1
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Rath P, Hermann A, Schaefer R, Agustoni E, Vonach JM, Siegrist M, Miscenic C, Tschumi A, Roth D, Bieniossek C, Hiller S. High-throughput screening of BAM inhibitors in native membrane environment. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5648. [PMID: 37704632 PMCID: PMC10499997 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41445-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The outer membrane insertase of Gram-negative bacteria, BAM, is a key target for urgently needed novel antibiotics. Functional reconstitutions of BAM have so far been limited to synthetic membranes and with low throughput capacity for inhibitor screening. Here, we describe a BAM functional assay in native membrane environment capable of high-throughput screening. This is achieved by employing outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) to present BAM directly in native membranes. Refolding of the model substrate OmpT by BAM was possible from the chaperones SurA and Skp, with the required SurA concentration three times higher than Skp. In the OMVs, the antibiotic darobactin had a tenfold higher potency than in synthetic membranes, highlighting the need for native conditions in antibiotics development. The assay is successfully miniaturized for 1536-well plates and upscaled using large scale fermentation, resulting in high-throughput capacities to screen large commercial compound libraries. Our OMV-based assay thus lays the basis for discovery, hit validation and lead expansion of antibiotics targeting BAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathi Rath
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Hermann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ramona Schaefer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elia Agustoni
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marie Vonach
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Siegrist
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Miscenic
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Tschumi
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Doris Roth
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Bieniossek
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Sebastian Hiller
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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2
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Maricar S, Gudlur S, Miserez A. Phase-Separating Peptides Recruiting Aggregation-Induced Emission Fluorogen for Rapid E. coli Detection. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37327402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rationally designed biomolecular condensates have found applications primarily as drug-delivery systems, thanks to their ability to self-assemble under physico-chemical triggers (such as temperature, pH, or ionic strength) and to concomitantly trap client molecules with exceptionally high efficiency (>99%). However, their potential in (bio)sensing applications remains unexplored. Here, we describe a simple and rapid assay to detect E. coli by combining phase-separating peptide condensates containing a protease recognition site, within which an aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-fluorogen is recruited. The recruited AIE-fluorogen's fluorescence is easily detected with the naked eye when the samples are viewed under UV-A light. In the presence of E. coli, the bacteria's outer membrane protease (OmpT) cleaves the phase-separating peptides at the encoded protease recognition site, resulting in two shorter peptide fragments incapable of liquid-liquid phase separation. As a result, no condensates are formed and the fluorogen remains non-fluorescent. The assay feasibility was first tested with recombinant OmpT reconstituted in detergent micelles and subsequently confirmed with E. coli K-12. In its current format, the assay can detect E. coli K-12 (108 CFU) within 2 h in spiked water samples and 1-10 CFU/mL with the addition of a 6-7 h pre-culture step. In comparison, most commercially available E. coli detection kits can take anywhere from 8 to 24 h to report their results. Optimizing the peptides for OmpT's catalytic activity can significantly improve the detection limit and assay time. Besides detecting E. coli, the assay can be adapted to detect other Gram-negative bacteria as well as proteases having diagnostic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Maricar
- Biological and Biomimetic Material Laboratory (BBML), Center for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Sushanth Gudlur
- Biological and Biomimetic Material Laboratory (BBML), Center for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Ali Miserez
- Biological and Biomimetic Material Laboratory (BBML), Center for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 637553, Singapore
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3
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Park S, Park K, Cho H, Kwon J, Kim KS, Yang H. Wash-Free Amperometric Escherichia coli Detection via Rapid and Specific Proteolytic Cleavage by Its Outer Membrane OmpT. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4756-4762. [PMID: 35143182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Various methods have been developed for the detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli); however, they are complex and time-consuming. OmpT─a cell membrane endopeptidase of E. coli─strongly embedded in the outer membrane of only E. coli, exposed to external solutions, with high proteolytic activity, could be a suitable target molecule for the rapid and straightforward detection of E. coli. Herein, a wash-free, sensitive, and selective amperometric method for E. coli detection, based on rapid and specific proteolytic cleavage by OmpT, has been reported. The method involved (i) rapid proteolytic cleavage of consecutive amino acids, after cleavage by OmpT, linked to an electrochemical species (4-aminophenol, AP), by leucine aminopeptidase (LAP, an exopeptidase), (ii) affinity binding of E. coli on an electrode, and (iii) electrochemical-enzymatic (EN) redox cycling. OmpT cleaved the intermediate peptide bond of a peptide substrate containing alanine-arginine-arginine-leucine-AP (-A-R-R-L-AP), forming R-L-AP, followed by the cleavage of two peptide bonds of R-L-AP sequentially by LAP, to liberate an electroactive AP. Affinity binding and EN redox cycling, in addition to rapid proteolytic cleavage by OmpT and LAP, enabled high electrochemical signal amplification. Two-sequential-cleavage was employed for the first time in protease-based detection. The calculated detection limit for E. coli cells in tap water (approximately 103 CFU/mL after 1 h incubation) was lower than those obtained without affinity binding and EN redox cycling. The detection method was highly selective to E. coli as OmpT is present in only E. coli. High sensitivity, selectivity, and the absence of wash steps make the developed detection method practically promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonhwa Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Kiryeon Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Hyejin Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Jungwook Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Kwang-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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4
