1
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Du Y, Yang HM, Zhang YM, Ma L, Gong XM, Tang JB. Development of a bioluminescent immunoassay based on Fc-specific conjugated antibody-nanoluciferase immunoreagents for determining aflatoxin B 1. Food Chem 2024; 463:141220. [PMID: 39265299 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a potent carcinogen, and is among the most hazardous mycotoxins in agricultural products. Therefore, the development of sensitive and convenient detection methods for AFB1 is significant for food safety against mycotoxins. Herein, a bioluminescent enzyme immunoassay (BLEIA) was developed for ultrasensitive detection of AFB1, based on the novel Fc-specific antibody-nanoluciferase (Ab-Nluc) conjugates which were fabricated using an IgG-binding protein-assisted photo-conjugation strategy. In indirect competitive immunoassay format, the proposed BLEIA exhibited the detection limit of 0.0232 ng mL-1, which was 37.4-fold lower than that obtained using the classical enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on Ab-horseradish peroxidase (Ab-HRP) chemical conjugates (0.868 ng mL-1). Meanwhile, the BLEIA exhibited high accuracy and precision. Thus, the proposed Fc-specific Ab-Nluc conjugates-based BLEIA provides an ultrasensitive and reliable method for detecting toxins and has potential for use in food safety monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Du
- Department of Biochemical Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hong-Ming Yang
- Department of Biochemical Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yu-Min Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Department of Biochemical Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Gong
- Weifang Customs, Weifang 261031, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jin-Bao Tang
- Department of Biochemical Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China.
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2
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Du Y, Xu CM, Zhang YM, Pan ZX, Wang FS, Yang HM, Tang JB. Fabrication of cysteine-modified antibodies with Fc-specific conjugation for covalent and oriented immobilization of native antibodies. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133962. [PMID: 39029833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Covalent and oriented immobilization of antibodies (Abs) can substantially improve the sensitivity and stability of solid-phase immunoassays. By modifying the natural Abs with functional groups that provide unique handles for further conjugation, Abs could be immobilized onto the solid matrices with uniform orientation. Herein, an effective approach for Fc-specific modification of Abs was developed for the oriented and covalent immobilization of Abs. Twelve photoreactive Z-domain variants, incorporated with a photoactivable probe (p-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine, Bpa) at different positions and carrying a C-terminal Cys-tag (i.e. ZBpa-Cys variants), were individually constructed and produced in Escherichia coli and tested for photo-cross-linking to various IgGs. The different ZBpa-Cys variants demonstrated large differences in photo-conjugation efficiency for the tested IgGs. The conjugation efficiencies of 17thZBpa-Cys ranged from 90 % to nearly 100 % for rabbit IgG and mouse IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3. Other variants, including 5thZBpa-Cys, 18thZBpa-Cys, 32thZBpa-Cys, and 35thZBpa-Cys, also displayed conjugation efficiencies of 61 %-83 % for mouse IgG1, IgG2a and IgG3. Subsequently, the photo-modified Abs, namely IgG-Cys conjugates, were covalently immobilized onto a maleimide group-functionalized solid-phase carrier on the basis of the reaction of sulfhydryl and maleimide. Thus, a generic platform for the controlled and oriented immobilization of Abs was developed, and the efficacy and potential of the proposed approach for sensitive immunoassays was demonstrated by detecting human α-fetoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Du
- Department of Biochemical Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Chong-Mei Xu
- Department of Biochemical Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Min Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Zheng-Xuan Pan
- Department of Biochemical Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Feng-Shan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Hong-Ming Yang
- Department of Biochemical Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China.
| | - Jin-Bao Tang
- Department of Biochemical Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China.
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3
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Cao L, Wang L. Biospecific Chemistry for Covalent Linking of Biomacromolecules. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8516-8549. [PMID: 38913432 PMCID: PMC11240265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Interactions among biomacromolecules, predominantly noncovalent, underpin biological processes. However, recent advancements in biospecific chemistry have enabled the creation of specific covalent bonds between biomolecules, both in vitro and in vivo. This Review traces the evolution of biospecific chemistry in proteins, emphasizing the role of genetically encoded latent bioreactive amino acids. These amino acids react selectively with adjacent natural groups through proximity-enabled bioreactivity, enabling targeted covalent linkages. We explore various latent bioreactive amino acids designed to target different protein residues, ribonucleic acids, and carbohydrates. We then discuss how these novel covalent linkages can drive challenging protein properties and capture transient protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions in vivo. Additionally, we examine the application of covalent peptides as potential therapeutic agents and site-specific conjugates for native antibodies, highlighting their capacity to form stable linkages with target molecules. A significant focus is placed on proximity-enabled reactive therapeutics (PERx), a pioneering technology in covalent protein therapeutics. We detail its wide-ranging applications in immunotherapy, viral neutralization, and targeted radionuclide therapy. Finally, we present a perspective on the existing challenges within biospecific chemistry and discuss the potential avenues for future exploration and advancement in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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4
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Li B, Yuan D, Chen H, Wang X, Liang Y, Wong CTT, Xia J. Site-selective antibody-lipid conjugates for surface functionalization of red blood cells and targeted drug delivery. J Control Release 2024; 370:302-309. [PMID: 38663752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Displaying antibodies on carrier surfaces facilitates precise targeting and delivery of drugs to diseased cells. Here, we report the synthesis of antibody-lipid conjugates (ALCs) through site-selective acetylation of Lys 248 in human Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and the development of antibody-functionalized red blood cells (immunoRBC) for targeted drug delivery. ImmunoRBC with the HER2-selective antibody trastuzumab displayed on the surface (called Tras-RBC) was constructed following a three-step procedure. First, a peptide-guided, proximity-induced reaction transferred an azidoacetyl group to the ε-amino group of Lys 248 in the Fc domain. Second, the azide-modified IgG was subsequently conjugated with dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-functionalized lipids via strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) to result in ALCs. Third, the lipid portion of ALCs was then inserted into the cell membranes, and IgGs were displayed on red blood cells (RBCs) to construct immunoRBCs. We then loaded Tras-RBC with a photosensitizer (PS), Zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), to selectively target HER2-overexpressing cells, release ZnPc into cancer cells following photolysis, and induce photodynamic cytotoxicity in the cancer cells. This work showcases assembling immunoRBCs following site-selective lipid conjugation on therapeutic antibodies and the targeted introduction of PS into cancer cells. This method could apply to the surface functionalization of other membrane-bound vesicles or lipid nanoparticles for antibody-directed drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biquan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cell & Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dingdong Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cell & Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hongfei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cell & Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cell & Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yujie Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cell & Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Clarence T T Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cell & Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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5
