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Colston KJ, Basu P. Synthesis, Redox and Spectroscopic Properties of Pterin of Molybdenum Cofactors. Molecules 2022; 27:3324. [PMID: 35630801 PMCID: PMC9146068 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pterins are bicyclic heterocycles that are found widely across Nature and are involved in a variety of biological functions. Notably, pterins are found at the core of molybdenum cofactor (Moco) containing enzymes in the molybdopterin (MPT) ligand that coordinates molybdenum and facilitates cofactor activity. Pterins are diverse and can be widely functionalized to tune their properties. Herein, the general methods of synthesis, redox and spectroscopic properties of pterin are discussed to provide more insight into pterin chemistry and their importance to biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Partha Basu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
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2
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Structure based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of imidazole derivatives targeting dihydropteroate synthase enzyme. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 36:127819. [PMID: 33513385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have designed and synthesized 2-((5-acetyl-1-(phenyl)-4-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)thio)-N-(4-((benzyl)oxy)phenyl) acetamide derivatives. Antimicrobial activities of all the imidazole derivatives have been examined against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and results showed that the conjugates have appreciable antibacterial activity. Besides, several analogous were evaluated for their in vitro antiresistant bacterial strains such as Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The SAR revealed that the 12l compound resulted in potency against all bacterial strains as well as ESBL, VRE, and MRSA strains. Lipinski's rule of five, and ADME studies were preformed for all the synthesized compounds with Staphylococcus aureus dihydropteroate synthase (saDHPS) protein (PDB ID: 6CLV) and were found standard drug-likeness properties of conjugates. Moreover, the binding mode of the ligands with the protein study has been examined by molecular docking and results are quite promising. Besides, all the analogous were tested for their in vitro antituberculosis, antimalarial, and antioxidant activity.
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Chitnumsub P, Jaruwat A, Talawanich Y, Noytanom K, Liwnaree B, Poen S, Yuthavong Y. The structure of Plasmodium falciparum hydroxymethyldihydropterin pyrophosphokinase-dihydropteroate synthase reveals the basis of sulfa resistance. FEBS J 2020; 287:3273-3297. [PMID: 31883412 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The clinical efficacy of sulfa drugs as antimalarials has declined owing to the evolution of resistance in Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria parasites. In order to understand the basis of this resistance and to design more effective antimalarials, we have solved 13 structures of the bifunctional enzyme 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase (HPPK)-dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) from wild-type (WT) P. falciparum and sulfa-resistant mutants, both as apoenzyme and as complexes with pteroate (PTA) and sulfa derivatives. The structures of these complexes show that PTA, which effectively inhibits both the WT and mutants, stays in active sites without steric constraint. In contrast, parts of the sulfa compounds situated outside of the substrate envelope are in the vicinity of the resistance mutations. Steric conflict between compound and mutant residue along with increased flexibility of loop D2 in the mutants can account for the reduced compound binding affinity to the mutants. Kinetic data show that the mutants have enhanced enzyme activity compared with the WT. These PfDHPS structural insights are critical for the design of novel, substrate envelope-compliant DHPS inhibitors that are less vulnerable to resistance mutations. DATABASES: The data reported in this paper have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank, www.wwpdb.org. PDB ID codes: 6JWQ for apoWT; 6JWR, 6JWS, and 6JWT for PTA complexes of WT, A437G (3D7), and V1/S; 6JWU, 6JWV, and 6JWW for STZ-DHP complexes of WT, 3D7, and V1/S; 6JWX, 6JWY, and 6JWZ for SDX-DHP complexes of WT, 3D7, and W2; 6KCK, 6KCL, and 6KCM for Pterin/pHBA complexes of WT, TN1, and W2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penchit Chitnumsub
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Aritsara Jaruwat
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Yuwadee Talawanich
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Krittikar Noytanom
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Benjamas Liwnaree
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Sinothai Poen
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Yongyuth Yuthavong
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
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Ceborska M, Kędra-Królik K, Kowalska AA, Koźbiał M. Comparative study of molecular recognition of folic acid subunits with cyclodextrins. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 184:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Gill RK, Singh H, Raj T, Sharma A, Singh G, Bariwal J. 4-Substituted thieno[2,3-d
]pyrimidines as potent antibacterial agents: Rational design, microwave-assisted synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:1115-1121. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rupinder K. Gill
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; ISF College of Pharmacy; Moga Punjab India
- I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University; Kapurthala, Jalandhar Punjab India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar India
| | - Tilak Raj
- Toxicology Division; Forensic Science Laboratory, Phase-IV; Mohali Punjab India
| | - Anuradha Sharma
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Panjab University; Chandigarh India
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Bioorganic and Photochemistry Laboratory; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
