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Chatterjee S, Prados-Rosales R, Tan S, Phan VC, Chrissian C, Itin B, Wang H, Khajo A, Magliozzo RS, Casadevall A, Stark RE. The melanization road more traveled by: Precursor substrate effects on melanin synthesis in cell-free and fungal cell systems. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:20157-20168. [PMID: 30385508 PMCID: PMC6311522 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural brown-black eumelanin pigments confer structural coloration in animals and potently block ionizing radiation and antifungal drugs. These functions also make them attractive for bioinspired materials design, including coating materials for drug-delivery vehicles, strengthening agents for adhesive hydrogel materials, and free-radical scavengers for soil remediation. Nonetheless, the molecular determinants of the melanin "developmental road traveled" and the resulting architectural features have remained uncertain because of the insoluble, heterogeneous, and amorphous characteristics of these complex polymeric assemblies. Here, we used 2D solid-state NMR, EPR, and dynamic nuclear polarization spectroscopic techniques, assisted in some instances by the use of isotopically enriched precursors, to address several open questions regarding the molecular structures and associated functions of eumelanin. Our findings uncovered: 1) that the identity of the available catecholamine precursor alters the structure of melanin pigments produced either in Cryptococcus neoformans fungal cells or under cell-free conditions; 2) that the identity of the available precursor alters the scaffold organization and membrane lipid content of melanized fungal cells; 3) that the fungal cells are melanized preferentially by an l-DOPA precursor; and 4) that the macromolecular carbon- and nitrogen-based architecture of cell-free and fungal eumelanins includes indole, pyrrole, indolequinone, and open-chain building blocks that develop depending on reaction time. In conclusion, the availability of catecholamine precursors plays an important role in eumelanin development by affecting the efficacy of pigment formation, the melanin molecular structure, and its underlying scaffold in fungal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasish Chatterjee
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York and CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, New York 10031,.
| | - Rafael Prados-Rosales
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461,; CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Vizcaya 48160, Spain
| | - Sindy Tan
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York and CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, New York 10031
| | - Van Chanh Phan
- the Department of Natural Sciences, CUNY Hostos Community College, Bronx, New York 10451
| | - Christine Chrissian
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York and CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, New York 10031,; the City University of New York, Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, New York, New York 10036
| | - Boris Itin
- the New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York 10027
| | - Hsin Wang
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York and CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, New York 10031
| | - Abdelahad Khajo
- the Department of Chemistry, CUNY Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210,; the City University of New York, Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, New York, New York 10036, and
| | - Richard S Magliozzo
- the City University of New York, Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, New York, New York 10036,; the Department of Chemistry, CUNY Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210,; the City University of New York, Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, New York, New York 10036, and
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- the Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Ruth E Stark
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York and CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, New York 10031,; the City University of New York, Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, New York, New York 10036,; the City University of New York, Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, New York, New York 10036, and
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2
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Chatterjee S, Prados-Rosales R, Itin B, Casadevall A, Stark RE. Solid-state NMR Reveals the Carbon-based Molecular Architecture of Cryptococcus neoformans Fungal Eumelanins in the Cell Wall. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13779-90. [PMID: 25825492 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.618389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin pigments protect against both ionizing radiation and free radicals and have potential soil remediation capabilities. Eumelanins produced by pathogenic Cryptococcus neoformans fungi are virulence factors that render the fungal cells resistant to host defenses and certain antifungal drugs. Because of their insoluble and amorphous characteristics, neither the pigment bonding framework nor the cellular interactions underlying melanization of C. neoformans have yielded to comprehensive molecular-scale investigation. This study used the C. neoformans requirement of exogenous obligatory catecholamine precursors for melanization to produce isotopically enriched pigment "ghosts" and applied 2D (13)C-(13)C correlation solid-state NMR to reveal the carbon-based architecture of intact natural eumelanin assemblies in fungal cells. We demonstrated that the aliphatic moieties of solid C. neoformans melanin ghosts include cell-wall components derived from polysaccharides and/or chitin that are associated proximally with lipid membrane constituents. Prior to development of the mature aromatic fungal pigment, these aliphatic moieties form a chemically resistant framework that could serve as the scaffold for melanin synthesis. The indole-based core aromatic moieties show interconnections that are consistent with proposed melanin structures consisting of stacked planar assemblies, which are associated spatially with the aliphatic scaffold. The pyrrole aromatic carbons of the pigments bind covalently to the aliphatic framework via glycoside or glyceride functional groups. These findings establish that the structure of the pigment assembly changes with time and provide the first biophysical information on the mechanism by which melanin is assembled in the fungal cell wall, offering vital insights that can advance the design of bioinspired conductive nanomaterials and novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasish Chatterjee
- From the Department of Chemistry, City College of New York, Graduate Center and Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031-9101
| | - Rafael Prados-Rosales
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461, and
| | - Boris Itin
- the New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York 10027
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461, and
| | - Ruth E Stark
- From the Department of Chemistry, City College of New York, Graduate Center and Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031-9101,
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3
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Mechanics and dynamics of triglyceride-phospholipid model membranes: Implications for cellular properties and function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:1947-56. [PMID: 21545789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate here that triolein alters the mechanical properties of phospholipid membranes and induces extraordinary conformational dynamics. Triolein containing membranes exhibit fluctuations up to size range of 100μm and with the help of these are e.g. able to squeeze through narrow passages between neighbouring structures. Triolein-phosphatidylcholine membranes were found to have bending rigidity significantly lower than that of corresponding pure phosphatidylcholine membrane. Moreover, the triolein containing membranes were found to be reluctant to fuse, which is in good accordance with larger lamellar distances observed in the TOPOPC membranes. These findings suggest repulsion between adjacent membranes. We provide a comprehensive discussion on the possible explanations for the observed mechanics and dynamics in the TOPOPC system and on their potential cellular implications.
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Triglyceride blisters in lipid bilayers: implications for lipid droplet biogenesis and the mobile lipid signal in cancer cell membranes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12811. [PMID: 20877640 PMCID: PMC2943900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triglycerides have a limited solubility, around 3%, in phosphatidylcholine lipid bilayers. Using millisecond-scale course grained molecular dynamics simulations, we show that the model lipid bilayer can accommodate a higher concentration of triolein (TO) than earlier anticipated, by sequestering triolein molecules to the bilayer center in the form of a disordered, isotropic, mobile neutral lipid aggregate, at least 17 nm in diameter, which forms spontaneously, and remains stable on at least the microsecond time scale. The results give credence to the hotly debated existence of mobile neutral lipid aggregates of unknown function present in malignant cells, and to the early biogenesis of lipid droplets accommodated between the two leaflets of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The TO aggregates give the bilayer a blister-like appearance, and will hinder the formation of multi-lamellar phases in model, and possibly living membranes. The blisters will result in anomalous membrane probe partitioning, which should be accounted for in the interpretation of probe-related measurements.
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5
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Orendorff CJ, Alam TM, Sasaki DY, Bunker BC, Voigt JA. Phospholipid-gold nanorod composites. ACS NANO 2009; 3:971-983. [PMID: 19317440 DOI: 10.1021/nn900037k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids comprise an enormous range of chemical structures that provide much of the functionality associated with cellular membranes. We have developed a simple method for incorporating phospholipids onto the surfaces of anisotropic gold nanorods as a stepping-stone for creating responsive and multifunctional nanocomposites. In this report, we demonstrate how phospholipids can be used to control the self-assembly of gold nanorods into agglomerate architectures ranging from open "end-to-end" networks to densely packed "side-to-side" arrays. The results indicate that lipid-gold nanorod assembly is governed by the tuning of electrostatic interactions within the phospholipid layers as well as by how the phospholipid layers organize themselves around anisotropic nanorod surfaces.
