1
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Li M, Hu Y, Wang Q. Exploring the Super-Relaxed State of Human Cardiac β-Myosin by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:3113-3120. [PMID: 38516963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Human β-cardiac myosin plays a critical role in generating the mechanical forces necessary for cardiac muscle contraction. This process relies on a delicate dynamic equilibrium between the disordered relaxed state (DRX) and the super-relaxed state (SRX) of myosin. Disruptions in this equilibrium due to mutations can lead to heart diseases. However, the structural characteristics of SRX and the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenic mutations have remained elusive. To bridge this gap, we conducted molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations to explore the conformational changes in myosin. Our findings indicate that the size of the phosphate-binding pocket can serve as a valuable metric for characterizing the transition from the DRX to SRX state. Importantly, we established a global dynamic coupling network within the myosin motor head at the residue level, elucidating how the pathogenic mutation E483K impacts the equilibrium between SRX and DRX through allosteric effects. Our work illuminates molecular details of SRX and offers valuable insights into disease treatment through the regulation of SRX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Li
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yao Hu
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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2
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Blanc FEC, Houdusse A, Cecchini M. A weak coupling mechanism for the early steps of the recovery stroke of myosin VI: A free energy simulation and string method analysis. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1012005. [PMID: 38662764 PMCID: PMC11086841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Myosin motors use the energy of ATP to produce force and directed movement on actin by a swing of the lever-arm. ATP is hydrolysed during the off-actin re-priming transition termed recovery stroke. To provide an understanding of chemo-mechanical transduction by myosin, it is critical to determine how the reverse swing of the lever-arm and ATP hydrolysis are coupled. Previous studies concluded that the recovery stroke of myosin II is initiated by closure of the Switch II loop in the nucleotide-binding site. Recently, we proposed that the recovery stroke of myosin VI starts with the spontaneous re-priming of the converter domain to a putative pre-transition state (PTS) intermediate that precedes Switch II closing and ATPase activation. Here, we investigate the transition from the pre-recovery, post-rigor (PR) state to PTS in myosin VI using geometric free energy simulations and the string method. First, our calculations rediscover the PTS state agnostically and show that it is accessible from PR via a low free energy transition path. Second, separate path calculations using the string method illuminate the mechanism of the PR to PTS transition with atomic resolution. In this mechanism, the initiating event is a large movement of the converter/lever-arm region that triggers rearrangements in the Relay-SH1 region and the formation of the kink in the Relay helix with no coupling to the active site. Analysis of the free-energy barriers along the path suggests that the converter-initiated mechanism is much faster than the one initiated by Switch II closure, which supports the biological relevance of PTS as a major on-pathway intermediate of the recovery stroke in myosin VI. Our analysis suggests that lever-arm re-priming and ATP hydrolysis are only weakly coupled, so that the myosin recovery stroke is initiated by thermal fluctuations and stabilised by nucleotide consumption via a ratchet-like mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian E. C. Blanc
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Anne Houdusse
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR144, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marco Cecchini
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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3
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Elkrief D, Matusovsky O, Cheng YS, Rassier DE. From amino-acid to disease: the effects of oxidation on actin-myosin interactions in muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2023; 44:225-254. [PMID: 37805961 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-023-09658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Actin-myosin interactions form the basis of the force-producing contraction cycle within the sarcomere, serving as the primary mechanism for muscle contraction. Post-translational modifications, such as oxidation, have a considerable impact on the mechanics of these interactions. Considering their widespread occurrence, the explicit contributions of these modifications to muscle function remain an active field of research. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the basic mechanics of the actin-myosin complex and elucidate the extent to which oxidation influences the contractile cycle and various mechanical characteristics of this complex at the single-molecule, myofibrillar and whole-muscle levels. We place particular focus on amino acids shown to be vulnerable to oxidation in actin, myosin, and some of their binding partners. Additionally, we highlight the differences between in vitro environments, where oxidation is controlled and limited to actin and myosin and myofibrillar or whole muscle environments, to foster a better understanding of oxidative modification in muscle. Thus, this review seeks to encompass a broad range of studies, aiming to lay out the multi layered effects of oxidation in in vitro and in vivo environments, with brief mention of clinical muscular disorders associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren Elkrief
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Oleg Matusovsky
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yu-Shu Cheng
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dilson E Rassier
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
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4
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Marang C, Scott B, Chambers J, Gunther LK, Yengo CM, Debold EP. A mutation in switch I alters the load-dependent kinetics of myosin Va. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3137. [PMID: 37253724 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38535-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Myosin Va is the molecular motor that drives intracellular vesicular transport, powered by the transduction of chemical energy from ATP into mechanical work. The coupling of the powerstroke and phosphate (Pi) release is key to understanding the transduction process, and crucial details of this process remain unclear. Therefore, we determined the effect of elevated Pi on the force-generating capacity of a mini-ensemble of myosin Va S1 (WT) in a laser trap assay. By increasing the stiffness of the laser trap we determined the effect of increasing resistive loads on the rate of Pi-induced detachment from actin, and quantified this effect using the Bell approximation. We observed that WT myosin generated higher forces and larger displacements at the higher laser trap stiffnesses in the presence of 30 mM Pi, but binding event lifetimes decreased dramatically, which is most consistent with the powerstroke preceding the release of Pi from the active site. Repeating these experiments using a construct with a mutation in switch I of the active site (S217A) caused a seven-fold increase in the load-dependence of the Pi-induced detachment rate, suggesting that the S217A region of switch I may help mediate the load-dependence of Pi-rebinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Marang
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Brent Scott
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - James Chambers
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Laura K Gunther
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Christopher M Yengo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Edward P Debold
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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5
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Gyöngy Z, Mocsár G, Hegedűs É, Stockner T, Ritter Z, Homolya L, Schamberger A, Orbán TI, Remenyik J, Szakacs G, Goda K. Nucleotide binding is the critical regulator of ABCG2 conformational transitions. eLife 2023; 12:83976. [PMID: 36763413 PMCID: PMC9917445 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
ABCG2 is an exporter-type ABC protein that can expel numerous chemically unrelated xeno- and endobiotics from cells. When expressed in tumor cells or tumor stem cells, ABCG2 confers multidrug resistance, contributing to the failure of chemotherapy. Molecular details orchestrating substrate translocation and ATP hydrolysis remain elusive. Here, we present methods to concomitantly investigate substrate and nucleotide binding by ABCG2 in cells. Using the conformation-sensitive antibody 5D3, we show that the switch from the inward-facing (IF) to the outward-facing (OF) conformation of ABCG2 is induced by nucleotide binding. IF-OF transition is facilitated by substrates, and hindered by the inhibitor Ko143. Direct measurements of 5D3 and substrate binding to ABCG2 indicate that the high-to-low affinity switch of the drug binding site coincides with the transition from the IF to the OF conformation. Low substrate binding persists in the post-hydrolysis state, supporting that dissociation of the ATP hydrolysis products is required to reset the high substrate affinity IF conformation of ABCG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Gyöngy
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of DebrecenDebrecenHungary,Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
| | - Gábor Mocsár
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
| | - Éva Hegedűs
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
| | - Thomas Stockner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Zsuzsanna Ritter
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of DebrecenDebrecenHungary,Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
| | - László Homolya
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Anita Schamberger
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Tamás I Orbán
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Judit Remenyik
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
| | - Gergely Szakacs
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural SciencesBudapestHungary,Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Katalin Goda
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
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6
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The lysosomal transporter TAPL has a dual role as peptide translocator and phosphatidylserine floppase. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5851. [PMID: 36195619 PMCID: PMC9532399 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33593-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
TAPL is a lysosomal ATP-binding cassette transporter that translocates a broad spectrum of polypeptides from the cytoplasm into the lysosomal lumen. Here we report that, in addition to its well-known role as a peptide translocator, TAPL exhibits an ATP-dependent phosphatidylserine floppase activity that is the possible cause of its high basal ATPase activity and of the lack of coupling between ATP hydrolysis and peptide efflux. We also present the cryo-EM structures of mouse TAPL complexed with (i) phospholipid, (ii) cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHS) and 9-mer peptide, and (iii) ADP·BeF3. The inward-facing structure reveals that F449 protrudes into the cylindrical transport pathway and divides it into a large hydrophilic central cavity and a sizable hydrophobic upper cavity. In the structure, the peptide binds to TAPL in horizontally-stretched fashion within the central cavity, while lipid molecules plug vertically into the upper cavity. Together, our results suggest that TAPL uses different mechanisms to function as a peptide translocase and a phosphatidylserine floppase.
