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Shakourian-Fard M, Ghenaatian HR, Kamath G. Geminal Dicationic Ionic Liquids (GDILs) and Their Adsorption on Graphene Nanoflakes. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:7575-7587. [PMID: 38405523 PMCID: PMC10882669 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
In this work, the configuration and stability of 15 geminal dicationic ionic liquids (GDILs) and their adsorption mechanism on the graphene nanoflake (GNF) are investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) method. We find that the interactions of dications ([DAm]+, [DIm]+, [DImDm]+, [DPy]+, and [DPyrr]+)) are stabilized near the anions ([BF4]-, [PF6]-, and [Tf2N]-) in the most stable configurations of GDILs through electrostatic interactions, van der Waals (vdW) interactions, and hydrogen bonding (H-bonding). Our calculations show that the adsorption of the GDILs on the GNF is consistent with the charge transfer and occurs via X···π (X = N, O, F), C-H···π, and π···π noncovalent interactions, leading to a decrease in the strength of the intermolecular interactions between the dications and anions in the GDILs. The thermochemistry calculations reveal that the formation of GDIL@GNF complexes is an exothermic and favorable reaction. The adsorption energy (Eads) calculations show that the highest Eads values for the interaction of GDILs containing [BF4]-, [PF6]-, and [Tf2N]- anions with the GNF are observed for the [DPy][BF4]@GNF (-23.56 kcal/mol), [DPy][PF6]@GNF (-29.29 kcal/mol), and [DPyrr][Tf2N]@GNF (-24.74 kcal/mol) complexes, respectively. Our results show that the adsorption of the GDILs on the GNF leads to the decrease of the chemical potential (μ), chemical hardness (η), and HOMO-LUMO energy gap (Eg) values and an increase in the electrophilicity index (ω) value of the GNF. In addition, the effect of GDIL adsorption on the UV-vis absorption spectrum was studied at the TD-M06-2X/cc-pVDZ level of theory. We find that the adsorption of GDILs results in minimal change in the shape of the main absorption peak (at λ = 363 nm) in the GNF spectrum and only shifts it to higher wavelengths. On the other hand, a new peak appears in the GNF spectrum upon adsorption of [DPy][Y] (Y = [BF4]-, [PF6]-, and [Tf2N]-) due to the relatively strong π···π interactions between the [DPy]+ dication and GNF. Finally, the transition density matrix (TDM) heat maps show that electron transfers related to the excitation states in the GDIL@GNF complexes occur mainly through π(C=C) → π*(C=C) transitions in the GNF and the transitions from [DPy]+ dication to the GNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Shakourian-Fard
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Birjand University
of Technology, Birjand,
P.O. Box 97175/569, Iran
| | | | - Ganesh Kamath
- Dalzierfiver
LLC, 3500 Carlfied St., El Sobrante, California 94803, United States
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2
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Tomazett VK, Chacon G, Marin G, Castegnaro MV, das Chagas RP, Lião LM, Dupont J, Qadir MI. Ionic liquid confined spaces controlled catalytic CO2 cycloaddition of epoxides in BMIm.ZnCl3 and its supported ionic liquid phases. J CO2 UTIL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2023.102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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3
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Relaxation, temporal diffusion, and polarity of aromatic hydrocarbons in ionic liquid. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02696-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Liu M, Liu H, Peng H. Orientational wetting and dynamical correlations toward glass transition on the surface of imidazolium-based ionic liquids. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:034701. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0099845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface induces many fascinating physical phenomena, such as dynamic acceleration, surface anchoring, and orientational wetting, and, thus, is of great interest to study. Here, we report classic molecular dynamics simulations on the free-standing surface of imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) [C4mim][PF6] and [C10mim][PF6]. On [C10mim][PF6] surface, a significant orientational wetting is observed, with the wetting strength showing a diverging tendency. Depth of the wetting was captured from the density and orientational order profile by a static length, which remarkably increases below the temperature Tstat upon cooling down. The dynamical correlation length that measures the distance of surface-dynamics acceleration into the bulk was characterized via the spatial-dependent mobility. The translational correlation exhibits a similar drastic increment at Tstat, while the rotational correlation drastically increases at a lower temperature Trot. We connect these results to the dynamics in bulk liquids, by finding Tstat and Trot that correspond to the onset temperatures where the liquids become cooperative for translational and rotational relaxation, respectively. This signifies the importance of collective dynamics in the bulk on the orientational wetting and surface dynamics in the ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, 932 South Lushan Rd., 410083 Changsha, China
| | - Huashan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, 932 South Lushan Rd., 410083 Changsha, China
| | - Hailong Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, 932 South Lushan Rd., 410083 Changsha, China
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5
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Horstmann R, Hecht L, Kloth S, Vogel M. Structural and Dynamical Properties of Liquids in Confinements: A Review of Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6506-6522. [PMID: 35580166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are a powerful tool for detailed studies of altered properties of liquids in confinement, in particular, of changed structures and dynamics. They allow, on one hand, for perfect control and systematic variation of the geometries and interactions inherent in confinement situations and, on the other hand, for type-selective and position-resolved analyses of a huge variety of structural and dynamical parameters. Here, we review MD simulation studies on various types of liquids and confinements. The main focus is confined aqueous systems, but also ionic liquids and polymer and silica melts are discussed. Results for confinements featuring different interactions, sizes, shapes, and rigidity will be presented. Special attention will be given to situations in which the confined liquid and the confining matrix consist of the same type of particles and, hence, disparate liquid-matrix interactions are absent. Findings for the magnitude and the range of wall effects on molecular positions and orientations and on molecular dynamics, including vibrational motion and structural relaxation, are reviewed. Moreover, their dependence on the parameters of the confinement and their relevance to theoretical approaches to the glass transition are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Horstmann
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lukas Hecht
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kloth
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Vogel
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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6
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Wang Y, He H, Wang C, Lu Y, Dong K, Huo F, Zhang S. Insights into Ionic Liquids: From Z-Bonds to Quasi-Liquids. JACS AU 2022; 2:543-561. [PMID: 35373210 PMCID: PMC8965826 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) hold great promise in the fields of green chemistry, environmental science, and sustainable technology due to their unique properties, such as a tailorable structure, the various types available, and their environmentally friendly features. On the basis of multiscale simulations and experimental characterizations, two unique features of ILs are as follows: (1) strong coupling interactions between the electrostatic forces and hydrogen bonds, namely in the Z-bond, and (2) the unique semiordered structure and properties of ultrathin films, specifically regarding the quasi-liquid. In accordance with the aforementioned theoretical findings, many cutting-edge applications have been proposed: for example, CO2 capture and conversion, biomass conversion and utilization, and energy storage materials. Although substantial progress has been made recently in the field of ILs, considerable challenges remain in understanding the nature of and devising applications for ILs, especially in terms of e.g. in situ/real-time observation and highly precise multiscale simulations of the Z-bond and quasi-liquid. In this Perspective, we review recent developments and challenges for the IL research community and provide insights into the nature and function of ILs, which will facilitate future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Wang
