIBID) using the Co2(CO)8 precursor has been systematically investigated. The work aimed to obtain growth conditions allowing for the simultaneous occurrence of high growth speed, good lateral resolution, low electrical resistivity, and ferromagnetic behavior. As a first result, it has been found that the competition between deposition and milling that is produced by the Ga+ beam is a limiting factor. In our working conditions, with the maximum available precursor flux, the maximum deposit thickness has been found to be 65 nm. The obtained volumetric growth rate is at least 50 times higher than in the case of deposition by focused-electron-beam-induced deposition. The lateral resolution of the deposits can be as good as 50 nm while using Ga+-beam currents lower than 10 pA. The high metallic content of the as-grown deposits gives rise to a low electrical resistivity, within the range 20-40 µΩ·cm. Magnetic measurements confirm the ferromagnetic nature of the deposits at room temperature. In conclusion, the set of obtained results indicates that the growth of functional ferromagnetic nanostructures by Ga+-FIBID while using the Co2(CO)8 precursor is a viable and competitive technique when compared to related nanofabrication techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sanz-Martín
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.S.-M.); (C.M.)
| | - César Magén
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.S.-M.); (C.M.)
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.S.-M.); (C.M.)
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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19
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Comparison between Focused Electron/Ion Beam-Induced Deposition at Room Temperature and under Cryogenic Conditions. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10120799. [PMID: 31766480 PMCID: PMC6952801 DOI: 10.3390/mi10120799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, we compare the performance of Focused Electron Beam-induced Deposition (FEBID) and Focused Ion Beam-induced Deposition (FIBID) at room temperature and under cryogenic conditions (the prefix “Cryo” is used here for cryogenic). Under cryogenic conditions, the precursor material condensates on the substrate, forming a layer that is several nm thick. Its subsequent exposure to a focused electron or ion beam and posterior heating to 50 °C reveals the deposit. Due to the extremely low charge dose required, Cryo-FEBID and Cryo-FIBID are found to excel in terms of growth rate, which is typically a few hundred/thousand times higher than room-temperature deposition. Cryo-FIBID using the W(CO)6 precursor has demonstrated the growth of metallic deposits, with resistivity not far from the corresponding deposits grown at room temperature. This paves the way for its application in circuit edit and the fast and direct growth of micro/nano-electrical contacts with decreased ion damage. The last part of the contribution is dedicated to the comparison of these techniques with other charge-based lithography techniques in terms of the charge dose required and process complexity. The comparison indicates that Cryo-FIBID is very competitive and shows great potential for future lithography developments.
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20
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Sánchez Muñoz C, Lara A, Puebla J, Nori F. Hybrid Systems for the Generation of Nonclassical Mechanical States via Quadratic Interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:123604. [PMID: 30296112 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.123604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a method to implement two-phonon interactions between mechanical resonators and spin qubits in hybrid setups, and show that these systems can be applied for the generation of nonclassical mechanical states even in the presence of dissipation. In particular, we demonstrate that the implementation of a two-phonon Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian under coherent driving of the qubit yields a dissipative phase transition with similarities to the one predicted in the model of the degenerate parametric oscillator: beyond a certain threshold in the driving amplitude, the driven-dissipative system sustains a mixed steady state consisting of a "jumping cat," i.e., a cat state undergoing random jumps between two phases. We consider realistic setups and show that, in samples within reach of current technology, the system features nonclassical transient states, characterized by a negative Wigner function, that persist during timescales of fractions of a second.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sánchez Muñoz
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Antonio Lara
- Dpto. Física Materia Condensada C03, Instituto Nicolas Cabrera (INC), Condensed Matter Physics Institute (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Puebla
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Franco Nori
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
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21
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Wartelle A, Pablo-Navarro J, Staňo M, Bochmann S, Pairis S, Rioult M, Thirion C, Belkhou R, Teresa JMD, Magén C, Fruchart O. Transmission XMCD-PEEM imaging of an engineered vertical FEBID cobalt nanowire with a domain wall. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:045704. [PMID: 29199972 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa9eff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Using focused electron-beam-induced deposition, we fabricate a vertical, platinum-coated cobalt nanowire with a controlled three-dimensional structure. The latter is engineered to feature bends along the height: these are used as pinning sites for domain walls, which are obtained at remanence after saturation of the nanostructure in a horizontally applied magnetic field. The presence of domain walls is investigated using x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) coupled to photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM). The vertical geometry of our sample combined with the low incidence of the x-ray beam produce an extended wire shadow which we use to recover the wire's magnetic configuration. In this transmission configuration, the whole sample volume is probed, thus circumventing the limitation of PEEM to surfaces. This article reports on the first study of magnetic nanostructures standing perpendicular to the substrate with XMCD-PEEM. The use of this technique in shadow mode enabled us to confirm the presence of a domain wall without direct imaging of the nanowire.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wartelle