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7
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Kozlova MI, Shalaeva DN, Dibrova DV, Mulkidjanian AY. Common Patterns of Hydrolysis Initiation in P-loop Fold Nucleoside Triphosphatases. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101345. [PMID: 36291554 PMCID: PMC9599529 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The P-loop fold nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) hydrolases (also known as Walker NTPases) function as ATPases, GTPases, and ATP synthases, are often of medical importance, and represent one of the largest and evolutionarily oldest families of enzymes. There is still no consensus on their catalytic mechanism. To clarify this, we performed the first comparative structural analysis of more than 3100 structures of P-loop NTPases that contain bound substrate Mg-NTPs or their analogues. We proceeded on the assumption that structural features common to these P-loop NTPases may be essential for catalysis. Our results are presented in two articles. Here, in the first, we consider the structural elements that stimulate hydrolysis. Upon interaction of P-loop NTPases with their cognate activating partners (RNA/DNA/protein domains), specific stimulatory moieties, usually Arg or Lys residues, are inserted into the catalytic site and initiate the cleavage of gamma phosphate. By analyzing a plethora of structures, we found that the only shared feature was the mechanistic interaction of stimulators with the oxygen atoms of gamma-phosphate group, capable of causing its rotation. One of the oxygen atoms of gamma phosphate coordinates the cofactor Mg ion. The rotation must pull this oxygen atom away from the Mg ion. This rearrangement should affect the properties of the other Mg ligands and may initiate hydrolysis according to the mechanism elaborated in the second article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Kozlova
- School of Physics, Osnabrueck University, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Daria N. Shalaeva
- School of Physics, Osnabrueck University, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Daria V. Dibrova
- School of Physics, Osnabrueck University, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Armen Y. Mulkidjanian
- School of Physics, Osnabrueck University, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrueck University, D-49069 Osnabrueck, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-541-969-2698
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8
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Jansen RM, Peruzzo R, Fromm SA, Yokom AL, Zoncu R, Hurley JH. Structural basis for FLCN RagC GAP activation in MiT-TFE substrate-selective mTORC1 regulation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd2926. [PMID: 36103527 PMCID: PMC9473554 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) regulates cell growth and catabolism in response to nutrients through phosphorylation of key substrates. The tumor suppressor folliculin (FLCN) is a RagC/D guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase)-activating protein (GAP) that regulates mTORC1 phosphorylation of MiT-TFE transcription factors, controlling lysosome biogenesis and autophagy. We determined the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the active FLCN complex (AFC) containing FLCN, FNIP2, the N-terminal tail of SLC38A9, the RagAGDP:RagCGDP.BeFx- GTPase dimer, and the Ragulator scaffold. Relative to the inactive lysosomal FLCN complex structure, FLCN reorients by 90°, breaks contact with RagA, and makes previously unseen contacts with RagC that position its Arg164 finger for catalysis. Disruption of the AFC-specific interfaces of FLCN and FNIP2 with RagC eliminated GAP activity and led to nuclear retention of TFE3, with no effect on mTORC1 substrates S6K or 4E-BP1. The structure provides a basis for regulation of an mTORC1 substrate-specific pathway and a roadmap to discover MiT-TFE family selective mTORC1 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Jansen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Roberta Peruzzo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Simon A. Fromm
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Adam L. Yokom
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Roberto Zoncu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - James H. Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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9
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Shekhar M, Gupta C, Suzuki K, Chan CK, Murata T, Singharoy A. Revealing a Hidden Intermediate of Rotatory Catalysis with X-ray Crystallography and Molecular Simulations. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:915-925. [PMID: 35912346 PMCID: PMC9336149 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of rotatory catalysis in ATP-hydrolyzing molecular motors remains an unresolved puzzle in biological energy transfer. Notwithstanding the wealth of available biochemical and structural information inferred from years of experiments, knowledge on how the coupling between the chemical and mechanical steps within motors enforces directional rotatory movements remains fragmentary. Even more contentious is to pinpoint the rate-limiting step of a multistep rotation process. Here, using vacuolar or V1-type hexameric ATPase as an exemplary rotational motor, we present a model of the complete 4-step conformational cycle involved in rotatory catalysis. First, using X-ray crystallography, a new intermediate or "dwell" is identified, which enables the release of an inorganic phosphate (or Pi) after ATP hydrolysis. Using molecular dynamics simulations, this new dwell is placed in a sequence with three other crystal structures to derive a putative cyclic rotation path. Free-energy simulations are employed to estimate the rate of the hexameric protein transformations and delineate allosteric effects that allow new reactant ATP entry only after hydrolysis product exit. An analysis of transfer entropy brings to light how the side-chain-level interactions transcend into larger-scale reorganizations, highlighting the role of the ubiquitous arginine-finger residues in coupling chemical and mechanical information. An inspection of all known rates encompassing the 4-step rotation mechanism implicates the overcoming of the ADP interactions with V1-ATPase to be the rate-limiting step of motor action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal Shekhar
- Center
for Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute
of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Chitrak Gupta
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, 797 East Tyler Street, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Kano Suzuki
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Chun Kit Chan
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, 797 East Tyler Street, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Takeshi Murata
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- Membrane
Protein Research and Molecular Chirality Research Centers, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- Structure
Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials
Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, 1-1 Oho, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Abhishek Singharoy
- School
of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, 797 East Tyler Street, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
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10
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Bálint M, Zsidó BZ, van der Spoel D, Hetényi C. Binding Networks Identify Targetable Protein Pockets for Mechanism-Based Drug Design. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137313. [PMID: 35806314 PMCID: PMC9267029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The human genome codes only a few thousand druggable proteins, mainly receptors and enzymes. While this pool of available drug targets is limited, there is an untapped potential for discovering new drug-binding mechanisms and modes. For example, enzymes with long binding cavities offer numerous prerequisite binding sites that may be visited by an inhibitor during migration from a bulk solution to the destination site. Drug design can use these prerequisite sites as new structural targets. However, identifying these ephemeral sites is challenging. Here, we introduce a new method called NetBinder for the systematic identification and classification of prerequisite binding sites at atomic resolution. NetBinder is based on atomistic simulations of the full inhibitor binding process and provides a networking framework on which to select the most important binding modes and uncover the entire binding mechanism, including previously undiscovered events. NetBinder was validated by a study of the binding mechanism of blebbistatin (a potent inhibitor) to myosin 2 (a promising target for cancer chemotherapy). Myosin 2 is a good test enzyme because, like other potential targets, it has a long internal binding cavity that provides blebbistatin with numerous potential prerequisite binding sites. The mechanism proposed by NetBinder of myosin 2 structural changes during blebbistatin binding shows excellent agreement with experimentally determined binding sites and structural changes. While NetBinder was tested on myosin 2, it may easily be adopted to other proteins with long internal cavities, such as G-protein-coupled receptors or ion channels, the most popular current drug targets. NetBinder provides a new paradigm for drug design by a network-based elucidation of binding mechanisms at an atomic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Bálint
- Pharmacoinformatics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (M.B.); (B.Z.Z.)
