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Seitzinger CL, Hall CC, Lodge TP. Photoreversible Order–Disorder Transitions in Block Copolymer/Ionic Liquid Solutions. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire L. Seitzinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Cecilia C. Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Hoffman AS, Stayton PS. Applications of “Smart Polymers” as Biomaterials. Biomater Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816137-1.00016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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3
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Trzebicka B, Szweda R, Kosowski D, Szweda D, Otulakowski Ł, Haladjova E, Dworak A. Thermoresponsive polymer-peptide/protein conjugates. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Moatsou D, Li J, Ranji A, Pitto-Barry A, Ntai I, Jewett MC, O’Reilly RK. Self-Assembly of Temperature-Responsive Protein-Polymer Bioconjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1890-9. [PMID: 26083370 PMCID: PMC4577958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report a simple temperature-responsive bioconjugate system comprising superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) decorated with poly[(oligo ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate] (PEGMA) polymers. We used amber suppression to site-specifically incorporate the non-canonical azide-functional amino acid p-azidophenylalanine (pAzF) into sfGFP at different positions. The azide moiety on modified sfGFP was then coupled using copper-catalyzed "click" chemistry with the alkyne terminus of a PEGMA synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The protein in the resulting bioconjugate was found to remain functionally active (i.e., fluorescent) after conjugation. Turbidity measurements revealed that the point of attachment of the polymer onto the protein scaffold has an impact on the thermoresponsive behavior of the resultant bioconjugate. Furthermore, small-angle X-ray scattering analysis showed the wrapping of the polymer around the protein in a temperature-dependent fashion. Our work demonstrates that standard genetic manipulation combined with an expanded genetic code provides an easy way to construct functional hybrid biomaterials where the location of the conjugation site on the protein plays an important role in determining material properties. We anticipate that our approach could be generalized for the synthesis of complex functional materials with precisely defined domain orientation, connectivity, and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafni Moatsou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Li
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry of Life Processes
Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Arnaz Ranji
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry of Life Processes
Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anaïs Pitto-Barry
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ioanna Ntai
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry of Life Processes
Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry of Life Processes
Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Rachel K. O’Reilly
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Cobo I, Li M, Sumerlin BS, Perrier S. Smart hybrid materials by conjugation of responsive polymers to biomacromolecules. NATURE MATERIALS 2015; 14:143-59. [PMID: 25401924 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The chemical structure and function of biomacromolecules has evolved to fill many essential roles in biological systems. More specifically, proteins, peptides, nucleic acids and polysaccharides serve as vital structural components, and mediate chemical transformations and energy/information storage processes required to sustain life. In many cases, the properties and applications of biological macromolecules can be further expanded by attaching synthetic macromolecules. The modification of biomacromolecules by attaching a polymer that changes its properties in response to environmental variations, thus affecting the properties of the biomacromolecule, has led to the emergence of a new family of polymeric biomaterials. Here, we summarize techniques for conjugating responsive polymers to biomacromolecules and highlight applications of these bioconjugates reported so far. In doing so, we aim to show how advances in synthetic tools could lead to rapid expansion in the variety and uses of responsive bioconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Cobo
- Key Centre for Polymers &Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ming Li
- Tyco Fire Protection Products, Mansfield, Texas 76063, USA
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George &Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science &Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, USA
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- 1] Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK [2] Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Tan H, Zhao L, Liu W, Ren L, Xu S, Chen L, Li W. Synthesis of thermo-responsive polymer–protein conjugates through disulfide bonding. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06813k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Wang L, Yuan L, Wang H, Liu X, Li X, Chen H. New Strategy for Reversible Modulation of Protein Activity through Site-Specific Conjugation of Small Molecule and Polymer. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1252-60. [DOI: 10.1021/bc5000934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry
and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lin Yuan
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry
and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry
and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry
and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xinming Li
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry
and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry
and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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Ge J, Yang C, Zhu J, Lu D, Liu Z. Nanobiocatalysis in Organic Media: Opportunities for Enzymes in Nanostructures. Top Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-012-9906-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Huang X, Boyer C, Davis TP, Bulmus V. Synthesis of heterotelechelic polymers with affinity to glutathione-S-transferase and biotin-tagged proteins by RAFT polymerization and thiol–ene reactions. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Reichert WM, Ratner BD, Anderson J, Coury A, Hoffman AS, Laurencin CT, Tirrell D. 2010 Panel on the biomaterials grand challenges. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 96:275-87. [PMID: 21171147 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In 2009, the National Academy for Engineering issued the Grand Challenges for Engineering in the 21st Century comprised of 14 technical challenges that must be addressed to build a healthy, profitable, sustainable, and secure global community (http://www.engineeringchallenges.org). Although crucial, none of the NEA Grand Challenges adequately addressed the challenges that face the biomaterials community. In response to the NAE Grand Challenges, Monty Reichert of Duke University organized a panel entitled Grand Challenges in Biomaterials at the at the 2010 Society for Biomaterials Annual Meeting in Seattle. Six members of the National Academies-Buddy Ratner, James Anderson, Allan Hoffman, Art Coury, Cato Laurencin, and David Tirrell-were asked to propose a grand challenge to the audience that, if met, would significantly impact the future of biomaterials and medical devices. Successfully meeting these challenges will speed the 60-plus year transition from commodity, off-the-shelf biomaterials to bioengineered chemistries, and biomaterial devices that will significantly advance our ability to address patient needs and also to create new market opportunities.