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, NEEL, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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22
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23
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Belić D, Shawrav MM, Bertagnolli E, Wanzenboeck HD. Direct writing of gold nanostructures with an electron beam: On the way to pure nanostructures by combining optimized deposition with oxygen-plasma treatment. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:2530-2543. [PMID: 29259868 PMCID: PMC5727840 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a highly effective approach for the chemical purification of directly written 2D and 3D gold nanostructures suitable for plasmonics, biomolecule immobilisation, and nanoelectronics. Gold nano- and microstructures can be fabricated by one-step direct-write lithography process using focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID). Typically, as-deposited gold nanostructures suffer from a low Au content and unacceptably high carbon contamination. We show that the undesirable carbon contamination can be diminished using a two-step process - a combination of optimized deposition followed by appropriate postdeposition cleaning. Starting from the common metal-organic precursor Me2-Au-tfac, it is demonstrated that the Au content in pristine FEBID nanostructures can be increased from 30 atom % to as much as 72 atom %, depending on the sustained electron beam dose. As a second step, oxygen-plasma treatment is established to further enhance the Au content in the structures, while preserving their morphology to a high degree. This two-step process represents a simple, feasible and high-throughput method for direct writing of purer gold nanostructures that can enable their future use for demanding applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domagoj Belić
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Floragasse 7, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- University of Liverpool, Department of Chemistry, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Mostafa M Shawrav
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Floragasse 7, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Sensors & Actuator System, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27–29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Emmerich Bertagnolli
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Floragasse 7, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz D Wanzenboeck
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Floragasse 7, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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24
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Fernández-Pacheco A, Streubel R, Fruchart O, Hertel R, Fischer P, Cowburn RP. Three-dimensional nanomagnetism. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15756. [PMID: 28598416 PMCID: PMC5494189 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanostructures are being developed for use in many aspects of our daily life, spanning areas such as data storage, sensing and biomedicine. Whereas patterned nanomagnets are traditionally two-dimensional planar structures, recent work is expanding nanomagnetism into three dimensions; a move triggered by the advance of unconventional synthesis methods and the discovery of new magnetic effects. In three-dimensional nanomagnets more complex magnetic configurations become possible, many with unprecedented properties. Here we review the creation of these structures and their implications for the emergence of new physics, the development of instrumentation and computational methods, and exploitation in numerous applications. Nanoscale magnetic devices play a key role in modern technologies but current applications involve only 2D structures like magnetic discs. Here the authors review recent progress in the fabrication and understanding of 3D magnetic nanostructures, enabling more diverse functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Streubel
- Division of Materials Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Olivier Fruchart
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble INP, INAC, SPINTEC, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Riccardo Hertel
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Department of Magnetic Objects on the Nanoscale, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Peter Fischer
- Division of Materials Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Department of Physics, UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Russell P Cowburn
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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25
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Hirt L, Reiser A, Spolenak R, Zambelli T. Additive Manufacturing of Metal Structures at the Micrometer Scale. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28052421 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the focus of additive manufacturing (AM) is shifting from simple prototyping to actual production. One driving factor of this process is the ability of AM to build geometries that are not accessible by subtractive fabrication techniques. While these techniques often call for a geometry that is easiest to manufacture, AM enables the geometry required for best performance to be built by freeing the design process from restrictions imposed by traditional machining. At the micrometer scale, the design limitations of standard fabrication techniques are even more severe. Microscale AM thus holds great potential, as confirmed by the rapid success of commercial micro-stereolithography tools as an enabling technology for a broad range of scientific applications. For metals, however, there is still no established AM solution at small scales. To tackle the limited resolution of standard metal AM methods (a few tens of micrometers at best), various new techniques aimed at the micrometer scale and below are presently under development. Here, we review these recent efforts. Specifically, we feature the techniques of direct ink writing, electrohydrodynamic printing, laser-assisted electrophoretic deposition, laser-induced forward transfer, local electroplating methods, laser-induced photoreduction and focused electron or ion beam induced deposition. Although these methods have proven to facilitate the AM of metals with feature sizes in the range of 0.1-10 µm, they are still in a prototype stage and their potential is not fully explored yet. For instance, comprehensive studies of material availability and material properties are often lacking, yet compulsory for actual applications. We address these items while critically discussing and comparing the potential of current microscale metal AM techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Hirt