| | - Balázs Zoltán Zsidó
- Pharmacoinformatics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (M.B.); (B.Z.Z.)
| | - David van der Spoel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Csaba Hetényi
- Pharmacoinformatics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (M.B.); (B.Z.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Lu LN, Liu C, Yang ZZ, Zhao DX. Refined models of coordination between Al3+/Mg2+ and enzyme in molecular dynamics simulation in terms of ABEEM polarizable force field. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 114:108190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Debold EP. Mini‐ review: Recent insights into the relative timing of myosin’s powerstroke and release of phosphate. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2022; 78:448-458. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward P. Debold
- Department of Kinesiology University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts
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13
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Gargey A, Nesmelov YE. Electrostatic interaction of loop 1 and backbone of human cardiac myosin regulates the rate of ATP induced actomyosin dissociation. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2022; 43:1-8. [PMID: 34825297 PMCID: PMC8897261 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-021-09611-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Double mutation D208Q:K450L was introduced in the beta isoform of human cardiac myosin to remove the salt bridge D208:K450 connecting loop 1 and the seven-stranded beta sheet within the myosin head. Beta isoform-specific salt bridge D208:K450, restricting the flexibility of loop 1, was previously discovered in molecular dynamics simulations. Earlier it was proposed that loop 1 modulates nucleotide affinity to actomyosin and we hypothesized that the electrostatic interactions between loop 1 and myosin head backbone regulate ATP binding to and ADP dissociation from actomyosin, and therefore, the time of the strong actomyosin binding. To examine the hypothesis we expressed the wild type and mutant of the myosin head construct (1-843 amino acid residues) in differentiated C2C12 cells, and the kinetics of ATP-induced actomyosin dissociation and ADP release were characterized using stopped-flow spectrofluorometry. Both constructs exhibit a fast rate of ATP binding to actomyosin and a slow rate of ADP dissociation, showing that ADP release limits the time of the strongly bound state of actomyosin. We observed a faster rate of ATP-induced actomyosin dissociation with the mutant, compared to the wild type actomyosin. The rate of ADP release from actomyosin remains the same for the mutant and the wild type actomyosin. We conclude that the flexibility of loop 1 is a factor affecting the rate of ATP binding to actomyosin and actomyosin dissociation. The flexibility of loop 1 does not affect the rate of ADP release from human cardiac actomyosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Gargey
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
- Department of Biological Science, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Yuri E Nesmelov
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA.
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14
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Morikawa M, Jerath NU, Ogawa T, Morikawa M, Tanaka Y, Shy ME, Zuchner S, Hirokawa N. A neuropathy-associated kinesin KIF1A mutation hyper-stabilizes the motor-neck interaction during the ATPase cycle. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108899. [PMID: 35132656 PMCID: PMC8886545 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanochemical coupling of ATPase hydrolysis and conformational dynamics in kinesin motors facilitates intramolecular interaction cycles between the kinesin motor and neck domains, which are essential for microtubule-based motility. Here, we characterized a charge-inverting KIF1A-E239K mutant that we identified in a family with axonal-type Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and also in 24 cases in human neuropathies including spastic paraplegia and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy. We show that Glu239 in the β7 strand is a key residue of the motor domain that regulates the motor-neck interaction. Expression of the KIF1A-E239K mutation has decreased ability to complement Kif1a+/- neurons, and significantly decreases ATPase activity and microtubule gliding velocity. X-ray crystallography shows that this mutation causes an excess positive charge on β7, which may electrostatically interact with a negative charge on the neck. Quantitative mass spectrometric analysis supports that the mutation hyper-stabilizes the motor-neck interaction at the late ATP hydrolysis stage. Thus, the negative charge of Glu239 dynamically regulates the kinesin motor-neck interaction, promoting release of the neck from the motor domain upon ATP hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manatsu Morikawa
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Nivedita U Jerath
- Department of NeurologyCarver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA,Neuromuscular DivisionAdventHealth OrlandoWinter ParkFLUSA
| | - Tadayuki Ogawa
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan,Research Center for Advanced Medical ScienceDokkyo Medical UniversityMibuJapan
| | - Momo Morikawa
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan,Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceFaculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Yosuke Tanaka
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Michael E Shy
- Department of NeurologyCarver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - Stephan Zuchner
- Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human GenomicsMiller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
| | - Nobutaka Hirokawa
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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15
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Actomyosin Complex. Subcell Biochem 2022; 99:421-470. [PMID: 36151385 PMCID: PMC9710302 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-00793-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Formation of cross-bridges between actin and myosin occurs ubiquitously in eukaryotic cells and mediates muscle contraction, intracellular cargo transport, and cytoskeletal remodeling. Myosin motors repeatedly bind to and dissociate from actin filaments in a cycle that transduces the chemical energy from ATP hydrolysis into mechanical force generation. While the general layout of surface elements within the actin-binding interface is conserved among myosin classes, sequence divergence within these motifs alters the specific contacts involved in the actomyosin interaction as well as the kinetics of mechanochemical cycle phases. Additionally, diverse lever arm structures influence the motility and force production of myosin molecules during their actin interactions. The structural differences generated by myosin's molecular evolution have fine-tuned the kinetics of its isoforms and adapted them for their individual cellular roles. In this chapter, we will characterize the structural and biochemical basis of the actin-myosin interaction and explain its relationship with myosin's cellular roles, with emphasis on the structural variation among myosin isoforms that enables their functional specialization. We will also discuss the impact of accessory proteins, such as the troponin-tropomyosin complex and myosin-binding protein C, on the formation and regulation of actomyosin cross-bridges.
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16
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Su MY, Fromm SA, Remis J, Toso DB, Hurley JH. Structural basis for the ARF GAP activity and specificity of the C9orf72 complex. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3786. [PMID: 34145292 PMCID: PMC8213707 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation of C9ORF72 is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontal temporal degeneration (FTD), which is attributed to both a gain and loss of function. C9orf72 forms a complex with SMCR8 and WDR41, which was reported to have GTPase activating protein activity toward ARF proteins, RAB8A, and RAB11A. We determined the cryo-EM structure of ARF1-GDP-BeF3- bound to C9orf72:SMCR8:WDR41. The SMCR8longin and C9orf72longin domains form the binding pocket for ARF1. One face of the C9orf72longin domain holds ARF1 in place, while the SMCR8longin positions the catalytic finger Arg147 in the ARF1 active site. Mutations in interfacial residues of ARF1 and C9orf72 reduced or eliminated GAP activity. RAB8A GAP required ~10-fold higher concentrations of the C9orf72 complex than for ARF1. These data support a specific function for the C9orf72 complex as an ARF GAP. The structure also provides a model for the active forms of the longin domain GAPs of FLCN and NPRL2 that regulate the Rag GTPases of the mTORC1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yuan Su
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Simon A Fromm
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Imaging Centre, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Remis
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel B Toso
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - James H Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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17
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Mugnai ML, Thirumalai D. Step-Wise Hydration of Magnesium by Four Water Molecules Precedes Phosphate Release in a Myosin Motor. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:1107-1117. [PMID: 33481593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular motors, such as myosin, kinesin, and dynein, convert the energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP into mechanical work, thus allowing them to undergo directional motion on cytoskeletal tracks. A pivotal step in the chemomechanical transduction in myosin motors occurs after they bind to the actin filament, which triggers the release of phosphate (Pi, product of ATP hydrolysis) and the rotation of the lever arm. Here, we investigate the mechanism of phosphate release in myosin VI using extensive molecular dynamics simulations involving multiple trajectories of several μs. Because the escape of phosphate is expected to occur on time-scales on the order of milliseconds or more in myosin VI, we observed Pi release only if the trajectories were initiated with a rotated phosphate inside the nucleotide binding pocket. We discovered that although Pi populates the traditional "back door" route, phosphate exits through various other gateways, thus establishing the heterogeneity in the escape routes. Remarkably, we observed that the release of phosphate is preceded by a stepwise hydration of the ADP-bound magnesium ion. The release of the anion occurred only after four water molecules hydrated the cation (Mg2+). By performing comparative structural analyses, we show that hydration of magnesium is the key step in the phosphate release in a number of ATPases and GTPases. Nature may have evolved hydration of Mg2+ as a general molecular switch for Pi release, which is a universal step in the catalytic cycle of many machines that share little sequence or structural similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Lorenzo Mugnai
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - D Thirumalai
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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18
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Key Points to Consider When Studying RNA Remodeling by Proteins. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2020; 2209:1-16. [PMID: 33201459 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0935-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellular RNAs depend on proteins for efficient folding to specific functional structures and for transitions between functional structures. This dependence arises from intrinsic properties of RNA structure. Specifically, RNAs possess stable local structure, largely in the form of helices, and there are abundant opportunities for RNAs to form alternative helices and tertiary contacts and therefore to populate alternative structures. Proteins with RNA chaperone activity, either ATP-dependent or ATP-independent, can promote structural transitions by interacting with single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) to compete away partner interactions and then release ssRNA so that it can form new interactions. In this chapter we review the basic properties of RNA and the proteins that function as chaperones and remodelers. We then use these properties as a foundation to explore key points for the design and interpretation of experiments that probe RNA rearrangements and their acceleration by proteins.