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Delaney S, Nagy Á, Karlström AE, Zeglis BM. Site-Specific Photoaffinity Bioconjugation for the Creation of 89Zr-Labeled Radioimmunoconjugates. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:1104-1114. [PMID: 37052759 PMCID: PMC10570397 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01818-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Site-specific approaches to bioconjugation produce well-defined and homogeneous immunoconjugates with potential for superior in vivo behavior compared to analogs synthesized using traditional, stochastic methods. The possibility of incorporating photoaffinity chemistry into a site-specific bioconjugation strategy is particularly enticing, as it could simplify and accelerate the preparation of homogeneous immunoconjugates for the clinic. In this investigation, we report the synthesis, in vitro characterization, and in vivo evaluation of a site-specifically modified, 89Zr-labeled radioimmunoconjugate created via the reaction between an mAb and an Fc-binding protein bearing a photoactivatable 4-benzoylphenylalanine residue. PROCEDURES A variant of the Fc-binding Z domain of protein A containing a photoactivatable, 4-benzoylphenylalanine residue - Z(35BPA) - was modified with desferrioxamine (DFO), combined with the A33 antigen-targeting mAb huA33, and irradiated with UV light. The resulting immunoconjugate - DFOZ(35BPA)-huA33 - was purified and characterized via SDS-PAGE, MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry, surface plasmon resonance, and flow cytometry. The radiolabeling of DFOZ(35BPA)-huA33 was optimized to produce [89Zr]Zr-DFOZ(35BPA)-huA33, and the immunoreactivity of the radioimmunoconjugate was determined with SW1222 human colorectal cancer cells. Finally, the in vivo performance of [89Zr]Zr-DFOZ(35BPA)-huA33 in mice bearing subcutaneous SW1222 xenografts was interrogated via PET imaging and biodistribution experiments and compared to that of a stochastically labeled control radioimmunoconjugate, [89Zr]Zr-DFO-huA33. RESULTS HuA33 was site-specifically modified with Z(35BPA)-DFO, producing an immunoconjugate with on average 1 DFO/mAb, high in vitro stability, and high affinity for its target. [89Zr]Zr-DFOZ(35BPA)-huA33 was synthesized in 95% radiochemical yield and exhibited a specific activity of 2 mCi/mg and an immunoreactive fraction of ~ 0.85. PET imaging and biodistribution experiments revealed that high concentrations of the radioimmunoconjugate accumulated in tumor tissue (i.e., ~ 40%ID/g at 120 h p.i.) but also that the Z(35BPA)-bearing immunoPET probe produced higher uptake in the liver, spleen, and kidneys than its stochastically modified cousin, [89Zr]Zr-DFO-huA33. CONCLUSIONS Photoaffinity chemistry and an Fc-binding variant of the Z domain were successfully leveraged to create a novel site-specific strategy for the synthesis of radioimmunoconjugates. The probe synthesized using this method - DFOZ(35BPA)-huA33 - was well-defined and homogeneous, and the resulting radioimmunoconjugate ([89Zr]Zr-DFOZ(35BPA)-huA33) boasted high specific activity, stability, and immunoreactivity. While the site-specifically modified radioimmunoconjugate produced high activity concentrations in tumor tissue, it also yielded higher uptake in healthy organs than a stochastically modified analog, suggesting that optimization of this system is necessary prior to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Delaney
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ábel Nagy
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amelie Eriksson Karlström
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Brian M Zeglis
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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6
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Brasino M, Wagnell E, Hamilton S, Ranganathan S, Gomes MM, Branchaud B, Messmer B, Ibsen SD. Turning antibodies off and on again using a covalently tethered blocking peptide. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1357. [PMID: 36496512 PMCID: PMC9741643 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In their natural form, antibodies are always in an "on-state" and are capable of binding to their targets. This leads to undesirable interactions in a wide range of therapeutic, analytical, and synthetic applications. Modulating binding kinetics of antibodies to turn them from an "off-state" to an "on-state" with temporal and spatial control can address this. Here we demonstrate a method to modulate binding activity of antibodies in a predictable and reproducible way. We designed a blocking construct that uses both covalent and non-covalent interactions with the antibody. The construct consisted of a Protein L protein attached to a flexible linker ending in a blocking-peptide designed to interact with the antibody binding site. A mutant Protein L was developed to enable photo-triggered covalent crosslinking to the antibody at a specific location. The covalent bond anchored the linker and blocking peptide to the antibody light chain keeping the blocking peptide close to the antibody binding site. This effectively put the antibody into an "off-state". We demonstrate that protease-cleavable and photocleavable moieties in the tether enable controlled antibody activation to the "on-state" for anti-FLAG and cetuximab antibodies. Protein L can bind a range of antibodies used therapeutically and in research for wide applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Brasino
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201 USA
| | - Eli Wagnell
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201 USA
| | - Sean Hamilton
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201 USA ,grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201 USA
| | - Srivathsan Ranganathan
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201 USA
| | - Michelle M. Gomes
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201 USA
| | - Bruce Branchaud
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201 USA
| | | | - Stuart D. Ibsen
- grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201 USA ,grid.5288.70000 0000 9758 5690Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201 USA
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7
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Yuan D, Zhang Y, Lim KH, Leung SKP, Yang X, Liang Y, Lau WCY, Chow KT, Xia J. Site-Selective Lysine Acetylation of Human Immunoglobulin G for Immunoliposomes and Bispecific Antibody Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18494-18503. [PMID: 36167521 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Site-selective acetylation of a single lysine residue in a protein that reaches a lysine acetyltransferase's accuracy, precision, and reliability is challenging. Here, we report a peptide-guided, proximity-driven group transfer reaction that acetylates a single lysine residue, Lys 248, of the fragment crystallizable region (Fc region) in the heavy chain of the human Immunoglobulin G (IgG). An Fc-interacting peptide bound with the Fc domain and positioned a phenolic ester close to Lys 248, which induced a nucleophilic reaction and resulted in the transfer of an acetyl group to Lys 248. The acetylation reaction proceeded to a decent yield under the physiological condition without the need for deglycosylation, unnatural amino acids, or catalysts. Along with acetylation, functional moieties such as azide, alkyne, fluorescent molecules, or biotin could also be site-selectively installed on Lys 248, allowing IgG's further derivatization. We then synthesized an antibody-lipid conjugate and constructed antibody-conjugated liposomes (immunoliposomes), targeting HER2-positive (HER2+) cancer cells. We also built a bispecific antibody complex (bsAbC) covalently linking an anti-HER2 antibody and an anti-CD3 antibody. The bsAbC showed in vitro effector-cell-mediated cytotoxicity at nanomolar concentrations. Compared with bispecific antibodies (bsAbs), bsAbCs are constructed based on native IgGs and contain two antigen-binding sites to each antigen, twice that of bsAbs. Altogether, this work reports a method of site-selective acetylation of native antibodies, highlights a facile way of site-selective IgG functionalization, and underscores the potential of bsAbCs in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingdong Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cell & Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cell & Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - King Hoo Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Stephen King Pong Leung
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xizi Yang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yujie Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cell & Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Wilson Chun Yu Lau
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Kwan T Chow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cell & Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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8
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Earley D, Guillou A, Klingler S, Fay R, Gut M, d’Orchymont F, Behmaneshfar S, Reichert L, Holland JP. Charting the Chemical and Mechanistic Scope of Light-Triggered Protein Ligation. JACS AU 2022; 2:646-664. [PMID: 35373206 PMCID: PMC8970001 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The creation of discrete, covalent bonds between a protein and a functional molecule like a drug, fluorophore, or radiolabeled complex is essential for making state-of-the-art tools that find applications in basic science and clinical medicine. Photochemistry offers a unique set of reactive groups that hold potential for the synthesis of protein conjugates. Previous studies have demonstrated that photoactivatable desferrioxamine B (DFO) derivatives featuring a para-substituted aryl azide (ArN3) can be used to produce viable zirconium-89-radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (89Zr-mAbs) for applications in noninvasive diagnostic positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of cancers. Here, we report on the synthesis, 89Zr-radiochemistry, and light-triggered photoradiosynthesis of 89Zr-labeled human serum albumin (HSA) using a series of 14 different photoactivatable DFO derivatives. The photoactive groups explore a range of substituted, and isomeric ArN3 reagents, as well as derivatives of benzophenone, a para-substituted trifluoromethyl phenyl diazirine, and a tetrazole species. For the compounds studied, efficient photochemical activation occurs inside the UVA-to-visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum (∼365-450 nm) and the photochemical reactions with HSA in water were complete within 15 min under ambient conditions. Under standardized experimental conditions, photoradiosynthesis with compounds 1-14 produced the corresponding 89ZrDFO-PEG3-HSA conjugates with decay-corrected isolated radiochemical yields between 18.1 ± 1.8% and 62.3 ± 3.6%. Extensive density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to explore the reaction mechanisms and chemoselectivity of the light-induced bimolecular conjugation of compounds 1-14 to protein. The photoactivatable DFO-derivatives operate by at least five distinct mechanisms, each producing a different type of bioconjugate bond. Overall, the experimental and computational work presented here confirms that photochemistry is a viable option for making diverse, functionalized protein conjugates.