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Doherty T, Hong M. 2D 1H-31P solid-state NMR studies of the dependence of inter-bilayer water dynamics on lipid headgroup structure and membrane peptides. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2009; 196:39-47. [PMID: 18938095 PMCID: PMC3222297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of hydration-water in several phospholipid membranes of different compositions is studied by 2D (1)H-(31)P heteronuclear correlation NMR under magic-angle spinning. By using a (1)H T(2) filter before and a (1)H mixing-time after the evolution period and (31)P detection, inter-bilayer water is selectively detected without resonance overlap from bulk water outside the multilamellar vesicles. Moreover the (1)H T(2) relaxation time of the inter-bilayer water is measured. Lipid membranes with labile protons either in the lipid headgroup or in sterols exhibit water-(31)P correlation peaks while membranes free of exchangeable protons do not, indicating that the mechanism for water-lipid correlation is chemical exchange followed by relayed magnetization transfer to (31)P. In the absence of membrane proteins, the inter-bilayer water (1)H T(2)'s are several tens of milliseconds. Incorporation of charged membrane peptides shortened this inter-bilayer water T(2) significantly. This T(2) reduction is attributed to the peptides' exchangeable protons, molecular motion and intermolecular hydrogen bonding, which affect the water dynamics and the chemically relayed magnetization transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mei Hong
- Corresponding author: Mei Hong, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010. Tel: 515-294-3521, Fax: 515-294-0105,
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7
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Kimura T, Okamura E, Matubayasi N, Asami K, Nakahara M. NMR study on the binding of neuropeptide achatin-I to phospholipid bilayer: the equilibrium, location, and peptide conformation. Biophys J 2005; 87:375-85. [PMID: 15240472 PMCID: PMC1304359 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.103.038950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanism of the binding of neuropeptide achatin-I (Gly-D-Phe-Ala-Asp) to large unilamellar vesicles of zwitterionic egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine (EPC) was investigated by means of natural-abundance (13)C and high-resolution (of 0.01 Hz order) (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The binding equilibrium was found to be sensitive to the ionization state of the N-terminal NH(3)(+) group in achatin-I; the de-ionization of NH(3)(+) decreases the bound fraction of the peptide from approximately 15% to nearly none. The electrostatic attraction between the N-terminal positive NH(3)(+) group and the negative PO(4)(-) group in the EPC headgroup plays an important role in controlling the equilibrium. Analysis of the (13)C chemical shifts (delta) of EPC showed that the binding location of the peptide within the bilayer is the polar region between the glycerol and ester groups. The binding caused upfield changes Delta delta of the (13)C resonance for almost all the carbon sites in achatin-I. The changes Delta delta for the ionic Asp at the C-terminus are more than five times as large as those for the other residues. The drastic changes for Asp result from the dehydration of the ionic CO(2)(-) groups, which are strongly hydrated by electrostatic interactions in bulk water. The side-chain conformational equilibria of the aromatic d-Phe and ionic Asp residues were both affected by the binding, and the induced changes in the equilibria appear to reflect the peptide-lipid hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kimura
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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8
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Zhou Z, Sayer BG, Hughes DW, Stark RE, Epand RM. Studies of phospholipid hydration by high-resolution magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance. Biophys J 1999; 76:387-99. [PMID: 9876150 PMCID: PMC1302527 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(99)77205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A sample preparation method using spherical glass ampoules has been used to achieve 1.5-Hz resolution in 1H magic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of aqueous multilamellar dispersions of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), serving to differentiate between slowly exchanging interlamellar and bulk water and to reveal new molecular-level information about hydration phenomena in these model biological membranes. The average numbers of interlamellar water molecules in multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) of DOPC and POPC were found to be 37.5 +/- 1 and 37.2 +/- 1, respectively, at a spinning speed of 3 kHz. Even at speeds as high as 9 kHz, the number of interlamellar waters remained as high as 31, arguing against dehydration effects for DOPC and POPC. Both homonuclear and heteronuclear nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY and HOESY) were used to establish the location of water near the headgroup of a PC bilayer. 1H NMR comparisons of DOPC with a lipid that can hydrogen bond (monomethyldioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine, MeDOPE) showed the following trends: 1) the interlamellar water resonance was shifted to lower frequency for DOPC but to higher frequency for MeDOPE, 2) the chemical shift variation with temperature for interlamellar water was less than that of bulk water for MeDOPE MLVs, 3) water exchange between the two lipids was rapid on the NMR time scale if they were mixed in the same bilayer, 4) water exchange was slow if they were present in separate MLVs, and 5) exchange between bulk and interlamellar water was found by two-dimensional exchange experiments to be slow, and the exchange rate should be less than 157 Hz. These results illustrate the utility of ultra-high-resolution 1H MAS NMR for determining the nature and extent of lipid hydration as well as the arrangement of nuclei at the membrane/water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhou