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Zhang H, Mou J, Ding J, Qin W. Magneto-controlled potentiometric assay for E. coli based on cleavage of peptide by outer-membrane protease T. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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5
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Sinsinbar G, Gudlur S, Wood SE, Ammanath G, Yildiz HU, Alagappan P, Mrksich M, Liedberg B. Outer‐Membrane Protease (OmpT) Based
E. coli
Sensing with Anionic Polythiophene and Unlabeled Peptide Substrate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Sinsinbar
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science School of Materials Science Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637553 Singapore
| | - Sushanth Gudlur
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science School of Materials Science Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637553 Singapore
| | - Sarah E. Wood
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Gopal Ammanath
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science School of Materials Science Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637553 Singapore
| | - Hakan U. Yildiz
- Department of Chemistry Izmir Institute of Technology Urla 35430 Izmir Turkey
| | - Palaniappan Alagappan
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science School of Materials Science Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637553 Singapore
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Bo Liedberg
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science School of Materials Science Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637553 Singapore
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6
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Sinsinbar G, Gudlur S, Wood SE, Ammanath G, Yildiz HU, Alagappan P, Mrksich M, Liedberg B. Outer-Membrane Protease (OmpT) Based E. coli Sensing with Anionic Polythiophene and Unlabeled Peptide Substrate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18068-18077. [PMID: 32618102 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
E. coli and Salmonella are two of the most common bacterial pathogens involved in foodborne and waterborne related deaths. Hence, it is critical to develop rapid and sensitive detection strategies for near-outbreak applications. Reported is a simple and specific assay to detect as low as 1 CFU mL-1 of E. coli in water within 6 hours by targeting the bacteria's surface protease activity. The assay relies on polythiophene acetic acid (PTAA) as an optical reporter and a short unlabeled peptide (LL37FRRV ) previously optimized as a substrate for OmpT, an outer-membrane protease on E. coli. LL37FRRV interacts with PTAA to enhance its fluorescence while also inducing the formation of a helical PTAA-LL37FRRV construct, as confirmed by circular dichroism. However, in the presence of E. coli LL37FRRV is cleaved and can no longer affect the conformations and optical properties of PTAA. This ability to distinguish between an intact and cleaved peptide was investigated in detail using LL37FRRV sequence variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Sinsinbar
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Sushanth Gudlur
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Sarah E Wood
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Gopal Ammanath
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Hakan U Yildiz
- Department of Chemistry, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, 35430, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Palaniappan Alagappan
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Bo Liedberg
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
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7
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Role of Lipopolysaccharide in Protecting OmpT from Autoproteolysis during In Vitro Refolding. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060922. [PMID: 32570704 PMCID: PMC7356225 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane protease (OmpT) is a 33.5 kDa aspartyl protease that cleaves at dibasic sites and is thought to function as a defense mechanism for E. coli against cationic antimicrobial peptides secreted by the host immune system. Despite carrying three dibasic sites in its own sequence, there is no report of OmpT autoproteolysis in vivo. However, recombinant OmpT expressed in vitro as inclusion bodies has been reported to undergo autoproteolysis during the refolding step, thus resulting in an inactive protease. In this study, we monitor and compare levels of in vitro autoproteolysis of folded and unfolded OmpT and examine the role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in autoproteolysis. SDS-PAGE data indicate that it is only the unfolded OmpT that undergoes autoproteolysis while the folded OmpT remains protected and resistant to autoproteolysis. This selective susceptibility to autoproteolysis is intriguing. Previous studies suggest that LPS, a co-factor necessary for OmpT activity, may play a protective role in preventing autoproteolysis. However, data presented here confirm that LPS plays no such protective role in the case of unfolded OmpT. Furthermore, OmpT mutants designed to prevent LPS from binding to its putative LPS-binding motif still exhibited excellent protease activity, suggesting that the putative LPS-binding motif is of less importance for OmpT's activity than previously proposed.