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process
and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Hongyan He
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process
and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Chenlu Wang
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process
and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yumiao Lu
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process
and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Dong
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process
and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Huo
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process
and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suojiang Zhang
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process
and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s
Republic of China
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7
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Lahrar EH, Simon P, Merlet C. Carbon-carbon supercapacitors: Beyond the average pore size or how electrolyte confinement and inaccessible pores affect the capacitance. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:184703. [PMID: 34773950 DOI: 10.1063/5.0065150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon-carbon supercapacitors are high power electrochemical energy storage systems, which store energy through reversible ion adsorption at the electrode-electrolyte interface. Due to the complex structure of the porous carbons used as electrodes, extracting structure-property relationships in these systems remains a challenge. In this work, we conduct molecular simulations of two model supercapacitors based on nanoporous electrodes with the same average pore size, a property often used when comparing porous materials, but different morphologies. We show that the carbon with the more ordered structure, and a well defined pore size, has a much higher capacitance than the carbon with the more disordered structure and a broader pore size distribution. We analyze the structure of the confined electrolyte and show that the ions adsorbed in the ordered carbon are present in larger quantities and are also more confined than for the disordered carbon. Both aspects favor a better charge separation and thus a larger capacitance. In addition, the disordered electrodes contain a significant amount of carbon atoms, which are never in contact with the electrolyte, carry a close to zero charge, and are thus not involved in the charge storage. The total quantities of adsorbed ions and degrees of confinement do not change much with the applied potential, and as such, this work opens the door to computationally tractable screening strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Hassane Lahrar
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Bât. CIRIMAT, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Patrice Simon
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Bât. CIRIMAT, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Céline Merlet
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Bât. CIRIMAT, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
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8
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Rudzinski JF, Kloth S, Wörner S, Pal T, Kremer K, Bereau T, Vogel M. Dynamical properties across different coarse-grained models for ionic liquids. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:224001. [PMID: 33592598 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abe6e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) stand out among molecular liquids for their rich physicochemical characteristics, including structural and dynamic heterogeneity. The significance of electrostatic interactions in RTILs results in long characteristic length- and timescales, and has motivated the development of a number of coarse-grained (CG) simulation models. In this study, we aim to better understand the connection between certain CG parameterization strategies and the dynamical properties and transferability of the resulting models. We systematically compare five CG models: a model largely parameterized from experimental thermodynamic observables; a refinement of this model to increase its structural accuracy; and three models that reproduce a given set of structural distribution functions by construction, with varying intramolecular parameterizations and reference temperatures. All five CG models display limited structural transferability over temperature, and also result in various effective dynamical speedup factors, relative to a reference atomistic model. On the other hand, the structure-based CG models tend to result in more consistent cation-anion relative diffusion than the thermodynamic-based models, for a single thermodynamic state point. By linking short- and long-timescale dynamical behaviors, we demonstrate that the varying dynamical properties of the different CG models can be largely collapsed onto a single curve, which provides evidence for a route to constructing dynamically-consistent CG models of RTILs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Kloth
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Svenja Wörner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tamisra Pal
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kurt Kremer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tristan Bereau
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences and Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Vogel
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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9
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Voroshylova IV, Ers H, Koverga V, Docampo-Álvarez B, Pikma P, Ivaništšev VB, Cordeiro M. Ionic liquid–metal interface: The origins of capacitance peaks. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Lu H, Stenberg S, Woodward CE, Forsman J. Structural transitions at electrodes, immersed in simple ionic liquid models. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:3876-3885. [PMID: 33660732 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02167a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We used a recently developed classical Density Functional Theory (DFT) method to study the structures, phase transitions, and electrochemical behaviours of two coarse-grained ionic fluid models, in the presence of a perfectly conducting model electrode. Common to both is that the charge of the cationic component is able to approach the electrode interface more closely than the anion charge. This means that the cations are specifically attracted to the electrode, due to surface polarization effects. Hence, for a positively charged electrode, there is competition at the surface between cations and anions, where the latter are attracted by the positive electrode charge. This generates demixing, for a range of positive voltages, where the two phases are structurally quite different. The surface charge density is also different between the two phases, even at the same potential. The DFT formulation contains an approximate treatment of ion correlations, and surface polarization, where the latter is modelled via screened image interactions. Using a mean-field DFT, where ion correlations are neglected, causes the phase transition to vanish for both models, but there is still a dramatic drop in the differential capacitance as proximal cations are replaced by anions, for increasing surface potentials. While these findings were obtained for relatively crude coarse-grained models, we argue that the findings can also be relevant in "real" systems, where we note that many ionic liquids are composed of a spherically symmetric anion, and a cation that is asymmetric both from a steric and a charge distribution point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongduo Lu
- Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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11
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Alizadeh V, Esser L, Kirchner B. How is CO2 absorbed into a deep eutectic solvent? J Chem Phys 2021; 154:094503. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0038093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Alizadeh
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstraße 4+6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars Esser
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstraße 4+6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Kirchner
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstraße 4+6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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12
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Chang TM, Billeck SE. Structure, Molecular Interactions, and Dynamics of Aqueous [BMIM][BF 4] Mixtures: A Molecular Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:1227-1240. [PMID: 33497566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations with many-body polarizable force fields were carried out to investigate the thermodynamic, structural, and dynamic properties of aqueous solutions of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF4]). The radial distribution functions exhibit well-defined features, revealing favored structural correlations between [bmim]+, [BF4]-, and H2O. The addition of water is shown to alter ionic liquid structural organizations by replacing counterions in the coordination shells and disrupt the cation-anion network. At low water concentration, the majority of water molecules are isolated from each other and have lower average dipole moment than that in pure water. With increasing hydration level, while [bmim][BF4] ionic network breaks up and becomes isolated ion pairs or free ions in the dilute limit, water begins to form clusters of increasing sizes and eventually forms a percolating network. As a result, the average water dipole moment increases and approaches its bulk value. Water is also observed to have a substantial influence on the dynamics of ionic liquids. At low water content, the cation and anion have similar diffusion coefficients due to the correlated ionic motion of long-lived ion pairs. As the water concentration increases, both ions exhibit greater mobility and faster rotations from the breakup of ionic network. Consequently, the ionic conductivity of [bmim][BF4] aqueous solutions rises with increasing water composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsun-Mei Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, United States
| | - Stephanie E Billeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, United States
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13
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Voroshylova IV, Ers H, Docampo-Álvarez B, Pikma P, Ivaništšev VB, Cordeiro MNDS. Hysteresis in the MD Simulations of Differential Capacitance at the Ionic Liquid-Au Interface. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:10408-10413. [PMID: 33253582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we report the first observation of the capacitance-potential hysteresis at the ionic liquid | electrode interface in atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. While modeling the differential capacitance dependence on the potential scan direction, we detected two long-living types of interfacial structure for the BMImPF6 ionic liquid at specific charge densities of the gold Au(111) surface. These structures differ in how counterions overscreen the surface charge. The high barrier for the transition from one structure to another slows down the interfacial restructuring process and leads to the marked capacitance-potential hysteresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia V Voroshylova
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Heigo Ers
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | | | - Piret Pikma
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | | | - M Natália D S Cordeiro
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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14
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Zheng YZ, Zhou Y, Deng G, Guo R, Chen DF. The structure and interaction properties of two task-specific ionic liquids and acetonitrile mixtures: A combined FTIR and DFT study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 226:117641. [PMID: 31606676 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The mixtures of ionic liquid (IL) and acetonitrile (CH3CN) can be used as reaction media, supercapacitors and thermally stable electrolytes. The macroscopic properties of ILs-CH3CN mixtures have been extensively studied. However, some fundamental questions regarding the microscopic properties of ILs-CH3CN mixtures still remain to be answered. In this work, the structure properties and hydrogen-bond interactions of two task-specific ILs, i.e., 1-propylnitrile-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([PCNMIM][Tf2N]) and 1-(2'-hydroxylethyl)-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C2OHMIM][Tf2N]), and CH3CN were studied using the combination of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The aromatic C‒H stretching vibration region of the cation was an area of special focus. Excess infrared spectroscopy with enhanced resolution was applied to analyse the original infrared spectra. It is found that: (1) The two ILs form stable hydrogen-bonds with CH3CN. (2) Ion cluster, ion cluster-acetonitrile, and ion pair-acetonitrile are identified in the mixture. Acetonitrile cannot break apart the strong electronic interaction between the cation and anion in the examined concentration range. (3) The hydrogen-bonds are weak strength, closed shell and electrostatic dominant interactions. (4) The preferred interaction site of [PCNMIM]+ cation is the hydrogen atom at the C2 site, while that of [C2OHMIM]+ cation is the hydrogen atom in the hydroxyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Zhen Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Yu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Geng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Rui Guo
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Da-Fu Chen
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China.
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15
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Zheng YZ, Zhou Y, Deng G, Guo R, Chen DF. A combination of FTIR and DFT to study the microscopic structure and hydrogen-bonding interaction properties of the [BMIM][BF 4] and water. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 226:117624. [PMID: 31605965 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The structure and hydrogen-bond interaction property of water and a model ionic liquid (IL): 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4]) were studied using the combination of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The O‒D stretching vibration region of the deuterated water was an area of special focus. Excess infrared spectroscopy with enhanced resolution was applied to analyse the original infrared spectra of v(O‒D). It is found that: (1) [BMIM][BF4] forms stable hydrogen-bonds with water in the mixture. (2) The hydrogen-bonds are weak strength, closed shell and electrostatic dominant interactions. The preferred interaction site of [BMIM]+ cation is the hydrogen atom at the C2. (3) Cage hexamer water, cyclic tetramer water, cyclic trimer water, ion cluster-water complex, ion pair-water, and anion-water complexes are identified in the mixture. When the mole fraction of D2O (x(D2O)) is larger than 0.9, ion cluster and ion pair were broken apart into individual cations and anions. The cage hexamer water, cyclic tetramer water, and cyclic trimer water disappear at x(D2O) < 0.8, 0.5, and 0.3, respectively. HDO formed by H/D isotope exchange was detected when x(D2O) is less than 0.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Zhen Zheng
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Geng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Rui Guo
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Da-Fu Chen
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China.