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9
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Gao XY, Xu CM, Zhang XK, Li MR, Gong XM, Yang HM, Tang JB. Development of Fc-specific multi-biotinylated antibodies via photoreactive tandem AviTag repeats for the ultrasensitive determination of ochratoxin A. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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10
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Gao S, Guisán JM, Rocha-Martin J. Oriented immobilization of antibodies onto sensing platforms - A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1189:338907. [PMID: 34815045 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The immunosensor has been proven a versatile tool to detect various analytes, such as food contaminants, pathogenic bacteria, antibiotics and biomarkers related to cancer. To fabricate robust and reproducible immunosensors with high sensitivity, the covalent immobilization of immunoglobulins (IgGs) in a site-specific manner contributes to better performance. Instead of the random IgG orientations result from the direct yet non-selective immobilization techniques, this review for the first time introduces the advances of stepwise yet site-selective conjugation strategies to give better biosensing efficiency. Noncovalently adsorbing IgGs is the first but decisive step to interact specifically with the Fc fragment, then following covalent conjugate can fix this uniform and antigens-favorable orientation irreversibly. In this review, we first categorized this stepwise strategy into two parts based on the different noncovalent interactions, namely adhesive layer-mediated interaction onto homofunctional support and layer-free interaction onto heterofunctional support (which displays several different functionalities on its surface that are capable to interact with IgGs). Further, the influence of ligands characteristics (synthesis strategies, spacer requirements and matrices selection) on the heterofunctional support has also been discussed. Finally, conclusions and future perspectives for the real-world application of stepwise covalent conjugation are discussed. This review provides more insights into the fabrication of high-efficiency immunosensor, and special attention has been devoted to the well-orientation of full-length IgGs onto the sensing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Gao
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Guisán
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Rocha-Martin
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP) CSIC, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Zhang XK, Yang HM, Li MR, Gao XY, Sun XW, Sun XF, Tang JB. Development of site-specific antibody-conjugated immunoliposomes for sensitive detection of disease biomarkers. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:17648-17654. [PMID: 34664606 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04659d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Liposome-based immunoassay (LIA) is an attractive protocol for amplifying the detection signals because of the excellent ability of liposomes to encapsulate signal marker compounds. The antigen-binding activity of the conjugated antibodies on the liposomal surface is crucial for the specificity and sensitivity of LIA. We present here a general platform to ensure that antibodies can conjugate onto the surface of liposomes in a site-specific and oriented manner. A His-handle-modified antibody with Fc region-specific and covalent conjugation was first fabricated using a photoactivatable ZBpa-His tag that was engineered using the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/suppressor tRNA technique. Based on the high affinity between the His tag and divalent metal ions, the novel His-modified antibody was oriented onto the surface of nickel ion-modified liposomes encapsulating horseradish peroxidase. With the prostate-specific antigen as a model, the detection efficiency of the new immunoliposomes was evaluated by chemiluminescence immunoassay. The immunoliposomes exhibited a limit of detection of 0.2 pg mL-1, which was a six time improvement compared with that of the chemical-coupled antibody-liposome conjugates. Thus, the proposed immunoliposomes are expected to hold potential applications for the sensitive detection of various biomarkers in complicated serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Kun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Hong-Ming Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Meng-Ran Li
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Xiao-Yi Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Xiao-Wei Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xi-Feng Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jin-Bao Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China.
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12
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Abstract
Antibodies, particularly of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype, are a group of biomolecules that are extensively used as affinity reagents for many applications in research, disease diagnostics, and therapy. Most of these applications require antibodies to be modified with specific functional moieties, including fluorophores, drugs, and proteins. Thus, a variety of methodologies have been developed for the covalent labeling of antibodies. The most common methods stably attach functional molecules to lysine or cysteine residues, which unavoidably results in heterogeneous products that cannot be further purified. In an effort to prepare homogeneous antibody conjugates, bioorthogonal handles have been site-specifically introduced via enzymatic treatment, genetic code expansion, or genetically encoded tagging, followed by functionalization using bioorthogonal conjugation reactions. The resulting homogeneous products have proven superior to their heterogeneous counterparts for both in vitro and in vivo usage. Nevertheless, additional chemical treatment or protein engineering of antibodies is required for incorporation of the bioorthogonal handles, processes that often affect antibody folding, stability, and/or production yield and cost. Accordingly, concurrent with advances in the fields of bioorthogonal chemistry and protein engineering, there is growing interest in site-specifically labeling native (nonengineered) antibodies without chemical or enzymatic treatments. In this review, we highlight recent strategies for producing site-specific native antibody conjugates and provide a comprehensive summary of the merits and disadvantages of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Lin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Chenfei Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Catherine Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Chao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Zachary T Ball
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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13
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Gil-Garcia M, Ventura S. Multifunctional antibody-conjugated coiled-coil protein nanoparticles for selective cell targeting. Acta Biomater 2021; 131:472-482. [PMID: 34192568 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanostructures decorated with antibodies (Abs) are applied in bioimaging and therapeutics. However, most covalent conjugation strategies affect Abs functionality. In this study, we aimed to create protein-based nanoparticles to which intact Abs can be attached through tight, specific, and noncovalent interactions. Initially considered waste products, bacterial inclusion bodies (IBs) have been used in biotechnology and biomedicine. However, the amyloid-like nature of IBs limits their functionality and raises safety concerns. To bypass these obstacles, we have recently developed highly functional α-helix-rich IBs exploiting the natural self-assembly capacity of coiled-coil domains. We used this approach to create spherical, submicrometric, biocompatible and fluorescent protein nanoparticles capable of capturing Abs with high affinity. We showed that these IBs can be exploited for Ab-directed cell targeting. Simultaneous decoration of the nanoparticles with two different Abs in a controllable ratio enabled the construction of a bispecific antibody mimic that redirected T lymphocytes specifically to cancer cells. Overall, we describe an easy and cost-effective strategy to produce multivalent, traceable protein nanostructures with the potential to be used for biomedical applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Functional inclusion bodies (IBs) are promising platforms for biomedical and biotechnological applications. These nanoparticles are usually sustained by amyloid-like interactions, which imposes some limitations on their use. In this work, we exploit the natural coiled-coil self-assembly properties to create highly functional, nonamyloid, and fluorescent IBs capable of capturing antibodies. These protein-based nanoparticles are successfully used to specifically and simultaneously target two unrelated cell types and bring them close together, becoming a technology with potential application in bioimaging and immunotherapy.