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19
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How Kinesin-1 Utilize the Energy of Nucleotide: The Conformational Changes and Mechanochemical Coupling in the Unidirectional Motion of Kinesin-1. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186977. [PMID: 32972035 PMCID: PMC7555842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-1 is a typical motile molecular motor and the founding member of the kinesin family. The most significant feature in the unidirectional motion of kinesin-1 is its processivity. To realize the fast and processive movement on the microtubule lattice, kinesin-1 efficiently transforms the chemical energy of nucleotide binding and hydrolysis to the energy of mechanical movement. The chemical and mechanical cycle of kinesin-1 are coupled to avoid futile nucleotide hydrolysis. In this paper, the research on the mechanical pathway of energy transition and the regulating mechanism of the mechanochemical cycle of kinesin-1 is reviewed.
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20
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Abstract
Directed movements on actin filaments within the cell are powered by molecular motors of the myosin superfamily. On actin filaments, myosin motors convert the energy from ATP into force and movement. Myosin motors power such diverse cellular functions as cytokinesis, membrane trafficking, organelle movements, and cellular migration. Myosin generates force and movement via a number of structural changes associated with hydrolysis of ATP, binding to actin, and release of the ATP hydrolysis products while bound to actin. Herein we provide an overview of those structural changes and how they relate to the actin-myosin ATPase cycle. These structural changes are the basis of chemo-mechanical transduction by myosin motors.
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21
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Positional Isomers of a Non-Nucleoside Substrate Differentially Affect Myosin Function. Biophys J 2020; 119:567-580. [PMID: 32652059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular motors have evolved to transduce chemical energy from ATP into mechanical work to drive essential cellular processes, from muscle contraction to vesicular transport. Dysfunction of these motors is a root cause of many pathologies necessitating the need for intrinsic control over molecular motor function. Herein, we demonstrate that positional isomerism can be used as a simple and powerful tool to control the molecular motor of muscle, myosin. Using three isomers of a synthetic non-nucleoside triphosphate, we demonstrate that myosin's force- and motion-generating capacity can be dramatically altered at both the ensemble and single-molecule levels. By correlating our experimental results with computation, we show that each isomer exerts intrinsic control by affecting distinct steps in myosin's mechanochemical cycle. Our studies demonstrate that subtle variations in the structure of an abiotic energy source can be used to control the force and motility of myosin without altering myosin's structure.
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22
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Kodera N, Ando T. High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy to Study Myosin Motility. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1239:127-152. [PMID: 32451858 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38062-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) is a unique tool that enables imaging of protein molecules during their functional activity at sub-100 ms temporal and submolecular spatial resolution. HS-AFM is suited for the study of highly dynamic proteins, including myosin motors. HS-AFM images of myosin V walking on actin filaments provide irrefutable evidence for the swinging lever arm motion propelling the molecule forward. Moreover, molecular behaviors that have not been noticed before are also displayed on the AFM movies. This chapter describes the principle, underlying techniques and performance of HS-AFM, filmed images of myosin V, and mechanistic insights into myosin motility provided from the filmed images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kodera
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Toshio Ando
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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23
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Wiegand T. A solid-state NMR tool box for the investigation of ATP-fueled protein engines. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 117:1-32. [PMID: 32471533 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Motor proteins are involved in a variety of cellular processes. Their main purpose is to convert the chemical energy released during adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis into mechanical work. In this review, solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) approaches are discussed allowing studies of structures, conformational events and dynamic features of motor proteins during a variety of enzymatic reactions. Solid-state NMR benefits from straightforward sample preparation based on sedimentation of the proteins directly into the Magic-Angle Spinning (MAS) rotor. Protein resonance assignment is the crucial and often time-limiting step in interpreting the wealth of information encoded in the NMR spectra. Herein, potentials, challenges and limitations in resonance assignment for large motor proteins are presented, focussing on both biochemical and spectroscopic approaches. This work highlights NMR tools available to study the action of the motor domain and its coupling to functional processes, as well as to identify protein-nucleotide interactions during events such as DNA replication. Arrested protein states of reaction coordinates such as ATP hydrolysis can be trapped for NMR studies by using stable, non-hydrolysable ATP analogues that mimic the physiological relevant states as accurately as possible. Recent advances in solid-state NMR techniques ranging from Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP), 31P-based heteronuclear correlation experiments, 1H-detected spectra at fast MAS frequencies >100 kHz to paramagnetic NMR are summarized and their applications to the bacterial DnaB helicase from Helicobacter pylori are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wiegand
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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24
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Krutyhołowa R, Hammermeister A, Zabel R, Abdel-Fattah W, Reinhardt-Tews A, Helm M, Stark MJR, Breunig KD, Schaffrath R, Glatt S. Kti12, a PSTK-like tRNA dependent ATPase essential for tRNA modification by Elongator. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:4814-4830. [PMID: 30916349 PMCID: PMC6511879 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranscriptional RNA modifications occur in all domains of life. Modifications of anticodon bases are of particular importance for ribosomal decoding and proteome homeostasis. The Elongator complex modifies uridines in the wobble position and is highly conserved in eukaryotes. Despite recent insights into Elongator's architecture, the structure and function of its regulatory factor Kti12 have remained elusive. Here, we present the crystal structure of Kti12′s nucleotide hydrolase domain trapped in a transition state of ATP hydrolysis. The structure reveals striking similarities to an O-phosphoseryl-tRNA kinase involved in the selenocysteine pathway. Both proteins employ similar mechanisms of tRNA binding and show tRNASec-dependent ATPase activity. In addition, we demonstrate that Kti12 binds directly to Elongator and that ATP hydrolysis is crucial for Elongator to maintain proper tRNA anticodon modification levels in vivo. In summary, our data reveal a hitherto uncharacterized link between two translational control pathways that regulate selenocysteine incorporation and affect ribosomal tRNA selection via specific tRNA modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rościsław Krutyhołowa
- Max Planck Research Group at the Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Rene Zabel
- Institut für Biologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wael Abdel-Fattah
- Institut für Biologie, FG Mikrobiologie, Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | | | - Mark Helm
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie, Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael J R Stark
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Karin D Breunig
- Institut für Biologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Raffael Schaffrath
- Institut für Biologie, FG Mikrobiologie, Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Glatt
- Max Planck Research Group at the Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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25
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Robert-Paganin J, Pylypenko O, Kikuti C, Sweeney HL, Houdusse A. Force Generation by Myosin Motors: A Structural Perspective. Chem Rev 2019; 120:5-35. [PMID: 31689091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Generating force and movement is essential for the functions of cells and organisms. A variety of molecular motors that can move on tracks within cells have evolved to serve this role. How these motors interact with their tracks and how that, in turn, leads to the generation of force and movement is key to understanding the cellular roles that these motor-track systems serve. This review is focused on the best understood of these systems, which is the molecular motor myosin that moves on tracks of filamentous (F-) actin. The review highlights both the progress and the limits of our current understanding of how force generation can be controlled by F-actin-myosin interactions. What has emerged are insights they may serve as a framework for understanding the design principles of a number of types of molecular motors and their interactions with their tracks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Robert-Paganin