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8
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Desloges I, Taylor JA, Leclerc JM, Brannon JR, Portt A, Spencer JD, Dewar K, Marczynski GT, Manges A, Gruenheid S, Le Moual H, Thomassin JL. Identification and characterization of OmpT-like proteases in uropathogenic Escherichia coli clinical isolates. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e915. [PMID: 31496120 PMCID: PMC6854850 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial colonization of the urogenital tract is limited by innate defenses, including the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) resist AMP‐killing to cause a range of urinary tract infections (UTIs) including asymptomatic bacteriuria, cystitis, pyelonephritis, and sepsis. UPEC strains have high genomic diversity and encode numerous virulence factors that differentiate them from non‐UTI‐causing strains, including ompT. As OmpT homologs cleave and inactivate AMPs, we hypothesized that UPEC strains from patients with symptomatic UTIs have high OmpT protease activity. Therefore, we measured OmpT activity in 58 clinical E. coli isolates. While heterogeneous OmpT activities were observed, OmpT activity was significantly greater in UPEC strains isolated from patients with symptomatic infections. Unexpectedly, UPEC strains exhibiting the greatest protease activities harbored an additional ompT‐like gene called arlC (ompTp). The presence of two OmpT‐like proteases in some UPEC isolates led us to compare the substrate specificities of OmpT‐like proteases found in E. coli. While all three cleaved AMPs, cleavage efficiency varied on the basis of AMP size and secondary structure. Our findings suggest the presence of ArlC and OmpT in the same UPEC isolate may confer a fitness advantage by expanding the range of target substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Desloges
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - James A Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Mathieu Leclerc
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John R Brannon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrea Portt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John D Spencer
- Division of Nephrology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ken Dewar
- Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gregory T Marczynski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amee Manges
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samantha Gruenheid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hervé Le Moual
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jenny-Lee Thomassin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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9
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Substrate specificities in Salmonella typhi outer membrane protease (PgtE) from omptin family – An in silico proteomic approach. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2019.100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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10
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Substrate specificities in Salmonella typhi outer membrane protease (PgtE) from Omptin family – An in silico proteomic approach. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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11
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Wood SE, Sinsinbar G, Gudlur S, Nallani M, Huang CF, Liedberg B, Mrksich M. A Bottom-Up Proteomic Approach to Identify Substrate Specificity of Outer-Membrane Protease OmpT. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Wood
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Gaurav Sinsinbar
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science; School of Materials Science & Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Drive 637553 Singapore
| | - Sushanth Gudlur
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science; School of Materials Science & Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Drive 637553 Singapore
| | - Madhavan Nallani
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science; School of Materials Science & Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Drive 637553 Singapore
| | - Che-Fan Huang
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Bo Liedberg
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science; School of Materials Science & Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Drive 637553 Singapore
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
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12
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Wood SE, Sinsinbar G, Gudlur S, Nallani M, Huang CF, Liedberg B, Mrksich M. A Bottom-Up Proteomic Approach to Identify Substrate Specificity of Outer-Membrane Protease OmpT. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:16531-16535. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Wood
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Gaurav Sinsinbar
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science; School of Materials Science & Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Drive 637553 Singapore
| | - Sushanth Gudlur
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science; School of Materials Science & Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Drive 637553 Singapore
| | - Madhavan Nallani
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science; School of Materials Science & Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Drive 637553 Singapore
| | - Che-Fan Huang
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Bo Liedberg
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science; School of Materials Science & Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Drive 637553 Singapore
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
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13
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Ueta M, Wada C, Bessho Y, Maeda M, Wada A. Ribosomal protein L31 in Escherichia coli contributes to ribosome subunit association and translation, whereas short L31 cleaved by protease 7 reduces both activities. Genes Cells 2017; 22:452-471. [PMID: 28397381 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomes routinely prepared from Escherichia coli strain K12 contain intact (70 amino acids) and short (62 amino acids) forms of ribosomal protein L31. By contrast, ribosomes prepared from ompT mutant cells, which lack protease 7, contain only intact L31, suggesting that L31 is cleaved by protease 7 during ribosome preparation. We compared ribosomal subunit association in wild-type and ompT - strains. In sucrose density gradient centrifugation under low Mg2+ , 70S content was very high in ompT - ribosomes, but decreased in the wild-type ribosomes containing short L31. In addition, ribosomes lacking L31 failed to associate ribosomal subunits in low Mg2+ . Therefore, intact L31 is required for subunit association, and the eight C-terminal amino acids contribute to the association function. In vitro translation was assayed using three different systems. Translational activities of ribosomes lacking L31 were 40% lower than those of ompT - ribosomes with one copy of intact L31, indicating that L31 is involved in translation. Moreover, in the stationary phase, L31 was necessary for 100S formation. The strain lacking L31 grew very slowly. A structural analysis predicted that the L31 protein spans the 30S and 50S subunits, consistent with the functions of L31 in 70S association, 100S formation, and translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Ueta