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16
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Tuning Water Networks via Ionic Liquid/Water Mixtures. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020403. [PMID: 31936347 PMCID: PMC7013630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Water in nanoconfinement is ubiquitous in biological systems and membrane materials, with altered properties that significantly influence the surrounding system. In this work, we show how ionic liquid (IL)/water mixtures can be tuned to create water environments that resemble nanoconfined systems. We utilize molecular dynamics simulations employing ab initio force fields to extensively characterize the water structure within five different IL/water mixtures: [BMIM+][BF4−], [BMIM+][PF6−], [BMIM+][OTf−], [BMIM+][NO3−] and [BMIM+][TFSI−] ILs at varying water fraction. We characterize water clustering, hydrogen bonding, water orientation, pairwise correlation functions and percolation networks as a function of water content and IL type. The nature of the water nanostructure is significantly tuned by changing the hydrophobicity of the IL and sensitively depends on water content. In hydrophobic ILs such as [BMIM+][PF6−], significant water clustering leads to dynamic formation of water pockets that can appear similar to those formed within reverse micelles. Furthermore, rotational relaxation times of water molecules in supersaturated hydrophobic IL/water mixtures indicate the close-connection with nanoconfined systems, as they are quantitatively similar to water relaxation in previously characterized lyotropic liquid crystals. We expect that this physical insight will lead to better design principles for incorporation of ILs into membrane materials to tune water nanostructure.
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17
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Lynden-Bell RM. Screening of highly charged ions in an ionic liquid; when will ion pairs form? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:10911-10916. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01228a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The properties of pairs of doubly charged solute ions are studied as a function of their separation in the ionic liquid, dimethylimidazolium chloride ([dmim][Cl]).
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18
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Soroush E, Mesbah M, Zendehboudi S. An efficient tool to determine physical properties of ternary mixtures containing 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium based ILs and molecular solvents. Chem Eng Res Des 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Vučemilović-Alagić N, Banhatti RD, Stepić R, Wick CR, Berger D, Gaimann MU, Baer A, Harting J, Smith DM, Smith AS. Insights from molecular dynamics simulations on structural organization and diffusive dynamics of an ionic liquid at solid and vacuum interfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 553:350-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Otero-Mato JM, Lesch V, Montes-Campos H, Smiatek J, Diddens D, Cabeza O, Gallego LJ, Varela LM. Solvation in ionic liquid-water mixtures: A computational study. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Sharma S, Dhattarwal HS, Kashyap HK. Molecular dynamics investigation of electrostatic properties of pyrrolidinium cation based ionic liquids near electrified carbon electrodes. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Zheng YZ, Zhou Y, Deng G, Guo R, Chen DF. Insight into the structure and interaction properties of 1-propylnitrile-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and chloroform mixtures. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.03.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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23
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McDaniel JG, Verma A. On the Miscibility and Immiscibility of Ionic Liquids and Water. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:5343-5356. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b02187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse G. McDaniel
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Archana Verma
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- R. M. Lynden-Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK
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25
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Schurhammer R, Wipff G. Formation of Aqueous Biphasic Systems with an Ionic Liquid Induced by Metallic Salts: Nanoscopic Views from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:10143-10157. [PMID: 30351128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b06193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The formation of aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) based on aqueous ionic liquid (IL)/salt mixtures has been investigated via molecular dynamics simulations (with IL butyl-methyl-imidazolium triflate; salts NaCl, CsCl, SrCl2, and EuCl3). The analysis of ion distributions, solvation, and mutual interactions during the dynamics reveals the heterogeneity of all solutions due to ion segregation into mutually exclusive IL and salt domains, even in monophasic solutions ("ionic sociology"). Ion segregation and ABS formation are found to increase with (i) the salt content and (ii) the IL content, (iii) in the order Na+ < Sr2+ < Eu3+, and (iv) when the IL ion "polarity" is diminished, following experimental trends. The structuration of the solution is rationalized as a synergistic water transfer from the best donating ion pair (first hydration shell of hydrophobic moieties of IL ions) to the best accepting pair (M n+ and Cl- ions, beyond their first shell). In ABSs, the IL- and salt-containing phases are linked by a well-defined "interface" that decreases in width when MCl n becomes more hydrophilic and/or more concentrated. In the IL-rich phase of ABSs, the hydration of IL ions and their mutual interactions are shown to be similar to those displayed at aqueous interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Schurhammer
- Chimie de la Matière Complexe, UMR CNRS 7140 , 1, rue B. Pascal , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Georges Wipff
- Chimie de la Matière Complexe, UMR CNRS 7140 , 1, rue B. Pascal , 67000 Strasbourg , France
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26
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Lu H, Nordholm S, Woodward CE, Forsman J. A classical density functional theory for the asymmetric restricted primitive model of ionic liquids. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:193814. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5013134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hongduo Lu
- Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sture Nordholm
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Clifford E. Woodward
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Jan Forsman
- Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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27
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Cheng HW, Weiss H, Stock P, Chen YJ, Reinecke CR, Dienemann JN, Mezger M, Valtiner M. Effect of Concentration on the Interfacial and Bulk Structure of Ionic Liquids in Aqueous Solution. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:2637-2646. [PMID: 29356544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bio and aqueous applications of ionic liquids (IL) such as catalysis in micelles formed in aqueous IL solutions or extraction of chemicals from biologic materials rely on surface-active and self-assembly properties of ILs. Here, we discuss qualitative relations of the interfacial and bulk structuring of a water-soluble surface-active IL ([C8MIm][Cl]) on chemically controlled surfaces over a wide range of water concentrations using both force probe and X-ray scattering experiments. Our data indicate that IL structuring evolves from surfactant-like surface adsorption at low IL concentrations, to micellar bulk structure adsorption above the critical micelle concentration, to planar bilayer formation in ILs with <1 wt % of water and at high charging of the surface. Interfacial structuring is controlled by mesoscopic bulk structuring at high water concentrations. Surface chemistry and surface charges decisively steer interfacial ordering of ions if the water concentration is low and/or the surface charge is high. We also demonstrate that controlling the interfacial forces by using self-assembled monolayer chemistry allows tuning of interfacial structures. Both the ratio of the head group size to the hydrophobic tail volume as well as the surface charging trigger the bulk structure and offer a tool for predicting interfacial structures. Based on the applied techniques and analyses, a qualitative prediction of molecular layering of ILs in aqueous systems is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-W Cheng