- ETH and University of Zürich, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Gloriastrasse 35, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alain Reiser
- ETH Zürich, Department of Materials, Laboratory for Nanometallurgy, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Spolenak
- ETH Zürich, Department of Materials, Laboratory for Nanometallurgy, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tomaso Zambelli
- ETH and University of Zürich, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Gloriastrasse 35, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Sangiao S, Magén C, Mofakhami D, de Loubens G, De Teresa JM. Magnetic properties of optimized cobalt nanospheres grown by focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) on cantilever tips. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:2106-2115. [PMID: 29090112 PMCID: PMC5647723 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a detailed investigation of the magnetic properties of cobalt nanospheres grown on cantilever tips by focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID). The cantilevers are extremely soft and the cobalt nanospheres are optimized for magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) experiments, which implies that the cobalt nanospheres must be as small as possible while bearing high saturation magnetization. It was found that the cobalt content and the corresponding saturation magnetization of the nanospheres decrease for nanosphere diameters less than 300 nm. Electron holography measurements show the formation of a magnetic vortex state in remanence, which nicely agrees with magnetic hysteresis loops performed by local magnetometry showing negligible remanent magnetization. As investigated by local magnetometry, optimal behavior for high-resolution MRFM has been found for cobalt nanospheres with a diameter of ≈200 nm, which present atomic cobalt content of ≈83 atom % and saturation magnetization of 106 A/m, around 70% of the bulk value. These results represent the first comprehensive investigation of the magnetic properties of cobalt nanospheres grown by FEBID for application in MRFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Sangiao
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - César Magén
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundación ARAID, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), CSIC, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Darius Mofakhami
- Service de Physique de l’Etat Condensé, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Grégoire de Loubens
- Service de Physique de l’Etat Condensé, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - José María De Teresa
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), CSIC, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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27
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Marashdeh A, Tiesma T, van Velzen NJC, Harder S, Havenith RWA, De Hosson JTM, van Dorp WF. The rational design of a Au(I) precursor for focused electron beam induced deposition. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:2753-2765. [PMID: 29354346 PMCID: PMC5753056 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Au(I) complexes are studied as precursors for focused electron beam induced processing (FEBIP). FEBIP is an advanced direct-write technique for nanometer-scale chemical synthesis. The stability and volatility of the complexes are characterized to design an improved precursor for pure Au deposition. Aurophilic interactions are found to play a key role. The short lifetime of ClAuCO in vacuum is explained by strong, destabilizing Au-Au interactions in the solid phase. While aurophilic interactions do not affect the stability of ClAuPMe3, they leave the complex non-volatile. Comparison of crystal structures of ClAuPMe3 and MeAuPMe3 shows that Au-Au interactions are much weaker or partially even absent for the latter structure. This explains its high volatility. However, MeAuPMe3 dissociates unfavorably during FEBIP, making it an unsuitable precursor. The study shows that Me groups reduce aurophilic interactions, compared to Cl groups, which we attribute to electronic rather than steric effects. Therefore we propose MeAuCO as a potential FEBIP precursor. It is expected to have weak Au-Au interactions, making it volatile. It is stable enough to act as a volatile source for Au deposition, being stabilized by 6.5 kcal/mol. Finally, MeAuCO is likely to dissociate in a single step to pure Au.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Marashdeh
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa’ Applied University, Salt, Jordan
| | - Thiadrik Tiesma
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Niels J C van Velzen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Remco W A Havenith
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, University of Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeff T M De Hosson
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
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28