- Structural Motility , UMR 144 CNRS/Curie Institute , 26 rue d'ulm , 75258 Paris cedex 05 , France
| | - Olena Pylypenko
- Structural Motility , UMR 144 CNRS/Curie Institute , 26 rue d'ulm , 75258 Paris cedex 05 , France
| | - Carlos Kikuti
- Structural Motility , UMR 144 CNRS/Curie Institute , 26 rue d'ulm , 75258 Paris cedex 05 , France
| | - H Lee Sweeney
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and the Myology Institute , University of Florida College of Medicine , PO Box 100267, Gainesville , Florida 32610-0267 , United States
| | - Anne Houdusse
- Structural Motility , UMR 144 CNRS/Curie Institute , 26 rue d'ulm , 75258 Paris cedex 05 , France
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26
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Binder BP, Thompson AR, Thomas DD. Atomistic Models from Orientation and Distance Constraints Using EPR of a Bifunctional Spin Label. Biophys J 2019; 117:319-330. [PMID: 31301803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used high-resolution orientation and distance measurements derived from electron paramagnetic resonance of a bifunctional spin label (BSL) to build and refine atomistic models of protein structure. We demonstrate this approach by investigating the effects of nucleotide binding on the structure of myosin's catalytic domain while myosin is in complex with actin. Constraints for orientation of individual helices were obtained in a previous study from continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance of myosin labeled at specific sites with BSLs in oriented muscle fibers. In this study, new distance constraints were derived from double electron-electron resonance on myosin constructs labeled with a BSL specifically at two sites. Using these complementary constraints together, we thoroughly characterize the BSL's rigid, highly stereoselective attachment to protein α-helices, which permits accurate measurements of orientation and distance. We also leverage these measurements to derive a novel, to our knowledge, structural model for myosin-II in complex with actin and MgADP and compare our model to other recent actomyosin structures. The described approach is applicable to any orientable complex (e.g., membranes or filaments) in which site-specific di-Cys mutation is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - David D Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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27
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Amrutha AS, Sunil Kumar KR, Tamaoki N. Azobenzene‐Based Photoswitches Facilitating Reversible Regulation of Kinesin and Myosin Motor Systems for Nanotechnological Applications. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ammathnadu S. Amrutha
- Research Institute for Electronic ScienceHokkaido University Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0020 Japan
| | - K. R. Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologySchool of EngineeringThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tamaoki
- Research Institute for Electronic ScienceHokkaido University Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0020 Japan
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28
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Taylor KA, Rahmani H, Edwards RJ, Reedy MK. Insights into Actin-Myosin Interactions within Muscle from 3D Electron Microscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071703. [PMID: 30959804 PMCID: PMC6479483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Much has been learned about the interaction between myosin and actin through biochemistry, in vitro motility assays and cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) of F-actin, decorated with myosin heads. Comparatively less is known about actin-myosin interactions within the filament lattice of muscle, where myosin heads function as independent force generators and thus most measurements report an average signal from multiple biochemical and mechanical states. All of the 3D imaging by electron microscopy (EM) that has revealed the interplay of the regular array of actin subunits and myosin heads within the filament lattice has been accomplished using the flight muscle of the large water bug Lethocerus sp. The Lethocerus flight muscle possesses a particularly favorable filament arrangement that enables all the myosin cross-bridges contacting the actin filament to be visualized in a thin section. This review covers the history of this effort and the progress toward visualizing the complex set of conformational changes that myosin heads make when binding to actin in several static states, as well as the fast frozen actively contracting muscle. The efforts have revealed a consistent pattern of changes to the myosin head structures as determined by X-ray crystallography needed to explain the structure of the different actomyosin interactions observed in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Taylor
- Florida State University, Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4380, USA.
| | - Hamidreza Rahmani
- Florida State University, Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4380, USA.
| | - Robert J Edwards
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Cell Biology, Durham, NC 27607, USA.
| | - Michael K Reedy
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Cell Biology, Durham, NC 27607, USA.
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29
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Kraft T, Montag J. Altered force generation and cell-to-cell contractile imbalance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:719-733. [PMID: 30740621 PMCID: PMC6475633 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-019-02260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is mainly caused by mutations in sarcomeric proteins. Thirty to forty percent of identified mutations are found in the ventricular myosin heavy chain (β-MyHC). A common mechanism explaining how numerous mutations in several different proteins induce a similar HCM-phenotype is unclear. It was proposed that HCM-mutations cause hypercontractility, which for some mutations is thought to result from mutation-induced unlocking of myosin heads from a so-called super-relaxed state (SRX). The SRX was suggested to be related to the "interacting head motif," i.e., pairs of myosin heads folded back onto their S2-region. Here, we address these structural states of myosin in context of earlier work on weak binding cross-bridges. However, not all HCM-mutations cause hypercontractility and/or are involved in the interacting head motif. But most likely, all mutations alter the force generating mechanism, yet in different ways, possibly including inhibition of SRX. Such functional-hyper- and hypocontractile-changes are the basis of our previously proposed concept stating that contractile imbalance due to unequal fractions of mutated and wildtype protein among individual cardiomyocytes over time will induce cardiomyocyte disarray and fibrosis, hallmarks of HCM. Studying β-MyHC-mutations, we found substantial contractile variability from cardiomyocyte to cardiomyocyte within a patient's myocardium, much higher than in controls. This was paralleled by a similarly variable fraction of mutant MYH7-mRNA (cell-to-cell allelic imbalance), due to random, burst-like transcription, independent for mutant and wildtype MYH7-alleles. Evidence suggests that HCM-mutations in other sarcomeric proteins follow the same disease mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Kraft
- Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Judith Montag
- Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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30
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Wiegand T, Cadalbert R, Lacabanne D, Timmins J, Terradot L, Böckmann A, Meier BH. The conformational changes coupling ATP hydrolysis and translocation in a bacterial DnaB helicase. Nat Commun 2019; 10:31. [PMID: 30604765 PMCID: PMC6318325 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07968-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
DnaB helicases are motor proteins that couple ATP-hydrolysis to the loading of the protein onto DNA at the replication fork and to translocation along DNA to separate double-stranded DNA into single strands during replication. Using a network of conformational states, arrested by nucleotide mimics, we herein characterize the reaction coordinates for ATP hydrolysis, DNA loading and DNA translocation using solid-state NMR spectroscopy. AMP-PCP is used as pre-hydrolytic, ADP:AlF4- as transition state, and ADP as post-hydrolytic ATP mimic. 31P and 13C NMR spectra reveal conformational and dynamic responses to ATP hydrolysis and the resulting DNA loading and translocation with single amino-acid resolution. This allows us to identify residues guiding the DNA translocation process and to explain the high binding affinities for DNA observed for ADP:AlF4-, which turns out to be optimally preconfigured to bind DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wiegand
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Denis Lacabanne
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Joanna Timmins
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, CNRS, IBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Terradot
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France.