- Department for Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH , 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology , A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - H Weiss
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Stock
- Department for Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH , 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Y-J Chen
- Department for Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH , 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - C R Reinecke
- Department for Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH , 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J-N Dienemann
- Department for Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH , 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Mezger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Valtiner
- Department for Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH , 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology , A-1040 Vienna, Austria
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28
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Lu H, Nordholm S, Woodward CE, Forsman J. Ionic liquid interface at an electrode: simulations of electrochemical properties using an asymmetric restricted primitive model. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:074004. [PMID: 29300174 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaa524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We use Monte Carlo simulations of a coarse-grained model to investigate structure and electrochemical behaviours at an electrode immersed in room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). The simple RTIL model, which we denote the asymmetric restricted primitive model (ARPM), is composed of monovalent hard-sphere ions, all of the same size, in which the charge is asymmetrically placed. Not only the hard-sphere size (d), but also the charge displacement (b), is identical for all species, i.e. the monovalent RTIL ions are fully described by only two parameters (d, b). In earlier work, it was demonstrated that the ARPM can capture typical static RTIL properties in bulk solutions with remarkable accuracy. Here, we investigate its behaviour at an electrode surface. The electrode is assumed to be a perfect conductor and image charge methods are utilized to handle polarization effects. We find that the ARPM of the ionic liquid reproduces typical (static) electrochemical properties of RTILs. Our model predicts a declining differential capacitance with increasing temperature, which is expected from simple physical arguments. We also compare our ARPM, with the corresponding RPM description, at an elevated temperature (1000 K). We conclude that, even though ion pairing occurs in the ARPM system, reducing the concentration of 'free' ions, it is still better able to screen charge than a corresponding RPM melt. Finally, we evaluate the option to coarse-grain the model even further, by treating the fraction of the ions that form ion pairs implicitly, only through the contribution to the dielectric constant of the corresponding dipolar (ion pair) fluid. We conclude that this primitive representation of ion pairing is not able to reproduce the structures and differential capacitances of the system with explicit ion pairs. The main problem seems to be due to a limited dielectric screening in a layer near the electrode surface, resulting from a combination of orientational restrictions and a depleted dipole density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongduo Lu
- Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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29
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Mars J, Hou B, Weiss H, Li H, Konovalov O, Festersen S, Murphy BM, Rütt U, Bier M, Mezger M. Surface induced smectic order in ionic liquids - an X-ray reflectivity study of [C 22C 1im] +[NTf 2] . Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:26651-26661. [PMID: 28960006 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04852a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Surface induced smectic order was found for the ionic liquid 1-methyl-3-docosylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethlysulfonyl)imide by X-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence scattering experiments. Near the free liquid surface, an ordered structure of alternating layers composed of polar and non-polar moieties is observed. This leads to an oscillatory interfacial profile perpendicular to the liquid surface with a periodicity of 3.7 nm. Small angle X-ray scattering and polarized light microscopy measurements suggest that the observed surface structure is related to fluctuations into a metastable liquid crystalline SmA2 phase that was found by supercooling the bulk liquid. The observed surface ordering persists up to 157 °C, i.e. more than 88 K above the bulk melting temperature of 68.1 °C. Close to the bulk melting point, we find a thickness of the ordered layer of L = 30 nm. The dependency of L(τ) = Λ ln(τ/τ1) vs. reduced temperature τ follows a logarithmic growth law. In agreement with theory, the pre-factor Λ is governed by the correlation length of the isotropic bulk phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Mars
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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30
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Camci MT, Aydogan P, Ulgut B, Kocabas C, Suzer S. XPS enables visualization of electrode potential screening in an ionic liquid medium with temporal- and lateral-resolution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:28434-28440. [PMID: 27757457 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04933h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) investigation of potential screening across two gold electrodes fabricated on a porous polymer surface which is impregnated with the ionic liquid (IL) N-N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [DEME-TFSI]. The IL provides a sheet of conducting layers to the insulating polymer film, and allows monitoring charging and screening dynamics at the polymer + IL/vacuum interface in a laterally resolved fashion across the electrodes. Time-resolved measurements are also implemented by recording F1s peaks of the IL, while imposing 10 mHz square-wave (SQW) pulses across the two electrodes in a source-drain geometry. Variations in the F1s binding energy reflect directly the transient local electrical potential, and allow us to visualize screening of the otherwise built-in local voltage drop on and across the metal electrodes in the range of millimeters. Accordingly, the device is partitioned into two oppositely polarized regions, each following polarization of one electrode through the IL medium. On the other extreme, upon imposing relatively fast 1 kHz SQW pulses the charge screening is prevented and the device is brought to assume a simple resistor role. A simple equivalent circuit model also reproduces the observed voltage transients qualitatively. The presented structure and variants of XPS measurements, enabling us to record voltage transients in unexpectedly large lateral distances away from the electrodes, can impact the understanding of various electrochemical concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Camci
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
| | - P Aydogan
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
| | - B Ulgut
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
| | - C Kocabas
- Department of Physics, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - S Suzer
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
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31
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Fetisov EO, Harwood DB, Kuo IFW, Warrag SEE, Kroon MC, Peters CJ, Siepmann JI. First-Principles Molecular Dynamics Study of a Deep Eutectic Solvent: Choline Chloride/Urea and Its Mixture with Water. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:1245-1254. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii O. Fetisov
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - David B. Harwood