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Shawrav MM, Taus P, Wanzenboeck HD, Schinnerl M, Stöger-Pollach M, Schwarz S, Steiger-Thirsfeld A, Bertagnolli E. Highly conductive and pure gold nanostructures grown by electron beam induced deposition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34003. [PMID: 27666531 PMCID: PMC5035929 DOI: 10.1038/srep34003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This work introduces an additive direct-write nanofabrication technique for producing extremely conductive gold nanostructures from a commercial metalorganic precursor. Gold content of 91 atomic % (at. %) was achieved by using water as an oxidative enhancer during direct-write deposition. A model was developed based on the deposition rate and the chemical composition, and it explains the surface processes that lead to the increases in gold purity and deposition yield. Co-injection of an oxidative enhancer enabled Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition (FEBID)—a maskless, resistless deposition method for three dimensional (3D) nanostructures—to directly yield pure gold in a single process step, without post-deposition purification. Gold nanowires displayed resistivity down to 8.8 μΩ cm. This is the highest conductivity achieved so far from FEBID and it opens the possibility of applications in nanoelectronics, such as direct-write contacts to nanomaterials. The increased gold deposition yield and the ultralow carbon level will facilitate future applications such as the fabrication of 3D nanostructures in nanoplasmonics and biomolecule immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M Shawrav
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - Philipp Taus
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - Heinz D Wanzenboeck
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - M Schinnerl
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - M Stöger-Pollach
- University Service Center for Transmission Electron Microscope (USTEM), Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - S Schwarz
- University Service Center for Transmission Electron Microscope (USTEM), Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - A Steiger-Thirsfeld
- University Service Center for Transmission Electron Microscope (USTEM), Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - Emmerich Bertagnolli
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1040, Austria
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29
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Córdoba R, Sharma N, Kölling S, Koenraad PM, Koopmans B. High-purity 3D nano-objects grown by focused-electron-beam induced deposition. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:355301. [PMID: 27454835 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/35/355301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To increase the efficiency of current electronics, a specific challenge for the next generation of memory, sensing and logic devices is to find suitable strategies to move from two- to three-dimensional (3D) architectures. However, the creation of real 3D nano-objects is not trivial. Emerging non-conventional nanofabrication tools are required for this purpose. One attractive method is focused-electron-beam induced deposition (FEBID), a direct-write process of 3D nano-objects. Here, we grow 3D iron and cobalt nanopillars by FEBID using diiron nonacarbonyl Fe2(CO)9, and dicobalt octacarbonyl Co2(CO)8, respectively, as starting materials. In addition, we systematically study the composition of these nanopillars at the sub-nanometer scale by atom probe tomography, explicitly mapping the homogeneity of the radial and longitudinal composition distributions. We show a way of fabricating high-purity 3D vertical nanostructures of ∼50 nm in diameter and a few micrometers in length. Our results suggest that the purity of such 3D nanoelements (above 90 at% Fe and above 95 at% Co) is directly linked to their growth regime, in which the selected deposition conditions are crucial for the final quality of the nanostructure. Moreover, we demonstrate that FEBID and the proposed characterization technique not only allow for growth and chemical analysis of single-element structures, but also offers a new way to directly study 3D core-shell architectures. This straightforward concept could establish a promising route to the design of 3D elements for future nano-electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Córdoba
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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30
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Tu F, Drost M, Vollnhals F, Späth A, Carrasco E, Fink RH, Marbach H. On the magnetic properties of iron nanostructures fabricated via focused electron beam induced deposition and autocatalytic growth processes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:355302. [PMID: 27454990 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/35/355302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We employ Electron beam induced deposition (EBID) in combination with autocatalytic growth (AG) processes to fabricate magnetic nanostructures with controllable shapes and thicknesses. Following this route, different Fe deposits were prepared on silicon nitride membranes under ultra-high vacuum conditions and studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning transmission x-ray microspectroscopy (STXM). The originally deposited Fe nanostructures are composed of pure iron, especially when fabricated via autocatalytic growth processes. Quantitative near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy was employed to derive information on the thickness dependent composition. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) in STXM was used to derive the magnetic properties of the EBID prepared structures. STXM and XMCD analysis evinces the existence of a thin iron oxide layer at the deposit-vacuum interface, which is formed during exposure to ambient conditions. We were able to extract magnetic hysteresis loops for individual deposits from XMCD micrographs with varying external magnetic field. Within the investigated thickness range (2-16 nm), the magnetic coercivity, as evaluated from the width of the hysteresis loops, increases with deposit thickness and reaches a maximum value of ∼160 Oe at around 10 nm. In summary, we present a viable technique to fabricate ferromagnetic nanostructures in a controllable way and gain detailed insight into their chemical and magnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tu
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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31