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14
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von Witting E, Hober S, Kanje S. Affinity-Based Methods for Site-Specific Conjugation of Antibodies. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1515-1524. [PMID: 34369763 PMCID: PMC8377709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of various reagents to antibodies has long been an elegant way to combine the superior binding features of the antibody with other desired but non-natural functions. Applications range from labels for detection in different analytical assays to the creation of new drugs by conjugation to molecules which improves the pharmaceutical effect. In many of these applications, it has been proven advantageous to control both the site and the stoichiometry of the conjugation to achieve a homogeneous product with predictable, and often also improved, characteristics. For this purpose, many research groups have, during the latest decade, reported novel methods and techniques, based on small molecules, peptides, and proteins with inherent affinity for the antibody, for site-specific conjugation of antibodies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of these methods and their applications and also describes a historical perspective of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma von Witting
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-114 19, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Hober
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-114 19, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Kanje
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-114 19, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Petrović T, Trbojević-Akmačić I. Lectin and Liquid Chromatography-Based Methods for Immunoglobulin (G) Glycosylation Analysis. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:29-72. [PMID: 34687007 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) glycosylation has been shown to dramatically affect its structure and effector functions. Ig glycosylation changes have been associated with different diseases and show a promising biomarker potential for diagnosis and prognosis of disease advancement. On the other hand, therapeutic biomolecules based on structural and functional features of Igs demand stringent quality control during the production process to ensure their safety and efficacy. Liquid chromatography (LC) and lectin-based methods are routinely used in Ig glycosylation analysis complementary to other analytical methods, e.g., mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis. This chapter covers analytical approaches based on LC and lectins used in low- and high-throughput N- and O-glycosylation analysis of Igs, with the focus on immunoglobulin G (IgG) applications. General principles and practical examples of the most often used LC methods for Ig purification are described, together with typical workflows for N- and O-glycan analysis on the level of free glycans, glycopeptides, subunits, or intact Igs. Lectin chromatography is a historical approach for the analysis of lectin-carbohydrate interactions and glycoprotein purification but is still being used as a valuable tool in Igs purification and glycan analysis. On the other hand, lectin microarrays have found their application in the rapid screening of glycan profiles on intact proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Petrović
- Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Genos Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
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16
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Matsuda Y, Mendelsohn BA. An overview of process development for antibody-drug conjugates produced by chemical conjugation technology. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 21:963-975. [PMID: 33141625 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1846714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: We discuss chemical conjugation strategies for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) from an industrial perspective and compare three promising chemical conjugation technologies to produce site-specific ADCs.Areas covered: Currently, nine ADCs are commercially approved and all are produced by chemical conjugation technology. However, seven of these ADCs contain a relatively broad drug distribution, potentially limiting their therapeutic indices. In 2019, the first site-specific ADC was launched on the market by Daiichi-Sankyo. This achievement, and an analysis of clinical trials over the last decade, indicates that current industrial interest in the ADC field is shifting toward site-specific conjugation technologies. From an industrial point of view, we aim to provide guidance regarding established conjugation methodologies that have already been applied to scale-up stages. With an emphasis on highly productive, scalable, and synthetic process robustness, conjugation methodologies for ADC production is discussed herein.Expert opinion: All three chemical conjugation technologies described in this review have various advantages and disadvantages, therefore drug developers can utilize these depending on their biological and/or protein targets. The future landscape of the ADC field is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsuda
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
| | - Brian A Mendelsohn
- Process Development & Tech Transfer, Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
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17
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Fc-specific and covalent conjugation of a fluorescent protein to a native antibody through a photoconjugation strategy for fabrication of a novel photostable fluorescent antibody. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:945-953. [PMID: 33210177 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fluorophore-antibody conjugates with high photobleaching resistance, high chemical stability, and Fc-specific attachment is a great advantage for immunofluorescence imaging. Here, an Fc-binding protein (Z-domain) carrying a photo-cross-linker (p-benzoylphenylalanine, Bpa) fused with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), namely photoactivatable ZBpa-EGFP recombinant, was directly generated using the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/suppressor tRNA technique without any further modification. By employing the photoactivatable ZBpa-EGFP, an optimal approach was successfully developed which enabled EGFP to site-selectively and covalently attach to native antibody (IgG) with approximately 90% conjugation efficiency. After characterizing the Fc-specific and covalent manner of the EGFP-photoconjugated antibody, its excellent photobleaching resistance for immunofluorescence imaging was demonstrated in a model study by monitoring the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in HepG2 cells. The proposed approach here for the preparation of a novel fluorescent antibody is available and reliable, which would play an important role in fluorescence immunoassay, and is expected to be extended to the generation of other biomolecule-photoconjugated antibodies, such as other fluorescent proteins for multiplex immunofluorescence imaging or reporter enzymes for highly sensitive enzyme immunoassays.Graphical abstract.
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18
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Adak AK, Huang KT, Li PJ, Fan CY, Lin PC, Hwang KC, Lin CC. Regioselective S N2-Type Reaction for the Oriented and Irreversible Immobilization of Antibodies to a Glass Surface Assisted by Boronate Formation. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6756-6767. [PMID: 35019340 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies have exquisite specificities for molecular recognition, which have led to their incorporation into array sensors that are crucial for research, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications. Many of these platforms rely heavily on surface-bound reactive groups to covalently tether antibodies to solid substrates; however, this strategy is hindered by a lack of orientation control over antibody immobilization. Here, we report a mild electrophilic phenylsulfonate (tosylate) ester-containing boronic acid affinity ligand for attaching antibodies to glass slides. A high level of antibody coupling located near the Fc region of the boronated antibody complex could be achieved by the proximal nucleophilic amino acid driven substitution reaction at the phenylsulfonate center. This enabled the full-length antibodies to be permanently tethered onto surfaces in an oriented manner. The advantages of this strategy were demonstrated through the individual and multiplex detection of protein and serum biomarkers. This strategy not only confers stability to the immobilized antibodies but also presents a different direction for the irreversible attachment of antibodies to solid supports in an orientation-controlled way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit K Adak
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jhen Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yo Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chiao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chu Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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19
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Holland JP, Gut M, Klingler S, Fay R, Guillou A. Photochemical Reactions in the Synthesis of Protein-Drug Conjugates. Chemistry 2019; 26:33-48. [PMID: 31599057 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to modify biologically active molecules such as antibodies with drug molecules, fluorophores or radionuclides is crucial in drug discovery and target identification. Classic chemistry used for protein functionalisation relies almost exclusively on thermochemically mediated reactions. Our recent experiments have begun to explore the use of photochemistry to effect rapid and efficient protein functionalisation. This article introduces some of the principles and objectives of using photochemically activated reagents for protein ligation. The concept of simultaneous photoradiosynthesis of radiolabelled antibodies for use in molecular imaging is introduced as a working example. Notably, the goal of producing functionalised proteins in the absence of pre-association (non-covalent ligand-protein binding) introduces requirements that are distinct from the more regular use of photoactive groups in photoaffinity labelling. With this in mind, the chemistry of thirteen different classes of photoactivatable reagents that react through the formation of intermediate carbenes, electrophiles, dienes, or radicals, is assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Holland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Gut
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Klingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rachael Fay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amaury Guillou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Stiller C, Aghelpasand H, Frick T, Westerlund K, Ahmadian A, Karlström AE. Fast and Efficient Fc-Specific Photoaffinity Labeling To Produce Antibody-DNA Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2790-2798. [PMID: 31609586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-DNA conjugates are powerful tools for DNA-assisted protein analysis. Growing usage of these methods demands efficient production of high-quality conjugates. We developed an easy and fast synthesis route yielding covalent antibody-DNA conjugates with a defined conjugation site and low batch-to-batch variability. We utilize the Z domain from protein A, containing the unnatural amino acid 4-benzoylphenylalanine (BPA) for photoaffinity labeling of the antibodies' Fc region. Z(xBPA) domains are C-terminally modified with triple-glycine (G3)-modified DNA-oligonucleotides via enzymatic Sortase A coupling. We show reliable modification of the most commonly used IgG's. To prove our conjugates' functionality, we detected antibody-antigen binding events in an assay called Droplet Barcode Sequencing for Protein analysis (DBS-Pro). It confirms not only retained functionality for both conjugate parts but also the potential of using DBS-Pro for quantifying protein abundances. As intermediates are easily storable and our approach is modular, it offers a convenient strategy for screening various antibody-DNA conjugates using the same starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Stiller
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center , 106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Hooman Aghelpasand
- Department of Gene Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory , 171 65 Solna , Sweden
| | - Tobias Frick
- Department of Gene Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory , 171 65 Solna , Sweden
| | - Kristina Westerlund
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center , 106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Afshin Ahmadian
- Department of Gene Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory , 171 65 Solna , Sweden
| | - Amelie Eriksson Karlström
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health , KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center , 106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
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21
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Cremers GAO, Rosier BJHM, Riera Brillas R, Albertazzi L, de Greef TFA. Efficient Small-Scale Conjugation of DNA to Primary Antibodies for Multiplexed Cellular Targeting. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2384-2392. [PMID: 31438665 PMCID: PMC6753658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
combination of the specificity of antibodies and the programmability
of DNA nanotechnology has provided the scientific community with a
powerful tool to label and unambiguously distinguish a large number
of subcellular targets using fluorescence-based read-out methods.