- Departments of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
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9
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Moka D, Vorreuther R, Schicha H, Spraul M, Humpfer E, Lipinski M, Foxall PJ, Nicholson JK, Lindon JC. Biochemical classification of kidney carcinoma biopsy samples using magic-angle-spinning 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1998; 17:125-32. [PMID: 9608434 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(97)00176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra using spinning at the magic angle (1H MAS NMR) have been obtained on intact normal and pathological kidney tissue samples from patients undergoing surgery for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The spectra were measured on ca. 80 mg samples and provided high resolution 1H NMR spectra in which effects of dipolar couplings, chemical shift anisotropy and magnetic susceptibility differences are minimised thus yielding high spectral resolution. Conventional one-dimensional and spin-echo spectra and two-dimensional J-resolved, TOCSY and 1H-13C HMQC spectra were also measured on selected samples and these allowed the assignment of resonances of endogenous substances comprising both cytosolic and membrane components. The tumour tissues were characterised principally by an increased lipid content. These are the first reported results on human tumour tissues using this technique and the approach offers potential for the rapid classification of different types of tumour tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Moka
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany
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10
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Zhou Z, Sayer BG, Stark RE, Epand RM. High-resolution magic-angle spinning 1H nuclear magnetic resonance studies of lipid dispersions using spherical glass ampoules. Chem Phys Lipids 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(97)00082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Chen ZJ, Stark RE. Evaluating spin diffusion in MAS-NOESY spectra of phospholipid multibilayers. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 1996; 7:239-246. [PMID: 9050161 DOI: 10.1016/s0926-2040(96)01237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biological semisolids such as aqueous phospholipid dispersions are amenable to experiments that combine magic-angle spinning (MAS) to yield high-resolution 1H NMR-spectra and two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy (NOESY) to estimate proton-proton distances. Using several selectively deuterated dimyristoylphosphatidylcholines, a systematic investigation has been made into the origin of an anomalous NOESY crosspeak between methyl groups of the lipid headgroup and the acyl chains. Although the spin-relaxation and line-narrowing behavior in these multilamellar systems argue against efficient spin diffusion, interdigitated or chain-bendback structural models that bring these 1H nuclei into close proximity are not implicated by the MAS-NOESY results for this phospholipid system. A mechanism has been proposed for spin communication between the two types of methyl protons within a conventional lipid bilayer structure: through-space interactions link the headgroup and backbone protons on adjacent molecules, and then spin diffusion occurs along the acyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z J Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, NY, USA
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12
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Hong M, Schmidt-Rohr K, Nanz D. Study of phospholipid structure by 1H, 13C, and 31P dipolar couplings from two-dimensional NMR. Biophys J 1995; 69:1939-50. [PMID: 8580337 PMCID: PMC1236427 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(95)80064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Various motionally averaged 31P-1H, 13C-1H, 1H-1H, and 31P-13C dipolar couplings were measured for natural-abundance and unoriented phosphocholine in the L alpha phase. The couplings were obtained and assigned by a variety of advanced and partly novel two-dimensional solid-state NMR experiments. Whereas 31P-1H and 31P-13C dipolar couplings provide long-range structural constraints, geminal 1H-1H couplings and the signs of 13C-1H couplings are important new elements in a segmental order-tensor analysis of the lipid headgroup and glycerol backbone. The implications of these measured dipolar couplings for the conformational exchange of the lipid headgroup and the bending of the headgroup from the glycerol backbone are discussed. These dipolar couplings are also analyzed semiquantitatively in terms of the segmental order tensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hong
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
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13
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Krainer E, Stark RE, Naider F, Alagramam K, Becker JM. Direct observation of cell wall glucans in whole cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by magic-angle spinning 13C-NMR. Biopolymers 1994; 34:1627-35. [PMID: 7849225 DOI: 10.1002/bip.360341207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Intact cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined as an aqueous paste by 13C-nmr spectroscopy with direct polarization and magic-angle spinning. The spectra obtained were highly resolved, showing numerous resonances in the 60-105 ppm range that were assigned to carbons of a liquid-like domain of the cell wall glucan. Assignments were confirmed by running the spectrum of S. cerevisiae in which the cell wall glucans were labeled with [13C] by feeding the cell [13C]galactose. The spectra indicate that the glucan in the cell wall of intact S. cerevisiae assumes a helical conformation and suggest that strain 17A fed with galactose preferentially incorporates the resulting glucose into beta (1-->3)-linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Krainer
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, City University of New York 10314
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