| | - Jitender Bariwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; ISF College of Pharmacy; Moga Punjab India
- Shiva Institute of B. Pharmacy; Chandpur, Bilaspur Himachal Pradesh India
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Zhao Y, Shadrick WR, Wallace MJ, Wu Y, Griffith EC, Qi J, Yun MK, White SW, Lee RE. Pterin-sulfa conjugates as dihydropteroate synthase inhibitors and antibacterial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3950-4. [PMID: 27423480 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The sulfonamide class of antibiotics has been in continuous use for over 70years. They are thought to act by directly inhibiting dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS), and also acting as prodrugs that sequester pterin pools by forming dead end pterin-sulfonamide conjugates. In this study, eight pterin-sulfonamide conjugates were synthesized using a novel synthetic strategy and their biochemical and microbiological properties were investigated. The conjugates were shown to competitively inhibit DHPS, and inhibition was enhanced by the presence of pyrophosphate that is crucial to catalysis and is known to promote an ordering of the DHPS active site. The co-crystal structure of Yersinia pestis DHPS bound to one of the more potent conjugates revealed a mode of binding that is similar to that of the enzymatic product analog pteroic acid. The antimicrobial activities of the pterin-sulfonamide conjugates were measured against Escherichia coli in the presence and absence of folate precursors and dependent metabolites. These results show that the conjugates have appreciable antibacterial activity and act by an on target, anti-folate pathway mechanism rather than as simple dead end products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 1000, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - William R Shadrick
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 1000, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Miranda J Wallace
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 1000, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Yinan Wu
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 311, Memphis, TN 38105, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Griffith
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 311, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Jianjun Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Mi-Kyung Yun
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 311, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Stephen W White
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 311, Memphis, TN 38105, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Richard E Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 1000, Memphis, TN 38105, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
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Wu X, Tian M, Fan W, Pan Y, Zhai Y, Niu Y, Li C, Lu T, Mei Q. Synthesis, spectroscopic properties, and biological applications of eight novel chlorinated fluorescent proteins-labeling probes. J Fluoresc 2014; 24:775-86. [PMID: 24492956 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-014-1351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Eight novel chlorinated fluorescent proteins-labeling probes with a linker and reactive group were prepared in 7 steps by the reaction of chlorinated resorcinols with 3, 6-dichloro-4-carboxyphthalic anhydride in the presence of methanesulfonic acid. Structures of target compounds and intermediates were determined via IR, MS, (1)H NMR and element analysis. The spectral properties of the chlorinated fluoresceins were studied. These fluorescent probes showed absorbance peaks at 508-536 nm and fluorescence peaks at 524-550 nm. It was found that they have absorption and emission maxima at long wavelengths and high fluorescence quantum yields. Emission spectra of chlorinated fluoresceins shifted towards long wavelength with increase in chlorine. The probes were used for fluorescence imaging of cells in order to investigate whether they can conjugate to cells. The fluorescence imaging of living cells showed that they were localized in cell nucleus. However, they were localized in cytosol of chemically fixed cells. These probes will be useful reagents for the preparation of stable fluorescent conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Peoples Republic of China
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Zhao Y, Hammoudeh D, Yun MK, Qi J, White SW, Lee RE. Structure-based design of novel pyrimido[4,5-c]pyridazine derivatives as dihydropteroate synthase inhibitors with increased affinity. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:861-70. [PMID: 22416048 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) is the validated drug target for sulfonamide antimicrobial therapy. However, due to widespread drug resistance and poor tolerance, the use of sulfonamide antibiotics is now limited. The pterin binding pocket in DHPS is highly conserved and is distinct from the sulfonamide binding site. It therefore represents an attractive alternative target for the design of novel antibacterial agents. We previously carried out the structural characterization of a known pyridazine inhibitor in the Bacillus anthracis DHPS pterin site and identified a number of unfavorable interactions that appear to compromise binding. With this structural information, a series of 4,5-dioxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimido[4,5-c]pyridazines were designed to improve binding affinity. Most importantly, the N-methyl ring substitution was removed to improve binding within the pterin pocket, and the length of the side chain carboxylic acid was optimized to fully engage the pyrophosphate binding site. These inhibitors were synthesized and evaluated by an enzyme activity assay, X-ray crystallography, isothermal calorimetry, and surface plasmon resonance to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the binding interactions from structural, kinetic, and thermodynamic perspectives. This study clearly demonstrates that compounds lacking the N-methyl substitution exhibit increased inhibition of DHPS, but the beneficial effects of optimizing the side chain length are less apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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