Whereas primary antibodies are commercially available for a large
class of targets, a general stoichiometric site-selective DNA labeling
strategy for this affinity reagent is lacking. Here we present a universal,
site-selective conjugation method using a small photo-cross-linkable
protein G adaptor that allows labeling of antibodies of different
host species with a controlled number of short oligonucleotides (ODNs).
Importantly, we illustrate that this conjugation method can be directly
performed on commercially available primary antibodies on a small
scale and without cross-reactivity towards bovine serum albumin. In
addition, we present a general benchtop-compatible strategy to purify
DNA-labeled antibodies without a loss of function. The application
of protein G-ODN-labeled primary antibodies is demonstrated by employing
three well-known methods for detecting subcellular targets using fluorescence
read-out, including flow cytometry, DNA-PAINT, and dSTORM. This work
thus establishes a general and efficient platform for the synthesis
of a library of unique ODN–antibody conjugates, facilitating
the broader use of DNA-based programmable tags for multiplexed labeling
to identify subcellular features with nanometer precision and improving
our understanding of cellular structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn A O Cremers
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands.,Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Bas J H M Rosier
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands.,Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Roger Riera Brillas
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands.,Molecular Biosensing for Medical Diagnostics, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Albertazzi
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands.,Molecular Biosensing for Medical Diagnostics, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Tom F A de Greef
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands.,Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands.,Institute for Molecules and Materials , Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135 , 6525 AJ Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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22
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Dovgan I, Koniev O, Kolodych S, Wagner A. Antibody-Oligonucleotide Conjugates as Therapeutic, Imaging, and Detection Agents. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2483-2501. [PMID: 31339691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates (AOCs) are a novel class of synthetic chimeric biomolecules that has been continually gaining traction in different fields of modern biotechnology. This is mainly due to the unique combination of the properties of their two constituents, exceptional targeting abilities and antibody biodistribution profiles, in addition to an extensive scope of oligonucleotide functional and structural roles. Combining these two classes of biomolecules in one chimeric construct has therefore become an important milestone in the development of numerous biotechnological applications, including imaging (DNA-PAINT), detection (PLA, PEA), and therapeutics (targeted siRNA/antisense delivery). Numerous synthetic approaches have been developed to access AOCs ranging from stochastic chemical bioconjugation to site-specific conjugation with reactive handles, introduced into antibody sequences through protein engineering. This Review gives a general overview of the current status of AOC applications with a specific emphasis on the synthetic methods used for their preparation. The reported synthetic techniques are discussed in terms of their practical aspects and limitations. The importance of the development of novel methods for the facile generation of AOCs possessing a defined constitution is highlighted as a priority in AOC research to ensure the advance of their new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Dovgan
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis , University of Strasbourg , 74 Route du Rhin , 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden , France
| | - Oleksandr Koniev
- Syndivia SAS , 650 Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach , 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden , France
| | - Sergii Kolodych
- Syndivia SAS , 650 Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach , 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden , France
| | - Alain Wagner
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis , University of Strasbourg , 74 Route du Rhin , 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden , France
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23
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Yamada K, Ito Y. Recent Chemical Approaches for Site‐Specific Conjugation of Native Antibodies: Technologies toward Next‐Generation Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2729-2737. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Yamada
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc. 1-1 Suzuki-Cho Kawasaki-Ku Kawasaki-Shi Kanagawa 210-8681 Japan
- Department of Chemistry and BioscienceGraduate School of Science and EngineeringKagoshima University 1-21-35 Korimoto Kagoshima 890-0065 Japan
| | - Yuji Ito
- Department of Chemistry and BioscienceGraduate School of Science and EngineeringKagoshima University 1-21-35 Korimoto Kagoshima 890-0065 Japan
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24
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Zhou F, Kroetsch A, Nguyen VP, Huang X, Ogoke O, Parashurama N, Park S. High-Affinity Antibody Detection with a Bivalent Circularized Peptide Containing Antibody-Binding Domains. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800647. [PMID: 30810268 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Direct chemical labeling of antibody produces molecules with poorly defined modifications. Use of a small antibody-binding protein as an adapter can simplify antibody functionalization by forming a specific antibody-bound complex and introducing site-specific modifications. To stabilize a noncovalent antibody complex that may be used without chemical crosslinking, a bivalent antibody-binding protein is engineered with an improved affinity of interaction by joining two Z domains with a conformationally flexible linker. The linker is essential for the increase in affinity because it allows simultaneous binding of both domains. The molecule is further circularized using a split intein, creating a novel adapter protein ("lasso"), which binds human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) with K D = 0.53 n m and a dissociation rate that is 55- to 84-fold slower than Z. The lasso contains a unique cysteine for conjugation with a reporter and may be engineered to introduce other functional groups, including a biotin tag and protease recognition sequences. When used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the lasso generates a stronger reporter signal compared to a secondary antibody and lowers the limit of detection by 12-fold. The small size of the lasso and a long half-life of dissociation make the peptide a useful tool in antibody detection and immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Andrew Kroetsch
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Vyncent P Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Ogechi Ogoke
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Natesh Parashurama
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Sheldon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
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25
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Site-specific conjugation of recognition tags to trastuzumab for peptide nucleic acid-mediated radionuclide HER2 pretargeting. Biomaterials 2019; 203:73-85. [PMID: 30877838 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pretargeting is a promising strategy to reach high imaging contrast in a shorter time than by targeting with directly radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). One of problems in pretargeting is a site-specific, reproducible and uniform conjugation of recognition tags to mAbs. To solve this issue we propose a photoconjugation to covalently couple a recognition tag to a mAb via a photoactivatable Z domain. The Z-domain, a 58-amino acid protein derived from the IgG-binding B-domain of Staphylococcus aureus protein A, has a well-characterized binding site in the Fc portion of IgG. We tested the feasibility of this approach using pretargeting based on hybridization between peptide nucleic acids (PNAs). We have used photoconjugation to couple trastuzumab with the PNA-based hybridization probe, HP1. A complementary [57Co]Co-labeled PNA hybridization probe ([57Co]Co-HP2) was used as the secondary targeting probe. In vitro studies demonstrated that trastuzumab-ZHP1 bound specifically to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-expressing cells with nanomolar affinity. The binding of the secondary [57Co]Co-HP2 probe to trastuzumab-PNA-pretreated cells was in the picomolar affinity range. A two-fold increase in SKOV-3 tumor targeting was achieved when [57Co]Co-HP2 (0.7 nmol) was injected 48 h after injection of trastuzumab-ZHP1 (0.5 nmol) compared with trastuzumab-ZHP1 alone (0.8 ± 0.2 vs. 0.33 ± 0.06 %ID/g). Tumor accumulation of [57Co]Co-HP2 was significantly reduced by pre-saturation with trastuzumab or when no trastuzumab-ZHP1 was preinjected. A tumor-to-blood uptake ratio of 1.5 ± 0.3 was achieved resulting in a clear visualization of HER2-expressing xenografts as confirmed by SPECT imaging. In conclusion, the feasibility of stable site-specific coupling of a PNA-based recognition tag to trastuzumab and successful pretargeting has been demonstrated. This approach can hopefully be used for a broad range of mAbs and recognition tags.