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Arefpour M, Kashi MA, Ramazani A, Montazer AH. Electrochemical pore filling strategy for controlled growth of magnetic and metallic nanowire arrays with large area uniformity. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:275605. [PMID: 27248861 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/27/275605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
While a variety of template-based strategies have been developed in the fabrication of nanowires (NWs), a uniform pore filling across the template still poses a major challenge. Here, we present a large area controlled pore filling strategy in the reproducible fabrication of various magnetic and metallic NW arrays, embedded inside anodic aluminum oxide templates. Using a diffusive pulsed electrodeposition (DPED) technique, this versatile strategy relies on the optimized filling of branched nanopores at the bottom of templates with Cu. Serving the Cu filled nanopores as appropriate nucleation sites, the DPED is followed by a uniform and homogeneous deposition of magnetic (Ni and Fe) and metallic (Cu and Zn) NWs at a current density of 50 mA cm-2 for an optimal thickness of alumina barrier layer (∼18 nm). Our strategy provides large area uniformity (exceeding 400 μm2) in the fabrication of 16 μm long free-standing NW arrays. Using hysteresis loop measurements and scanning electron microscopy images, the electrodeposition efficiency (EE) and pore filling percentage (F p) are evaluated, leading to maximum EE and F p values of 91% and 95% for Ni and Zn, respectively. Moreover, the resulting NW arrays are found to be highly crystalline. Accordingly, the DPED technique is capable of cheaply and efficiently controlling NW growth over a large area, providing a tool for various nanoscale applications including biomedical devices, electronics, photonics, magnetic storage medium and nanomagnet computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arefpour
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Kashan, Kashan 87317-51167, Iran
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Sharma N, van Mourik RA, Yin Y, Koopmans B, Parkin SSP. Focused-electron-beam-induced-deposited cobalt nanopillars for nanomagnetic logic. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:165301. [PMID: 26941232 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/16/165301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanomagnetic logic (NML) intends to alleviate problems of continued miniaturization of CMOS-based electronics, such as energy dissipation through heat, through advantages such as low power operation and non-volatile magnetic elements. In line with recent breakthroughs in NML with perpendicularly magnetized elements formed from thin films, we have fabricated NML inverter chains from Co nanopillars by focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) that exhibit shape-induced perpendicular magnetization. The flexibility of FEBID allows optimization of NML structures. Simulations reveal that the choice of nanopillar dimensions is critical to obtain the correct antiferromagnetically coupled configuration. Experiments carrying the array through a clocking cycle using the Oersted field from an integrated Cu wire show that the array responds to the clocking cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sharma
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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33
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Córdoba R, Barcones B, Roelfsema E, Verheijen MA, Mulders JJL, Trompenaars PHF, Koopmans B. Functional nickel-based deposits synthesized by focused beam induced processing. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:065303. [PMID: 26759183 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/6/065303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Functional nanostructures fabricated by focused electron/ion beam induced processing (FEBIP/FIBIP) open a promising route for applications in nanoelectronics. Such developments rely on the exploration of new advanced materials. We report here the successful fabrication of nickel-based deposits by FEBIP/FIBIP using bis(methyl cyclopentadienyl)nickel as a precursor. In particular, binary compounds such as nickel oxide (NiO) are synthesized by using an in situ two-step process at room temperature. By this method, as-grown Ni deposits transform into homogeneous NiO deposits using focused electron beam irradiation under O2 flux. This procedure is effective in producing highly pure NiO deposits with resistivity of 2000 Ωcm and a polycrystalline structure with face-centred cubic lattice and grains of 5 nm. We demonstrate that systems based on NiO deposits displaying resistance switching and an exchange-bias effect could be grown by FEBIP using optimized parameters. Our results provide a breakthrough towards using these techniques for the fabrication of functional nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Córdoba
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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34
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Perez-Roldan MJ, Tatti F, Vavassori P, Berger A, Chuvilin A. Segregation of materials in double precursor electron-beam-induced-deposition: a route to functional magnetic nanostructures. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:375302. [PMID: 26313638 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/37/375302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we report an observation of the phenomenon of spatial segregation of two materials in double precursor electron beam induced deposition. Segregation occurs under proper deposition conditions in a single spot illumination due to generic variation of electron current density within an electron beam. Combining precursors for magnetic (dicobaltoctacarbonyl) and non-magnetic (tetraethyl orthosilicate) properties we demonstrate a one-step fabrication process for magnetic tubules at the scale of 100 nm. Electron holography applied on the cross-section of thus prepared tubules reveals the concentration of the magnetic field in the cobalt rich shell, corroborating spatially distributed functionality. We elaborate the numerical model describing the observed phenomenon and defining the conditions for its practical achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Perez-Roldan
- CIC nanoGUNE Consolider, Avenida de Tolosa 76, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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