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Li M, De P, Li H, Sumerlin BS. Conjugation of RAFT-generated polymers to proteins by two consecutive thiol–ene reactions. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00025f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Velonia K. Protein-polymer amphiphilic chimeras: recent advances and future challenges. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9py00362b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Grover GN, Alconcel SNS, Matsumoto NM, Maynard HD. Trapping of Thiol Terminated Acrylate Polymers with Divinyl Sulfone to Generate Well-Defined Semi-Telechelic Michael Acceptor Polymers. Macromolecules 2009; 42:7657-7663. [PMID: 21552430 PMCID: PMC3088163 DOI: 10.1021/ma901036x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis of vinyl sulfone end functionalized PEGylated polymers by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization for conjugation to proteins. Poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEGA) was polymerized in the presence of 1-phenylethyl dithiobenzoate with 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) as the initiator to generate well-defined polyPEGAs with number-average molecular weights (M(n)) by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of 6.7 kDa, 11.8 kDa and 16.1 kDa. Post-polymerization, the majority of polymer chains contained the dithioester functional group at the omega chain end, and the polydispersity indexes (PDI) of the polymers ranged from 1.08 to 1.24. The dithioester was subsequently reduced via aminolysis, and the resulting thiol was trapped with a divinyl sulfone in situ to produce semi-telechelic, vinyl sulfone polyPEGAs with efficiencies ranging between 85% and 99%. It was determined that the retention of vinyl sulfone was directly related to reaction time, with the maximum dithioester being transformed into a vinyl sulfone within 30 minutes. Longer reaction times resulted in slow decomposition of the vinyl sulfone end group. The resulting semi-telechelic vinyl sulfone polymers were then conjugated to a protein containing a free cysteine, bovine serum albumin (BSA). Gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the reaction was highly efficient and that conjugates of increasing size were readily prepared. After polymer attachment, the activity of the BSA was 92% of the unmodified biomolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N. Grover
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Fax: 1-310-206-0204
| | - Steevens N. S. Alconcel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Fax: 1-310-206-0204
| | - Nicholas M. Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Fax: 1-310-206-0204
| | - Heather D. Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Fax: 1-310-206-0204
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Li M, De P, Gondi SR, Sumerlin BS. Responsive Polymer‐Protein Bioconjugates Prepared by RAFT Polymerization and Copper‐Catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne Click Chemistry. Macromol Rapid Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Shi XW, Liu Y, Lewandowski AT, Wu LQ, Wu HC, Ghodssi R, Rubloff GW, Bentley WE, Payne GF. Chitosan Biotinylation and Electrodeposition for Selective Protein Assembly. Macromol Biosci 2008; 8:451-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200700220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yoshida M, Langer R, Lendlein A, Lahann J. From Advanced Biomedical Coatings to Multi‐Functionalized Biomaterials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/15583720600945394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Thordarson P, Le Droumaguet B, Velonia K. Well-defined protein–polymer conjugates—synthesis and potential applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 73:243-54. [PMID: 17061132 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, numerous studies have focused on combining the unique catalytic/functional properties and structural characteristics of proteins and enzymes with those of synthetic molecules and macromolecules. The aim of such multidisciplinary studies is to improve the properties of the natural component, combine them with those of the synthetic, and create novel biomaterials in the nanometer scale. The specific coupling of polymers onto the protein structures has proved to be one of the most straightforward and applicable approaches in that sense. In this article, we focus on the synthetic pathways that have or can be utilized to specifically couple proteins to polymers. The different categories of well-defined protein-polymer conjugates and the effect of the polymer on the protein function are discussed. Studies have shown that the specific conjugation of a synthetic polymer to a protein conveys its physico-chemical properties and, therefore, modifies the biodistribution and solubility of the protein, making it in certain cases soluble and active in organic solvents. An overview of the applications derived from such bioconjugates in the pharmaceutical industry, biocatalysis, and supramolecular nanobiotechnology is presented at the final part of the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pall Thordarson
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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22