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Yu C, Tang J, Loredo A, Chen Y, Jung SY, Jain A, Gordon A, Xiao H. Proximity-Induced Site-Specific Antibody Conjugation. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3522-3526. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sung Yun Jung
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Antrix Jain
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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Park J, Lee Y, Ko BJ, Yoo TH. Peptide-Directed Photo-Cross-Linking for Site-Specific Conjugation of IgG. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3240-3244. [PMID: 30179444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of antibody has expanded its applications in therapeutics and diagnostics, and various methods have been developed based on chemical or enzymatic reactions. However, the majority of them have focused on synthetic molecules such as small molecules, nucleic acids, or synthetic materials, but site-specific conjugation of antibody with protein cargo has rarely been demonstrated. In this Communication, we report a PEptide-DIrected Photo-cross-linking (PEDIP) reaction for site-specific conjugation of IgG with protein using an Fc-binding peptide and a photoreactive amino acid analogue, and demonstrate this method by developing an immunotoxin composed of a Her2-targeting IgG (trastuzumab) and an engineered Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE24). The ADP-ribosylation of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 by the bacterial toxin inhibits the ribosomal translation of protein, and the trastuzumab-PE24 conjugate exhibited the cytotoxicity toward Her2-overexpressing cell lines. The PEDIP reaction can also be applied for many other types of cargo with slight modifications of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Byoung Joon Ko
- New Drug Development Center , Osong Medical Innovative Foundation , 123 Osongsaengmyeong-ro , Osong-eup, Cheongju , 28160 , Korea
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Yu F, Alesand V, Nygren PÅ. Site-Specific Photoconjugation of Beta-Lactamase Fragments to Monoclonal Antibodies Enables Sensitive Analyte Detection via Split-Enzyme Complementation. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700688. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Yu
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health; KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center; Roslagstullsbacken 21 SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Veronica Alesand
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health; KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center; Roslagstullsbacken 21 SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Per-Åke Nygren
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health; KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center; Roslagstullsbacken 21 SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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Ohata J, Ball ZT. A Hexa-rhodium Metallopeptide Catalyst for Site-Specific Functionalization of Natural Antibodies. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12617-12622. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ohata
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Zachary T. Ball
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Shen M, Rusling J, Dixit CK. Site-selective orientated immobilization of antibodies and conjugates for immunodiagnostics development. Methods 2017; 116:95-111. [PMID: 27876681 PMCID: PMC5374010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Immobilized antibody systems are the key to develop efficient diagnostics and separations tools. In the last decade, developments in the field of biomolecular engineering and crosslinker chemistry have greatly influenced the development of this field. With all these new approaches at our disposal, several new immobilization methods have been created to address the main challenges associated with immobilized antibodies. Few of these challenges that we have discussed in this review are mainly associated to the site-specific immobilization, appropriate orientation, and activity retention. We have discussed the effect of antibody immobilization approaches on the parameters on the performance of an immunoassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060
| | - James Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 060
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Chandra K Dixit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060
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31
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Fc-specific biotinylation of antibody using an engineered photoactivatable Z–Biotin and its biosensing application. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 949:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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32
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Dormán G, Nakamura H, Pulsipher A, Prestwich GD. The Life of Pi Star: Exploring the Exciting and Forbidden Worlds of the Benzophenone Photophore. Chem Rev 2016; 116:15284-15398. [PMID: 27983805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The widespread applications of benzophenone (BP) photochemistry in biological chemistry, bioorganic chemistry, and material science have been prominent in both academic and industrial research. BP photophores have unique photochemical properties: upon n-π* excitation at 365 nm, a biradicaloid triplet state is formed reversibly, which can abstract a hydrogen atom from accessible C-H bonds; the radicals subsequently recombine, creating a stable covalent C-C bond. This light-directed covalent attachment process is exploited in many different ways: (i) binding/contact site mapping of ligand (or protein)-protein interactions; (ii) identification of molecular targets and interactome mapping; (iii) proteome profiling; (iv) bioconjugation and site-directed modification of biopolymers; (v) surface grafting and immobilization. BP photochemistry also has many practical advantages, including low reactivity toward water, stability in ambient light, and the convenient excitation at 365 nm. In addition, several BP-containing building blocks and reagents are commercially available. In this review, we explore the "forbidden" (transitions) and excitation-activated world of photoinduced covalent attachment of BP photophores by touring a colorful palette of recent examples. In this exploration, we will see the pros and cons of using BP photophores, and we hope that both novice and expert photolabelers will enjoy and be inspired by the breadth and depth of possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Dormán
- Targetex llc , Dunakeszi H-2120, Hungary.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged , Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Abigail Pulsipher
- GlycoMira Therapeutics, Inc. , Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States.,Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology - Sinus and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States
| | - Glenn D Prestwich
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology - Sinus and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States
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Fc-Binding Ligands of Immunoglobulin G: An Overview of High Affinity Proteins and Peptides. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9120994. [PMID: 28774114 PMCID: PMC5456964 DOI: 10.3390/ma9120994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly increasing application of antibodies has inspired the development of several novel methods to isolate and target antibodies using smart biomaterials that mimic the binding of Fc-receptors to antibodies. The Fc-binding domain of antibodies is the primary binding site for e.g., effector proteins and secondary antibodies, whereas antigens bind to the Fab region. Protein A, G, and L, surface proteins expressed by pathogenic bacteria, are well known to bind immunoglobulin and have been widely exploited in antibody purification strategies. Several difficulties are encountered when bacterial proteins are used in antibody research and application. One of the major obstacles hampering the use of bacterial proteins is sample contamination with trace amounts of these proteins, which can invoke an immune response in the host. Many research groups actively develop synthetic ligands that are able to selectively and strongly bind to antibodies. Among the reported ligands, peptides that bind to the Fc-domain of antibodies are attractive tools in antibody research. Besides their use as high affinity ligands in antibody purification chromatography, Fc-binding peptides are applied e.g., to localize antibodies on nanomaterials and to increase the half-life of proteins in serum. In this review, recent developments of Fc-binding peptides are presented and their binding characteristics and diverse applications are discussed.