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - I-Feng William Kuo
- Physical
and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Samah E. E. Warrag
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Petroleum Institute, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 2533, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maaike C. Kroon
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Petroleum Institute, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 2533, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Cor J. Peters
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Petroleum Institute, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 2533, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - J. Ilja Siepmann
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0132, United States
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32
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Reichert P, Kjær KS, Brandt van Driel T, Mars J, Ochsmann JW, Pontoni D, Deutsch M, Nielsen MM, Mezger M. Molecular scale structure and dynamics at an ionic liquid/electrode interface. Faraday Discuss 2018; 206:141-157. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structural arrangement and dynamics of ions near the IL/electrode interface during charging and discharging was studied by a combination of time resolved X-ray reflectivity and impedance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Reichert
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Institute of Physics and MAINZ Graduate School
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
| | - Kasper Skov Kjær
- Centre for Molecular Movies
- Department of Physics
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Tim Brandt van Driel
- Centre for Molecular Movies
- Department of Physics
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Julian Mars
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Institute of Physics and MAINZ Graduate School
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
| | | | - Diego Pontoni
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron and Partnership for Soft Condensed Matter (PSCM)
- 38043 Grenoble
- France
| | - Moshe Deutsch
- Department of Physics
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials
- Bar-Ilan University
- Ramat-Gan 52900
- Israel
| | - Martin Meedom Nielsen
- Centre for Molecular Movies
- Department of Physics
- Technical University of Denmark
- DK-2800 Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Markus Mezger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Institute of Physics and MAINZ Graduate School
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
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33
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Ruzanov A, Lembinen M, Jakovits P, Srirama SN, Voroshylova IV, Cordeiro MNDS, Pereira CM, Rossmeisl J, Ivaništšev VB. On the thickness of the double layer in ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:10275-10285. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07939g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Au(111)|BF4−interface model in which BF4−reorients and spontaneously dissociates at surface coverageθ= 1/3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ruzanov
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - Meeri Lembinen
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - Pelle Jakovits
- Mobile & Cloud Computing Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu
- 50409 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - Satish N. Srirama
- Mobile & Cloud Computing Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu
- 50409 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - Iuliia V. Voroshylova
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, LAQV@REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre
- Porto
- Portugal
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, CIQ(UP), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre
- Porto
| | - M. Natália D. S. Cordeiro
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, LAQV@REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre
- Porto
- Portugal
| | - Carlos M. Pereira
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, CIQ(UP), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre
- Porto
- Portugal
| | - Jan Rossmeisl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, København
- Denmark
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34
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Molecular dynamic studies of π + - π − stacked imidazolium/imidazolate ion pairs in chloroform solution. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.06.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Zheng W, Wang H, Xie W, Zhao L, Sun W. Understanding interfacial behaviors of isobutane alkylation with C4 olefin catalyzed by sulfuric acid or ionic liquids. AIChE J 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Huanying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Wenxiu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Weizhen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
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36
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Li T, Zhao Z, Zhang X, Sun X. Molecular Dynamics Studies on Liquid/Vapor Interface Properties and Structures of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Dimethylphosphate-Water. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:3087-3098. [PMID: 28318258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethylphosphate ([Emim][Dmp])-water binary solution is one of the promising new working-pairs for absorption heat pump and absorption chillers, which are widely used to recover industrial waste heat. In the absorption process, the mass and heat transfer at the interface greatly depend on interface microscopic structure. Therefore, in order to understand the absorption process, it is very important to study the interface microscopic structure. The liquid-vapor interface properties, as well as the orientation of [Emim]+, [Dmp]-, water at the interface and its aqueous solution with different water mole fraction, were studied using classical all-atom force field by molecular dynamic simulations. The simulated bulk mass density fitted by hyperbolic tangent function for each system was in good agreement with the experiment data, with the relative deviation between simulated and experimental value within 2%. The simulated results indicate that anion is always distributed at the outmost layer of the interface, followed by cation and water molecule. In [Emim][Dmp], the tilt angle of imidazolium rings to the surface normal is in the range of 0° < θ < 12°; for most cation, their ethyl and methyl tilted toward gas phase and bulk, respectively, but for a few cation, their ethyl and the methyl take the opposite orientation. For anion, one methyl prefers to turn toward gas phase and another methyl (PC vector from P atom to C atom) lie nearly parallel to the surface, while one PO vector (from P atom to O atom) turns toward liquid bulk and another PO vector is nearly parallel to the surface. In aqueous solution of [Emim][Dmp], the tilt angle of the imidazolium ring to the surface normal becomes larger (0° < θ < 37°) at the interface, but almost all ethyl intend to tilt toward gas phase and the methyl tilt toward liquid bulk compared with pure [Emim][Dmp]. Two methyl in anion prefer to turn toward gas phase and its two PO vectors toward liquid bulk. This orientation indicates that pure [Emim][Dmp] absorb water in gas phase more easily than [Emim][Dmp]+H2O system does. Water molecules are distributed in the inner layer of the interface with two OH vectors (from O atom to H atom) tilting toward external surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China.,Research Institute of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zongchang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China.,Research Institute of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Chemical Machinery School, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xican Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China.,Research Institute of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
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37