| | - Beat H Meier
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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31
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Inorganic polyphosphate hydrolysis catalyzed by skeletal muscular actomyosin complexes is uncoupled with motility. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:1224-1231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Cheng YS, Matusovskiy OS, Rassier DE. Cleavage of loops 1 and 2 in skeletal muscle heavy meromyosin (HMM) leads to a decreased function. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 661:168-177. [PMID: 30465737 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanical work and the actin-activated ATP kinetics in skeletal muscles are closely associated with two surface loops that are present in the myosin molecule: loop 1 and loop 2. They are located close to the ATP-loop (loop 1), and the actin binding domain (loop 2). In this study we investigated the roles of loops 1 and 2 in the regulation of the load-dependent velocity of actin sliding and ATPase activity. METHODS Heavy meromyosin (HMM) from rabbit skeletal muscle was subjected to limited tryptic proteolysis to obtain fragments containing different amounts of loops 1 and 2. The amino-acid sequences of these fragments were confirmed with quantitative mass-spectrometry. The velocity of actin motility propelled by the HMM fragments was measured using in-vitro motility assays, with varying loads induced by the addition of different concentrations of α-actinin. RESULTS The load-dependent velocity of the myosin-propelled actin motility, and the fraction of actin filaments motility, were decreased in close association with the depletion of loop 1 in the HMM. The ATPase activity was decreased in close association with depletion of loops 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS Loop 1 is responsible for regulating the load-dependent velocity of actin motility. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Myosin-actin interaction is closely regulated by two flexible loops in the structure of myosin. The results of this study are important for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of contraction, and therefore the most basic functions of life, such as locomotion, heart beating, and breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shu Cheng
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Oleg S Matusovskiy
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dilson E Rassier
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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33
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Sato T, Ohnuki J, Takano M. Long-range coupling between ATP-binding and lever-arm regions in myosin via dielectric allostery. J Chem Phys 2018; 147:215101. [PMID: 29221399 DOI: 10.1063/1.5004809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A protein molecule is a dielectric substance, so the binding of a ligand is expected to induce dielectric response in the protein molecule, considering that ligands are charged or polar in general. We previously reported that binding of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to molecular motor myosin actually induces such a dielectric response in myosin due to the net negative charge of ATP. By this dielectric response, referred to as "dielectric allostery," spatially separated two regions in myosin, the ATP-binding region and the actin-binding region, are allosterically coupled. In this study, from the statistically stringent analyses of the extensive molecular dynamics simulation data obtained in the ATP-free and the ATP-bound states, we show that there exists the dielectric allostery that transmits the signal of ATP binding toward the distant lever-arm region. The ATP-binding-induced electrostatic potential change observed on the surface of the main domain induced a movement of the converter subdomain from which the lever arm extends. The dielectric response was found to be caused by an underlying large-scale concerted rearrangement of the electrostatic bond network, in which highly conserved charged/polar residues are involved. Our study suggests the importance of the dielectric property for molecular machines in exerting their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Sato
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Jun Ohnuki
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Takano
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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34
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Structural transitions of F-actin upon ATP hydrolysis at near-atomic resolution revealed by cryo-EM. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:528-537. [PMID: 29867215 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-018-0074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The function of actin is coupled to the nucleotide bound to its active site. ATP hydrolysis is activated during polymerization; a delay between hydrolysis and inorganic phosphate (Pi) release results in a gradient of ATP, ADP-Pi and ADP along actin filaments (F-actin). Actin-binding proteins can recognize F-actin's nucleotide state, using it as a local 'age' tag. The underlying mechanism is complex and poorly understood. Here we report six high-resolution cryo-EM structures of F-actin from rabbit skeletal muscle in different nucleotide states. The structures reveal that actin polymerization repositions the proposed catalytic base, His161, closer to the γ-phosphate. Nucleotide hydrolysis and Pi release modulate the conformational ensemble at the periphery of the filament, thus resulting in open and closed states, which can be sensed by coronin-1B. The drug-like toxin jasplakinolide locks F-actin in an open state. Our results demonstrate in detail how ATP hydrolysis links to F-actin's conformational dynamics and protein interaction.
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35
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Menezes HM, Islam MJ, Takahashi M, Tamaoki N. Driving and photo-regulation of myosin-actin motors at molecular and macroscopic levels by photo-responsive high energy molecules. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:8894-8903. [PMID: 28902195 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01293d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We employed an azobenzene based non-nucleoside triphosphate, AzoTP, in a myosin-actin motile system and demonstrated its efficiency as an energy molecule to drive and photo-regulate the myosin-actin motile function at the macroscopic level along with an in vitro motility assay. The AzoTP in its trans state induced shortening of a glycerinated muscle fibre whilst a cis isomer had no significant effect. Direct photoirradiation of a cis-AzoTP infused muscle fibre induced shortening triggered by a locally photo-generated trans-AzoTP in the muscle fibre. Furthermore, we designed and synthesized three new derivatives of AzoTPs that served as substrates for myosin by driving and photo-regulating the myosin-actin motile function at the molecular as well as the macroscopic level with varied efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halley M Menezes
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan.
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36
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Ge J, Huang F, Nesmelov YE. Metal cation controls phosphate release in the myosin ATPase. Protein Sci 2017; 26:2181-2186. [PMID: 28795448 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Myosin is an enzyme that utilizes ATP to produce a conformational change generating a force. The kinetics of the myosin reverse recovery stroke depends on the metal cation complexed with ATP. The reverse recovery stroke is slow for MgATP and fast for MnATP. The metal ion coordinates the γ phosphate of ATP in the myosin active site. It is accepted that the reverse recovery stroke is correlated with the phosphate release; therefore, magnesium "holds" phosphate tighter than manganese. Magnesium and manganese are similar ions in terms of their chemical properties and the shell complexation; hence, we propose to use these ions to study the mechanism of the phosphate release. Analysis of octahedral complexes of magnesium and manganese show that the partial charge of magnesium is higher than that of manganese and the slightly larger size of manganese ion makes its ionic potential smaller. We hypothesize that electrostatics play a role in keeping and releasing the abstracted γ phosphate in the active site, and the stronger electric charge of magnesium ion holds γ phosphate tighter. We used stable myosin-nucleotide analog complex and Raman spectroscopy to examine the effect of the metal cation on the relative position of γ phosphate analog in the active site. We found that in the manganese complex, the γ phosphate analog is 0.01 nm further away from ADP than in the magnesium complex. We conclude that the ionic potential of the metal cation plays a role in the retention of the abstracted phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Ge
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223.,Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, 28223
| | - Furong Huang
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223.,Department of Opto-Electronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China, 510630
| | - Yuri E Nesmelov
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223.,Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, 28223
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37