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Kanje S, von Witting E, Chiang SCC, Bryceson YT, Hober S. Site-Specific Photolabeling of the IgG Fab Fragment Using a Small Protein G Derived Domain. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2095-102. [PMID: 27491005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are widely used reagents for recognition in both clinic and research laboratories all over the world. For many applications, antibodies are labeled through conjugation to different reporter molecules or therapeutic agents. Traditionally, antibodies are covalently conjugated to reporter molecules via primary amines on lysines or thiols on cysteines. While efficient, such labeling is variable and nonstoichiometric and may affect an antibody's binding to its target. Moreover, an emerging field for therapeutics is antibody-drug conjugates, where a toxin or drug is conjugated to an antibody in order to increase or incorporate a therapeutic effect. It has been shown that homogeneity and controlled conjugation are crucial in these therapeutic applications. Here we present two novel protein domains developed from an IgG-binding domain of Streptococcal Protein G. These domains show obligate Fab binding and can be used for site-specific and covalent attachment exclusively to the constant part of the Fab fragment of an antibody. The two different domains can covalently label IgG of mouse and human descent. The labeled antibodies were shown to be functional in both an ELISA and in an NK-cell antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assay. These engineered protein domains provide novel tools for controlled labeling of Fab fragments and full-length IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kanje
- Department of Protein Technology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma von Witting
- Department of Protein Technology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samuel C C Chiang
- HERM, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute , SE-14157, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- HERM, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute , SE-14157, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Hober
- Department of Protein Technology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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35
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Kanje S, Hober S. In vivo biotinylation and incorporation of a photo-inducible unnatural amino acid to an antibody-binding domain improve site-specific labeling of antibodies. Biotechnol J 2016; 10:564-74. [PMID: 25655274 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies are important molecules in many research fields, where they play a key role in various assays. Antibody labeling is therefore of great importance. Currently, most labeling techniques take advantage of certain amino acid side chains that commonly appear throughout proteins. This makes it hard to control the position and exact degree of labeling of each antibody. Hence, labeling of the antibody may affect the antibody-binding site. This paper presents a novel protein domain based on the IgG-binding domain C2 of streptococcal protein G, containing the unnatural amino acid BPA, that can cross-link other molecules. This novel domain can, with improved efficiency compared to previously reported similar domains, site-specifically cross-link to IgG at the Fc region. An efficient method for simultaneous in vivo incorporation of BPA and specific biotinylation in a flask cultivation of Escherichia coli is described. In comparison to a traditionally labeled antibody sample, the C2-labeled counterpart proved to have a higher proportion of functional antibodies when immobilized on a solid surface and the same limit of detection in an ELISA. This method of labeling is, due to its efficiency and simplicity, of high interest for all antibody-based assays where it is important that labeling does not interfere with the antibody-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kanje
- AlbaNova University Centre, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Protein Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Brasino MD, Cha JN. Isothermal rolling circle amplification of virus genomes for rapid antigen detection and typing. Analyst 2016; 140:5138-44. [PMID: 26040578 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00721f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, isothermal rolling circle amplification (RCA) of the multi-kilobase genome of engineered filamentous bacteriophage is used to report the presence and identification of specific protein analytes in solution. First, bacteriophages were chosen as sensing platforms because peptides or antibodies that bind medically relevant targets can be isolated through phage display or expressed as fusions to their p3 and p8 coat proteins. Second, the circular, single-stranded genome contained within the phage serves as a natural large DNA template for a RCA reaction to rapidly generate exponential amounts of double stranded DNA in a single isothermal step that can be easily detected using low-cost fluorescent nucleic acid stains. Amplifying the entire phage genome also provides high detection sensitivities. Furthermore, since the sequence of the viral DNA can be easily modified with multiple restriction enzyme sites, a simple DNA digest can be applied to detect and identify multiple antigens simultaneously. The methods developed here will lead to protein sensors that are highly scalable to produce, can be run without complex biological equipment and do not require the use of multiple antibodies or high-cost fluorescent DNA probes or nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Brasino
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
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37
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Kanje S, Herrmann AJ, Hober S, Mueller L. Next generation of labeling reagents for quantitative and multiplexing immunoassays by the use of LA-ICP-MS. Analyst 2016; 141:6374-6380. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an01878e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel labeling strategy – which results in one label per antibody molecule – was used for multiplex and quantitative immuno imaging by use of LA-ICP-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kanje
- Alba Nova University Center
- KTH-Royal Institute of Technology
- Division of Protein Technology
- Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - A. J. Herrmann
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM)
- 1.1 Division Inorganic Trace Analysis
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
| | - S. Hober
- Alba Nova University Center
- KTH-Royal Institute of Technology
- Division of Protein Technology
- Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - L. Mueller
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM)
- 1.1 Division Inorganic Trace Analysis
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
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Perols A, Arcos Famme M, Eriksson Karlström A. Site-Specific Antibody Labeling by Covalent Photoconjugation of Z Domains Functionalized for Alkyne-Azide Cycloaddition Reactions. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2522-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Perols
- KTH Royal School of Technology; School of Biotechnology; Division of Protein Technology; AlbaNova University Centre; 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Melina Arcos Famme
- KTH Royal School of Technology; School of Biotechnology; Division of Protein Technology; AlbaNova University Centre; 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Amelie Eriksson Karlström
- KTH Royal School of Technology; School of Biotechnology; Division of Protein Technology; AlbaNova University Centre; 10691 Stockholm Sweden
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Hui JZ, Al Zaki A, Cheng Z, Popik V, Zhang H, Luning Prak ET, Tsourkas A. Facile method for the site-specific, covalent attachment of full-length IgG onto nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:3354-63. [PMID: 24729432 PMCID: PMC4142076 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201303629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies, most commonly IgGs, have been widely used as targeting ligands in research and therapeutic applications due to their wide array of targets, high specificity and proven efficacy. Many of these applications require antibodies to be conjugated onto surfaces (e.g. nanoparticles and microplates); however, most conventional bioconjugation techniques exhibit low crosslinking efficiencies, reduced functionality due to non-site-specific labeling and random surface orientation, and/or require protein engineering (e.g. cysteine handles), which can be technically challenging. To overcome these limitations, we have recombinantly expressed Protein Z, which binds the Fc region of IgG, with an UV active non-natural amino acid benzoylphenyalanine (BPA) within its binding domain. Upon exposure to long wavelength UV light, the BPA is activated and forms a covalent link between the Protein Z and the bound Fc region of IgG. This technology was combined with expressed protein ligation (EPL), which allowed for the introduction of a fluorophore and click chemistry-compatible azide group onto the C-terminus of Protein Z during the recombinant protein purification step. This enabled the crosslinked-Protein Z-IgG complexes to be efficiently and site-specifically attached to aza-dibenzocyclooctyne-modified nanoparticles, via copper-free click chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Zhe Hui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33 Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ajlan Al Zaki