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Izgorodina EI, Seeger ZL, Scarborough DLA, Tan SYS. Quantum Chemical Methods for the Prediction of Energetic, Physical, and Spectroscopic Properties of Ionic Liquids. Chem Rev 2017; 117:6696-6754. [PMID: 28139908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The accurate prediction of physicochemical properties of condensed systems is a longstanding goal of theoretical (quantum) chemistry. Ionic liquids comprising entirely of ions provide a unique challenge in this respect due to the diverse chemical nature of available ions and the complex interplay of intermolecular interactions among them, thus resulting in the wide variability of physicochemical properties, such as thermodynamic, transport, and spectroscopic properties. It is well understood that intermolecular forces are directly linked to physicochemical properties of condensed systems, and therefore, an understanding of this relationship would greatly aid in the design and synthesis of functionalized materials with tailored properties for an application at hand. This review aims to give an overview of how electronic structure properties obtained from quantum chemical methods such as interaction/binding energy and its fundamental components, dipole moment, polarizability, and orbital energies, can help shed light on the energetic, physical, and spectroscopic properties of semi-Coulomb systems such as ionic liquids. Particular emphasis is given to the prediction of their thermodynamic, transport, spectroscopic, and solubilizing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina I Izgorodina
- Monash Computational Chemistry Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University , 17 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Zoe L Seeger
- Monash Computational Chemistry Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University , 17 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - David L A Scarborough
- Monash Computational Chemistry Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University , 17 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Samuel Y S Tan
- Monash Computational Chemistry Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University , 17 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Mesbah M, Soroush E, Rostampour Kakroudi M. Predicting physical properties (viscosity, density, and refractive index) of ternary systems containing 1-octyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, esters and alcohols at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure, using rigorous classification techniques. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiguo Zhang
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis & Selective Oxidation, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.18, Tianshui Middle Road, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiaheng Zhang
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Youquan Deng
- Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis & Selective Oxidation, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.18, Tianshui Middle Road, 730000 Lanzhou, China
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41
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Shin JY, Yamada SA, Fayer MD. Dynamics of a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid in Supported Ionic Liquid Membranes vs the Bulk Liquid: 2D IR and Polarized IR Pump–Probe Experiments. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 139:311-323. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yoon Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Steven A. Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael D. Fayer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Nakajima K, Nakanishi S, Chval Z, Lísal M, Kimura K. Surface segregation in a binary mixture of ionic liquids: Comparison between high-resolution RBS measurements and moleculardynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:184704. [PMID: 27846689 DOI: 10.1063/1.4967260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Nakajima
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-daigaku-katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Shunto Nakanishi
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-daigaku-katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Zdeněk Chval
- Faculty of Health and Social Studies, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lísal
- Laboratory of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., 165 02 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Kenji Kimura
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-daigaku-katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
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43
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Ohoyama H, Teramoto T. Initial dissolution of D 2O at the gas-liquid interface of the ionic liquid [C 4min][NTf2] associated with hydrogen-bond network formation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:28061-28068. [PMID: 27711407 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03448a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the initial dissolution of D2O at the interfacial surface of the flowing jet sheet beam of the ionic liquid (IL) [C4min][NTf2] using the King and Wells method as a function of both the temperature and collision energy of the IL. The initial dissolution probability of D2O into the IL [C4min][NTf2] was found to follow the general propensity that the solubility of gases into a liquid decreases with temperature. However, a large partial molar enthalpy and entropy for the initial dissolution of D2O in the IL [C4min][NTf2] were observed from the temperature dependence of the initial dissolution probability: ΔHl = -53 ± 8 kJ mol-1, ΔSl = -210 ± 30 J mol-1 K-1. In addition, it was found that the collision energy significantly reduced the initial dissolution probability. We propose that the associated D2O molecules at the interface of the IL [C4min][NTf2] make a hydrogen-bond network around the [NTf2]- anion before dissolution into the deeper portion of the interface layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ohoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - T Teramoto
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, College of Science & Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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44
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Amith WD, Hettige JJ, Castner EW, Margulis CJ. Structures of Ionic Liquids Having Both Anionic and Cationic Octyl Tails: Lamellar Vacuum Interface vs Sponge-Like Bulk Order. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:3785-3790. [PMID: 27607189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Numerous experimental and computational studies have shown that the structure of ionic liquids is significantly influenced by confinement and by interactions with interfaces. The nature of the interface can affect the immediate ordering of cations and anions, changing important rheological characteristics relevant to lubrication. Most studies suggest that such changes are local or short-ranged and that bulk properties are reestablished on a length scale of a few nanometers. The current study focuses on the 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium octylsulfate ionic liquid for which both the cation and anion have moderate length linear alkyl tails. For this system, we find that the bulk phase is dominated by the very common sponge-like morphology characteristic of many ionic liquids. However, at the vacuum interface, a lamellar structure is observed that is not restricted to the vicinity of the surface but instead extends across the full 9 nm slab of our simulation. We suspect that in reality it could extend significantly beyond this.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeevapani J Hettige
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Edward W Castner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Claudio J Margulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Armaković S, Armaković SJ, Vraneš M, Tot A, Gadžurić S. Determination of reactive properties of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium taurate ionic liquid employing DFT calculations. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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46