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Elnatan D, Betegon M, Liu Y, Ramelot T, Kennedy MA, Agard DA. Symmetry broken and rebroken during the ATP hydrolysis cycle of the mitochondrial Hsp90 TRAP1. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28742020 PMCID: PMC5550277 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp90 is a homodimeric ATP-dependent molecular chaperone that remodels its substrate ‘client’ proteins, facilitating their folding and activating them for biological function. Despite decades of research, the mechanism connecting ATP hydrolysis and chaperone function remains elusive. Particularly puzzling has been the apparent lack of cooperativity in hydrolysis of the ATP in each protomer. A crystal structure of the mitochondrial Hsp90, TRAP1, revealed that the catalytically active state is closed in a highly strained asymmetric conformation. This asymmetry, unobserved in other Hsp90 homologs, is due to buckling of one of the protomers and is most pronounced at the broadly conserved client-binding region. Here, we show that rather than being cooperative or independent, ATP hydrolysis on the two protomers is sequential and deterministic. Moreover, dimer asymmetry sets up differential hydrolysis rates for each protomer, such that the buckled conformation favors ATP hydrolysis. Remarkably, after the first hydrolysis, the dimer undergoes a flip in the asymmetry while remaining in a closed state for the second hydrolysis. From these results, we propose a model where direct coupling of ATP hydrolysis and conformational flipping rearranges client-binding sites, providing a paradigm of how energy from ATP hydrolysis can be used for client remodeling. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25235.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Elnatan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States.,Tetrad Graduate program, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Miguel Betegon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States.,Biophysics Graduate program, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Yanxin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Theresa Ramelot
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, United States
| | - Michael A Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, United States
| | - David A Agard
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States
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38
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Offer G, Ranatunga KW. Reinterpretation of the Tension Response of Muscle to Stretches and Releases. Biophys J 2017; 111:2000-2010. [PMID: 27806281 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reexamined the experimental time courses of tension in frog muscle after rapid length steps. The early tension recoveries are biexponential. After 3 nm/hs stretches and releases, the rates of the immediate rapid tension changes are similar but the subsequent tension fall after a stretch is much slower than the rise after a release. After 1.5 nm/hs length steps, the entire tension responses are more nearly mirror images. To identify the underlying processes, we used a model of the muscle cross-bridge cycle with two tension-generating (tensing) steps. Analysis of the time course of the tension, the rates of the steps in the cycle, and their contributions to tension provided insights into previously puzzling features of the experimental response. After a stretch, the initial rapid tension fall in the model is caused principally by the reversal of the first tensing step, but after a few milliseconds the tensing step resumes its forward direction. We conclude that the remaining response should not be included in phase 2, the period of early tension recovery. With this exclusion, T2, the tension at the end of this period, rises with an increase of stretch. The rate of early tension recovery also increases with stretch size, showing that the reversal of the first tensing step is strain sensitive. After small length steps, the fast and slow components of the early tension recovery are both caused mainly by the first tensing step. The fast component is triggered by the initial sliding of the filaments, and the slow component is due to further sliding that occurs as the tension recovers. With small length steps (<0.5 nm/hs), the time course of the response to a stretch is the reverse of that to a release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Offer
- Muscle Contraction Group, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - K W Ranatunga
- Muscle Contraction Group, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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39
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Jin Y, Richards NG, Waltho JP, Blackburn GM. Metal Fluorides as Analogues for Studies on Phosphoryl Transfer Enzymes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4110-4128. [PMID: 27862756 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The 1994 structure of a transition-state analogue with AlF4- and GDP complexed to G1α, a small G protein, heralded a new field of research into the structure and mechanism of enzymes that manipulate the transfer of phosphoryl (PO3- ) groups. The number of enzyme structures in the PDB containing metal fluorides (MFx ) as ligands that imitate either a phosphoryl or a phosphate group was 357 at the end of 2016. They fall into three distinct geometrical classes: 1) Tetrahedral complexes based on BeF3- that mimic ground-state phosphates; 2) octahedral complexes, primarily based on AlF4- , which mimic "in-line" anionic transition states for phosphoryl transfer; and 3) trigonal bipyramidal complexes, represented by MgF3- and putative AlF30 moieties, which mimic the geometry of the transition state. The interpretation of these structures provides a deeper mechanistic understanding into the behavior and manipulation of phosphate monoesters in molecular biology. This Review provides a comprehensive overview of these structures, their uses, and their computational development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | | | - G Michael Blackburn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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40
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Jin Y, Richards NG, Waltho JP, Blackburn GM. Metallfluoride als Analoga für Studien an Phosphoryltransferenzymen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- Department of Chemistry; University of York; York YO10 5DD Großbritannien
| | - Nigel G. Richards
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | | | - G. Michael Blackburn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; University of Sheffield; Sheffield S10 2TN Großbritannien
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41
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Nowakowski SG, Regnier M, Daggett V. Molecular mechanisms underlying deoxy-ADP.Pi activation of pre-powerstroke myosin. Protein Sci 2017; 26:749-762. [PMID: 28097776 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Myosin activation is a viable approach to treat systolic heart failure. We previously demonstrated that striated muscle myosin is a promiscuous ATPase that can use most nucleoside triphosphates as energy substrates for contraction. When 2-deoxy ATP (dATP) is used, it acts as a myosin activator, enhancing cross-bridge binding and cycling. In vivo, we have demonstrated that elevated dATP levels increase basal cardiac function and rescues function of infarcted rodent and pig hearts. Here we investigate the molecular mechanism underlying this physiological effect. We show with molecular dynamics simulations that the binding of dADP.Pi (dATP hydrolysis products) to myosin alters the structure and dynamics of the nucleotide binding pocket, myosin cleft conformation, and actin binding sites, which collectively yield a myosin conformation that we predict favors weak, electrostatic binding to actin. In vitro motility assays at high ionic strength were conducted to test this prediction and we found that dATP increased motility. These results highlight alterations to myosin that enhance cross-bridge formation and reveal a potential mechanism that may underlie dATP-induced improvements in cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G Nowakowski
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-5013
| | - Michael Regnier
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-5013.,Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-5013
| | - Valerie Daggett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-5013
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42
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Metal Fluorides: Tools for Structural and Computational Analysis of Phosphoryl Transfer Enzymes. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:36. [PMID: 28299727 PMCID: PMC5480424 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoryl group, PO3-, is the dynamic structural unit in the biological chemistry of phosphorus. Its transfer from a donor to an acceptor atom, with oxygen much more prevalent than nitrogen, carbon, or sulfur, is at the core of a great majority of enzyme-catalyzed reactions involving phosphate esters, anhydrides, amidates, and phosphorothioates. The serendipitous discovery that the phosphoryl group could be labeled by "nuclear mutation," by substitution of PO3- by MgF3- or AlF4-, has underpinned the application of metal fluoride (MF x ) complexes to mimic transition states for enzymatic phosphoryl transfer reactions, with sufficient stability for experimental analysis. Protein crystallography in the solid state and 19F NMR in solution have enabled direct observation of ternary and quaternary protein complexes embracing MF x transition state models with precision. These studies have underpinned a radically new mechanistic approach to enzyme catalysis for a huge range of phosphoryl transfer processes, as varied as kinases, phosphatases, phosphomutases, and phosphohydrolases. The results, without exception, have endorsed trigonal bipyramidal geometry (tbp) for concerted, "in-line" stereochemistry of phosphoryl transfer. QM computations have established the validity of tbp MF x complexes as reliable models for true transition states, delivering similar bond lengths, coordination to essential metal ions, and virtually identical hydrogen bond networks. The emergence of protein control of reactant orbital overlap between bond-forming species within enzyme transition states is a new challenging theme for wider exploration.
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43
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Geeves MA. Review: The ATPase mechanism of myosin and actomyosin. Biopolymers 2017; 105:483-91. [PMID: 27061920 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Myosins are a large family of molecular motors that use the common P-loop, Switch 1 and Switch 2 nucleotide binding motifs to recognize ATP, to create a catalytic site than can efficiently hydrolyze ATP and to communicate the state of the nucleotide pocket to other allosteric binding sites on myosin. The energy of ATP hydrolysis is used to do work against an external load. In this short review I will outline current thinking on the mechanism of ATP hydrolysis and how the energy of ATP hydrolysis is coupled to a series of protein conformational changes that allow a myosin, with the cytoskeleton track actin, to operate as a molecular motor of distinct types; fast movers, processive motors or strain sensors. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 483-491, 2016.