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Costioli MD, Freitag R, Hilbrig F. Strategies for the efficient synthesis of stimuli-responsive ss-DNA bioconjugates for capture and transfection of plasmid DNA. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2005.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pennadam SS, Lavigne MD, Dutta CF, Firman K, Mernagh D, Górecki DC, Alexander C. Control of a multisubunit DNA motor by a thermoresponsive polymer switch. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 126:13208-9. [PMID: 15479059 DOI: 10.1021/ja045275j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The conjugation of thermoresponsive polymers to multisubunit, multifunctional hybrid type 1 DNA restriction-modification (R-M) enzymes enables temperature-controlled "switching" of DNA methylation by the conjugate. Polymers attached to the enzyme at a subunit distal to the methylation subunit allow retention of DNA recognition and ATPase activity while controlling methylation of plasmid DNA. This regulation of enzyme activity arises from the coil-globule phase transitions of the polymer as shown in light scattering and gel retardation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivanand S Pennadam
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, United Kingdom
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Twaites B, de las Heras Alarcón C, Alexander C. Synthetic polymers as drugs and therapeutics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b410799n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tao L, Mantovani G, Lecolley F, Haddleton DM. α-Aldehyde Terminally Functional Methacrylic Polymers from Living Radical Polymerization: Application in Protein Conjugation “Pegylation”. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:13220-1. [PMID: 15479065 DOI: 10.1021/ja0456454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Application of proteins and peptides as human therapeutics is expanding rapidly as drug discovery becomes more prevalent. Conjugation of polymers to proteins can circumvent many problems and pegylation of proteins is now emerging as acceptable practice. This paper describes the synthesis of alpha-aldehyde-terminated poly(methoxyPEG)methacrylates from Cu(I) mediated living radical polymerization (Mn = 11 000, 22 000 and 32 000; PDi < 1.15), and their efficient conjugation to lysozyme, as a model protein. This offers an attractive and flexible alternative to linear poly(ethylene glycol) opening up the possibility of using the full power of living radical polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Nordlund HR, Laitinen OH, Hytönen VP, Uotila STH, Porkka E, Kulomaa MS. Construction of a dual chain pseudotetrameric chicken avidin by combining two circularly permuted avidins. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:36715-9. [PMID: 15131113 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403496200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two distinct circularly permuted forms of chicken avidin were designed with the aim of constructing a fusion avidin containing two biotin-binding sites in one polypeptide. The old N and C termini of wild-type avidin were connected to each other via a glycine/serine-rich linker, and the new termini were introduced into two different loops. This enabled the creation of the desired fusion construct using a short linker peptide between the two different circularly permuted subunits. The circularly permuted avidins (circularly permuted avidin 5 --> 4 and circularly permuted avidin 6 --> 5) and their fusion, pseudotetrameric dual chain avidin, were biologically active, i.e. showed biotin binding, and also displayed structural characteristics similar to those of wild-type avidin. Dual chain avidin facilitates the development of dual affinity avidins by allowing adjustment of the ligand-binding properties in half of the binding sites independent of the other half. In addition, the subunit fusion strategy described in this study can be used, where applicable, to modify oligomeric proteins in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri R Nordlund
- NanoScience Center (NSC), Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P. O. Box 35, FIN-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
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Shimoboji T, Larenas E, Fowler T, Kulkarni S, Hoffman AS, Stayton PS. Photoresponsive polymer-enzyme switches. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:16592-6. [PMID: 12486222 PMCID: PMC139188 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.262427799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to photoregulate enzyme activities could provide important new opportunities for development of diagnostic assays, sequential bioprocessing, and lab assays in both traditional and microfluidic formats. We show here that the photoinduced changes in the size and hydration of a "smart" polymer chain coil can be used to regulate substrate access and enzyme activity when conjugated to the enzyme at a specific point just outside the active site. The photoresponsive polymers thus serve jointly as antennae and actuators that reversibly respond to distinct optical signals to switch the polymer-enzyme conjugates on and off, and work when the conjugate is free in solution or when immobilized on magnetic beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Shimoboji
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and Genencor International, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Abramson S, Alexander H, Best S, Bokros J, Brunski JB, Colas A, Cooper SL, Curtis J, Haubold A, Hench LL, Hergenrother RW, Hoffman AS, Hubbell JA, Jansen JA, King MW, Kohn J, Lamba NM, Langer R, Migliaresi C, More RB, Peppas NA, Ratner BD, Visser SA, Recum AV, Weinberg S, Yannas IV. Classes of Materials Used in Medicine. Biomater Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012582460-6/50005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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