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Haskins JB, Wu JJ, Lawson JW. Computational and Experimental Study of Li-Doped Ionic Liquids at Electrified Interfaces. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2016; 120:11993-12011. [PMID: 33005284 PMCID: PMC7526643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b02449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We evaluate the influence of Li-salt doping on the dynamics, capacitance, and structure of three ionic liquid electrolytes, [pyr14][TFSI], [pyr13][FSI], and [EMIM][BF4], using molecular dynamics and polarizable force fields. In this respect, our focus is on the properties of the electric double layer (EDL) formed by the electrolytes at the electrode surface as a function of surface potential (Ψ). The rates of EDL formation are found to be on the order of hundreds of picoseconds and only slightly influenced by the addition of Li-salt. The EDLs of three electrolytes are shown to have different energy storage capacities, which we relate to the EDL formation free energy. The differential capacitance obtained from our computations exhibits asymmetry about the potential of zero charge and is consistent with the camel-like profiles noted from mean field theories and experiments on metallic electrodes. The introduction of Li-salt reduces the noted asymmetry in the differential capacitance profile. Complementary experimental capacitance measurements have been made on our three electrolytes in their neat forms and with Li-salt. The measurements, performed on glassy carbon electrodes, produce U-like profiles, and Li-salt doping is shown to strongly affect capacitance at high magnitudes of Ψ. Differences in the theoretical and experimental shapes and magnitudes of capacitance are rationalized in terms of the electrode surface and pseudocapacitive effects. In both neat and Li-doped liquids, the details of the computational capacitance profile are well described by Ψ-induced changes in the density and molecular orientation of ions in the molecular layer closest to the electrode. Our results suggest that the addition of Li+ induces disorder in the EDL, which originates from the strong binding of anions to Li+. An in-depth analysis of the distribution of Li+ in the EDL reveals that it does not readily enter the molecular layer at the electrode surface, preferring instead to be localized farther away from the surface in the second molecular layer. This behavior is validated through an analysis of the free energy of Li+ solvation as a function of distance from the electrode. Free energy wells are found to coincide with localized concentrations of Li+, the depths of which increase with Ψ and suggest a source of impedance for Li+ to reach the electrode. Finally, we make predictions of the specific energy at ideal graphite utilizing the computed capacitance and previously derived electrochemical windows of the liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Haskins
- AMA Inc., Thermal Materials Protection Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA
| | - James J Wu
- Photovoltaic and Electrochemical Systems Branch, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44135, USA
| | - John W Lawson
- Thermal Materials Protection Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA
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47
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Haskins JB, Lawson JW. Evaluation of molecular dynamics simulation methods for ionic liquid electric double layers. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:184707. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4948938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justin B. Haskins
- AMA Inc., Thermal Protection Materials Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, MS N234-1, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA
| | - John W. Lawson
- Thermal Protection Materials Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, MS N234-1, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA
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48
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Niedermaier I, Kolbeck C, Steinrück HP, Maier F. Dual analyzer system for surface analysis dedicated for angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy at liquid surfaces and interfaces. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:045105. [PMID: 27131705 DOI: 10.1063/1.4942943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of liquid surfaces and interfaces with the powerful toolbox of ultra-high vacuum (UHV)-based surface science techniques generally has to overcome the issue of liquid evaporation within the vacuum system. In the last decade, however, new classes of liquids with negligible vapor pressure at room temperature-in particular, ionic liquids (ILs)-have emerged for surface science studies. It has been demonstrated that particularly angle-resolved X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (ARXPS) allows for investigating phenomena that occur at gas-liquid and liquid-solid interfaces on the molecular level. The results are not only relevant for IL systems but also for liquids in general. In all of these previous ARXPS studies, the sample holder had to be tilted in order to change the polar detection angle of emitted photoelectrons, which restricted the liquid systems to very thin viscous IL films coating a flat solid support. We now report on the concept and realization of a new and unique laboratory "Dual Analyzer System for Surface Analysis (DASSA)" which enables fast ARXPS, UV photoelectron spectroscopy, imaging XPS, and low-energy ion scattering at the horizontal surface plane of macroscopically thick non-volatile liquid samples. It comprises a UHV chamber equipped with two electron analyzers mounted for simultaneous measurements in 0° and 80° emission relative to the surface normal. The performance of DASSA on a first macroscopic liquid system will be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Niedermaier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, FAU Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Kolbeck
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, FAU Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, FAU Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Maier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, FAU Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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49
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50
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Sánchez ML, Corchado JC, Martín ME, Galván IF, Barata-Morgado R, Aguilar MA. A new QM/MM method oriented to the study of ionic liquids. J Comput Chem 2015. [PMID: 26213207 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The interest on room temperature ionic liquids has grown in the last decades because of their use as all-purpose solvent and their low environmental impact. In the present work, a new theoretical procedure is developed to study pure ionic liquids within the framework of the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics method. Each type of ion (cation or anion) is considered as an independent entity quantum mechanically described that follows a differentiated path in the liquid. The method permits, through an iterative procedure, the full coupling between the polarized charge distribution of the ions and the liquid structure around them. The procedure has been tested with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. It was found that, similar to non-polar liquids and as a consequence of the low value of the reaction field, the cation and anion charge distributions are hardly polarized by the rest of molecules in the liquid. Their structure is characterized by an alternance between anion and cation shells as evidenced by the coincidence of the first maximum of the anion-anion and cation-cation radial distribution functions with the first minimum of the anion-cation. Some degree of stacking between the cations is also found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luz Sánchez
- Área de Química Física, University of Extremadura, Avda. Elvas s/n, Edif. José Ma Vigera Lobo 3a, planta Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - José C Corchado
- Área de Química Física, University of Extremadura, Avda. Elvas s/n, Edif. José Ma Vigera Lobo 3a, planta Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - M Elena Martín
- Área de Química Física, University of Extremadura, Avda. Elvas s/n, Edif. José Ma Vigera Lobo 3a, planta Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fdez Galván
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, The Theoretical Chemistry Programme, Uppsala University, PO Box 518, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rute Barata-Morgado
- Área de Química Física, University of Extremadura, Avda. Elvas s/n, Edif. José Ma Vigera Lobo 3a, planta Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - Manuel A Aguilar
- Área de Química Física, University of Extremadura, Avda. Elvas s/n, Edif. José Ma Vigera Lobo 3a, planta Badajoz, 06006, Spain
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