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44
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Tripathi R, Glaves R, Marx D. The GTPase hGBP1 converts GTP to GMP in two steps via proton shuttle mechanisms. Chem Sci 2017; 8:371-380. [PMID: 28451182 PMCID: PMC5365056 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02045c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
GTPases play a crucial role in the regulation of many biological processes by catalyzing the hydrolysis of GTP into GDP. The focus of this work is on the dynamin-related large GTPase human guanine nucleotide binding protein-1 (hGBP1) which is able to hydrolyze GTP even to GMP. Here, we studied the largely unknown mechanisms of both GTP and GDP hydrolysis steps utilizing accelerated ab initio QM/MM metadynamics simulations to compute multi-dimensional free energy landscapes. We find an indirect substrate-assisted catalysis (SAC) mechanism for GTP hydrolysis involving transfer of a proton from the water nucleophile to a nonbridging phosphoryl oxygen via a proton relay pathway where the rate-determining first step is concerted-dissociative nature. A "composite base" consisting of Ser73, Glu99, a bridging water molecule, and GTP was found to activate the nucleophilic water, thus disclosing the complex nature of the general base in hGBP1. A nearly two-fold reduction in the free energy barrier was obtained for GTP hydrolysis in the enzyme in comparison to bulk solvent. The subsequent GDP hydrolysis in hGBP1 was also found to follow a water-mediated proton shuttle mechanism. It is expected that the proton shuttle mechanisms unravelled for hGBP1 apply to many classes of GTPases/ATPases that possess an optimally-arranged hydrogen bonding network, which connects the catalytic water to a proton acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Tripathi
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , 44780 Bochum , Germany .
| | - Rachel Glaves
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , 44780 Bochum , Germany .
| | - Dominik Marx
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , 44780 Bochum , Germany .
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45
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Viswanathan R, True JD, Auble DT. Molecular Mechanism of Mot1, a TATA-binding Protein (TBP)-DNA Dissociating Enzyme. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15714-26. [PMID: 27255709 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.730366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATPase Mot1 globally regulates transcription by impacting the genomic distribution and activity of the TATA-binding protein (TBP). In vitro, Mot1 forms a ternary complex with TBP and DNA and can use ATP hydrolysis to dissociate the TBP-DNA complex. Prior work suggested an interaction between the ATPase domain and a functionally important segment of DNA flanking the TATA sequence. However, how ATP hydrolysis facilitates removal of TBP from DNA is not well understood, and several models have been proposed. To gain insight into the Mot1 mechanism, we dissected the role of the flanking DNA segment by biochemical analysis of complexes formed using DNAs with short single-stranded gaps. In parallel, we used a DNA tethered cleavage approach to map regions of Mot1 in proximity to the DNA under different conditions. Our results define non-equivalent roles for bases within a broad segment of flanking DNA required for Mot1 action. Moreover, we present biochemical evidence for two distinct conformations of the Mot1 ATPase, the detection of which can be modulated by ATP analogs as well as DNA sequence flanking the TATA sequence. We also show using purified complexes that Mot1 dissociation of a stable, high affinity TBP-DNA interaction is surprisingly inefficient, suggesting how other transcription factors that bind to TBP may compete with Mot1. Taken together, these results suggest that TBP-DNA affinity as well as other aspects of promoter sequence influence Mot1 function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Viswanathan
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Jason D True
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - David T Auble
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
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46
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Allen WJ, Corey RA, Oatley P, Sessions RB, Baldwin SA, Radford SE, Tuma R, Collinson I. Two-way communication between SecY and SecA suggests a Brownian ratchet mechanism for protein translocation. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27183269 PMCID: PMC4907695 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential process of protein secretion is achieved by the ubiquitous Sec machinery. In prokaryotes, the drive for translocation comes from ATP hydrolysis by the cytosolic motor-protein SecA, in concert with the proton motive force (PMF). However, the mechanism through which ATP hydrolysis by SecA is coupled to directional movement through SecYEG is unclear. Here, we combine all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with single molecule FRET and biochemical assays. We show that ATP binding by SecA causes opening of the SecY-channel at long range, while substrates at the SecY-channel entrance feed back to regulate nucleotide exchange by SecA. This two-way communication suggests a new, unifying 'Brownian ratchet' mechanism, whereby ATP binding and hydrolysis bias the direction of polypeptide diffusion. The model represents a solution to the problem of transporting inherently variable substrates such as polypeptides, and may underlie mechanisms of other motors that translocate proteins and nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin Adam Corey
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Oatley
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Steve A Baldwin
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sheena E Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Tuma
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Collinson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Salsi E, Farah E, Ermolenko DN. EF-G Activation by Phosphate Analogs. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:2248-58. [PMID: 27063503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Elongation factor G (EF-G) is a universally conserved translational GTPase that promotes the translocation of tRNA and mRNA through the ribosome. EF-G binds to the ribosome in a GTP-bound form and subsequently catalyzes GTP hydrolysis. The contribution of the ribosome-stimulated GTP hydrolysis by EF-G to tRNA/mRNA translocation remains debated. Here, we show that while EF-G•GDP does not stably bind to the ribosome and induce translocation, EF-G•GDP in complex with phosphate group analogs BeF3(-) and AlF4(-) promotes the translocation of tRNA and mRNA. Furthermore, the rates of mRNA translocation induced by EF-G in the presence of GTP and a non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, GDP•BeF3(-) are similar. Our results are consistent with the model suggesting that GTP hydrolysis is not directly coupled to mRNA/tRNA translocation. Hence, GTP binding is required to induce the activated, translocation-competent conformation of EF-G while GTP hydrolysis triggers EF-G release from the ribosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enea Salsi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics & Center for RNA Biology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Elie Farah
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics & Center for RNA Biology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Dmitri N Ermolenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics & Center for RNA Biology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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48
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Chantler PD. Scallop Adductor Muscles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62710-0.00004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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49
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Kinetics of nucleotide-dependent structural transitions in the kinesin-1 hydrolysis cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E7186-93. [PMID: 26676576 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1517638112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To dissect the kinetics of structural transitions underlying the stepping cycle of kinesin-1 at physiological ATP, we used interferometric scattering microscopy to track the position of gold nanoparticles attached to individual motor domains in processively stepping dimers. Labeled heads resided stably at positions 16.4 nm apart, corresponding to a microtubule-bound state, and at a previously unseen intermediate position, corresponding to a tethered state. The chemical transitions underlying these structural transitions were identified by varying nucleotide conditions and carrying out parallel stopped-flow kinetics assays. At saturating ATP, kinesin-1 spends half of each stepping cycle with one head bound, specifying a structural state for each of two rate-limiting transitions. Analysis of stepping kinetics in varying nucleotides shows that ATP binding is required to properly enter the one-head-bound state, and hydrolysis is necessary to exit it at a physiological rate. These transitions differ from the standard model in which ATP binding drives full docking of the flexible neck linker domain of the motor. Thus, this work defines a consensus sequence of mechanochemical transitions that can be used to understand functional diversity across the kinesin superfamily.
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50
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High-resolution helix orientation in actin-bound myosin determined with a bifunctional spin label. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:7972-7. [PMID: 26056276 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1500625112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of a bifunctional spin label (BSL) bound stereospecifically to Dictyostelium myosin II, we determined with high resolution the orientation of individual structural elements in the catalytic domain while myosin is in complex with actin. BSL was attached to a pair of engineered cysteine side chains four residues apart on known α-helical segments, within a construct of the myosin catalytic domain that lacks other reactive cysteines. EPR spectra of BSL-myosin bound to actin in oriented muscle fibers showed sharp three-line spectra, indicating a well-defined orientation relative to the actin filament axis. Spectral analysis indicated that orientation of the spin label can be determined within <2.1° accuracy, and comparison with existing structural data in the absence of nucleotide indicates that helix orientation can also be determined with <4.2° accuracy. We used this approach to examine the crucial ADP release step in myosin's catalytic cycle and detected reversible rotations of two helices in actin-bound myosin in response to ADP binding and dissociation. One of these rotations has not been observed in myosin-only crystal structures.
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