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33 Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhiliang Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33 Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vladimir Popik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eline T. Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew Tsourkas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33 Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Hui JZ, Tsourkas A. Optimization of photoactive protein Z for fast and efficient site-specific conjugation of native IgG. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1709-19. [PMID: 25121619 PMCID: PMC4166039 DOI: 10.1021/bc500305v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Antibody conjugates have been used in a variety of applications from immunoassays to drug conjugates. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that in order to maximize an antibody's antigen binding ability and to produce homogeneous antibody-conjugates, the conjugated molecule should be attached onto IgG site-specifically. We previously developed a facile method for the site-specific modification of full length, native IgGs by engineering a recombinant Protein Z that forms a covalent link to the Fc domain of IgG upon exposure to long wavelength UV light. To further improve the efficiency of Protein Z production and IgG conjugation, we constructed a panel of 13 different Protein Z variants with the UV-active amino acid benzoylphenylalanine (BPA) in different locations. By using this panel of Protein Z to cross-link a range of IgGs from different hosts, including human, mouse, and rat, we discovered two previously unknown Protein Z variants, L17BPA and K35BPA, that are capable of cross-linking many commonly used IgG isotypes with efficiencies ranging from 60% to 95% after only 1 h of UV exposure. When compared to existing site-specific methods, which often require cloning or enzymatic reactions, the Protein Z-based method described here, utilizing the L17BPA, K35BPA, and the previously described Q32BPA variants, represents a vastly more accessible and efficient approach that is compatible with nearly all native IgGs, thus making site-specific conjugation more accessible to the general research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Z Hui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania , 210 South 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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42
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Perols A, Karlström AE. Site-specific photoconjugation of antibodies using chemically synthesized IgG-binding domains. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:481-8. [PMID: 24520805 DOI: 10.1021/bc400440u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific labeling of antibodies can be performed using the immunoglobulin-binding Z domain, derived from staphylococcal protein A (SpA), which has a well-characterized binding site in the Fc region of antibodies. By introducing a photoactivable probe in the Z domain, a covalent bond can be formed between the Z domain and the antibody by irradiation with UV light. The aim of this study was to improve the conjugation yield for labeling of different subclasses of IgG having different sequence composition, using a photoactivated Z domain variant. Four different variants of the Z domain (Z5BPA, Z5BBA, Z32BPA, and Z32BBA) were synthesized to investigate the influence of the position of the photoactivable probe and the presence of a flexible linker between the probe and the protein. For two of the variants, the photoreactive benzophenone group was introduced as part of an amino acid side chain by incorporation of the unnatural amino acid benzoylphenylalanine (BPA) during peptide synthesis. For the other two variants, the photoreactive benzophenone group was attached via a flexible linker by coupling of benzoylbenzoic acid (BBA) to the ε-amino group of a selectively deprotected lysine residue. Photoconjugation experiments using human IgG1, mouse IgG1, and mouse IgG2A demonstrated efficient conjugation for all antibodies. It was shown that differences in linker length had a large impact on the conjugation efficiency for labeling of mouse IgG1, whereas the positioning of the photoactivable probe in the sequence of the protein had a larger effect for mouse IgG2A. Conjugation to human IgG1 was only to a minor extent affected by position or linker length. For each subclass of antibody, the best variant tested using a standard conjugation protocol resulted in conjugation efficiencies of 41-66%, which corresponds to on average approximately one Z domain attached to each antibody. As a combination of the two best performing variants, Z5BBA and Z32BPA, a Z domain variant with two photoactivable probes (Z5BBA32BPA) was also synthesized with the aim of targeting a wider panel of antibody subclasses and species. This new reagent could efficiently couple to all antibody subclasses that were targeted by the single benzophenone-labeled Z domain variants, with conjugation efficiencies of 26-41%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Perols
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Biotechnology, Division of Protein Technology, AlbaNova University Center , SE - 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Dezfouli M, Vickovic S, Iglesias MJ, Nilsson P, Schwenk JM, Ahmadian A. Magnetic bead assisted labeling of antibodies at nanogram scale. Proteomics 2013; 14:14-8. [PMID: 24307663 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There are currently several initiatives that aim to produce binding reagents for proteome-wide analysis. To enable protein detection, visualization, and target quantification, covalent coupling of reporter molecules to antibodies is essential. However, current labeling protocols recommend considerable amount of antibodies, require antibody purity and are not designed for automation. Given that small amounts of antibodies are often sufficient for downstream analysis, we developed a labeling protocol that combines purification and modification of antibodies at submicrogram quantities. With the support of magnetic microspheres, automated labeling of antibodies in parallel using biotin or fluorescent dyes was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahya Dezfouli
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Gene Technology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Solna, Sweden
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Andersson S, Konrad A, Ashok N, Pontén F, Hober S, Asplund A. Antibodies biotinylated using a synthetic Z-domain from protein A provide stringent in situ protein detection. J Histochem Cytochem 2013; 61:773-84. [PMID: 23920108 PMCID: PMC3808578 DOI: 10.1369/0022155413502360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based protein profiling on a global scale using immunohistochemistry constitutes an emerging strategy for mapping of the human proteome, which is crucial for an increased understanding of biological processes in the cell. Immunohistochemistry is often performed indirectly using secondary antibodies for detection, with the benefit of signal amplification. Direct immunohistochemistry instead brings the advantage of multiplexing; however, it requires labeling of the primary antibody. Many antibody-labeling kits do not specifically target IgG and may therefore cause labeling of stabilizing proteins present in the antibody solution. A new conjugation method has been developed that utilizes a modified Z-domain of protein A (ZBPA) to specifically target the Fc part of antibodies. The aim of the present study was to compare the ZBPA conjugation method and a commercially available labeling kit, Lightning-Link, for in situ protein detection. Fourteen antibodies were biotinylated with each method and stained using immunohistochemistry. For all antibodies tested, ZBPA biotinylation resulted in distinct immunoreactivity without off-target staining, regardless of the presence of stabilizing proteins in the buffer, whereas the majority of the Lightning-Link biotinylated antibodies displayed a characteristic pattern of nonspecific staining. We conclude that biotinylated ZBPA domain provides a stringent method for antibody biotinylation, advantageous for in situ protein detection in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Andersson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (SA,NA,FP,AA)
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Yu F, Järver P, Nygren PÅ. Tailor-making a protein a-derived domain for efficient site-specific photocoupling to Fc of mouse IgG₁. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56597. [PMID: 23424669 PMCID: PMC3570467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Affinity proteins binding to antibody constant regions have proved to be invaluable tools in biotechnology. Here, protein engineering was used to expand the repertoire of available immunoglobulin binding proteins via improvement of the binding strength between the widely used staphylococcal protein A-derived Z domain and the important immunoglobulin isotype mouse IgG1 (mIgG1). Addressing seven positions in the 58-residue three-helix bundle Z domain by single or double amino acid substitutions, a total of 170 variants were individually constructed, produced in E. coli and tested for binding to a set of mouse IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The best variant, denoted ZF5I corresponding to a Phe to Ile substitution at position 5, showed a typical ten-fold higher affinity than the wild-type as determined by biosensor technology. Eight amino acid positions in the ZF5I variant were separately mutated to cysteine for incorporation of a photoactivable maleimide-benzophenone (MBP) group as a probe for site-specific photoconjugation to Fc of mIgG1, The best photocoupling efficiency to mIgG1 Fc was seen when the MBP group was coupled to Cys at position 32, resulting in adduct formation to more than 60% of all heavy chains, with no observable non-selective conjugation to the light chains. A similar coupling yield was obtained for a panel of 19 different mIgG1 mAbs, indicating a general characteristic. To exemplify functionalization of a mIgG1 antibody via site-specific biotinylation, the ZF5I-Q32C-MBP protein was first biotinylated using an amine reactive reagent and subsequently photoconjugated to an anti-human interferon-gamma mIgG1 mAb. When comparing the specific antigen binding ability of the probe-biotinylated mAb to that of the directly biotinylated mAb, a significantly higher bioactivity was observed for the sample biotinylated using the ZF5I-Q32C-MBP probe. This result indicates that the use of a site-specific and affinity probe-mediated conjugation strategy can result in antibody reagents with increased assay sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Yu
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Järver
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Åke Nygren
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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