- Yoshida Biological Laboratory, Takehanasotoda-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8081, Japan
| | - Chieko Wada
- Yoshida Biological Laboratory, Takehanasotoda-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8081, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Bessho
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
- Academia Sinica, Institute of Biological Chemistry, 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Maki Maeda
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akira Wada
- Yoshida Biological Laboratory, Takehanasotoda-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8081, Japan
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14
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Antimicrobial Peptide Conformation as a Structural Determinant of Omptin Protease Specificity. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:3583-91. [PMID: 26350132 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00469-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bacterial proteases contribute to virulence by cleaving host or bacterial proteins to promote survival and dissemination. Omptins are a family of proteases embedded in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that cleave various substrates, including host antimicrobial peptides, with a preference for cleaving at dibasic motifs. OmpT, the enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) omptin, cleaves and inactivates the human cathelicidin LL-37. Similarly, the omptin CroP, found in the murine pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, which is used as a surrogate model to study human-restricted EHEC, cleaves the murine cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP). Here, we compared the abilities of OmpT and CroP to cleave LL-37 and CRAMP. EHEC OmpT degraded LL-37 and CRAMP at similar rates. In contrast, C. rodentium CroP cleaved CRAMP more rapidly than LL-37. The different cleavage rates of LL-37 and CRAMP were independent of the bacterial background and substrate sequence specificity, as OmpT and CroP have the same preference for cleaving at dibasic sites. Importantly, LL-37 was α-helical and CRAMP was unstructured under our experimental conditions. By altering the α-helicity of LL-37 and CRAMP, we found that decreasing LL-37 α-helicity increased its rate of cleavage by CroP. Conversely, increasing CRAMP α-helicity decreased its cleavage rate. This structural basis for CroP substrate specificity highlights differences between the closely related omptins of C. rodentium and E. coli. In agreement with previous studies, this difference in CroP and OmpT substrate specificity suggests that omptins evolved in response to the substrates present in their host microenvironments. IMPORTANCE Omptins are recognized as key virulence factors for various Gram-negative pathogens. Their localization to the outer membrane, their active site facing the extracellular environment, and their unique catalytic mechanism make them attractive targets for novel therapeutic strategies. Gaining insights into similarities and variations between the different omptin active sites and subsequent substrate specificities will be critical to develop inhibitors that can target multiple omptins. Here, we describe subtle differences between the substrate specificities of two closely related omptins, CroP and OmpT. This is the first reported example of substrate conformation acting as a structural determinant for omptin activity between OmpT-like proteases.
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15
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Tsiatsiani L, Heck AJR. Proteomics beyond trypsin. FEBS J 2015; 282:2612-26. [PMID: 25823410 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-centered shotgun analysis of proteins has been the core technology in mass spectrometry based proteomics and has enabled numerous biological discoveries, such as the large-scale charting of protein-protein interaction networks, the quantitative analysis of protein post-translational modifications and even the first drafts of the human proteome. The conversion of proteins into peptides in these so-called bottom-up approaches is nearly uniquely done by using trypsin as a proteolytic reagent. Here, we argue that our view of the proteome still remains incomplete and this is partially due to the nearly exclusive use of trypsin. Newly emerging alternative proteases and/or multi-protease protein digestion aim to increase proteome sequence coverage and improve the identification of post-translational modifications, through the analysis of complementary and often longer peptides, introducing an approach termed middle-down proteomics. Of pivotal importance for this purpose is the identification of proteases beneficial for use in proteomics. Here, we describe some of the shortcomings of the nearly exclusive use of trypsin in proteomics and review the properties of other proteomics-appropriate proteases. We describe favorable protease traits with an emphasis on middle-down proteomics and suggest potential sources for the discovery of new proteases. We also highlight a few examples wherein the use of other proteases than trypsin enabled the generation of more comprehensive data sets leading to previously unexplored knowledge of the proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Tsiatsiani
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Netherlands Proteomics Center, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Netherlands Proteomics Center, The Netherlands
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Inhibition of outer membrane proteases of the omptin family by aprotinin. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2300-11. [PMID: 25824836 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00136-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial proteases are important virulence factors that inactivate host defense proteins and contribute to tissue destruction and bacterial dissemination. Outer membrane proteases of the omptin family, exemplified by Escherichia coli OmpT, are found in some Gram-negative bacteria. Omptins cleave a variety of substrates at the host-pathogen interface, including plasminogen and antimicrobial peptides. Multiple omptin substrates relevant to infection have been identified; nonetheless, an effective omptin inhibitor remains to be found. Here, we purified native CroP, the OmpT ortholog in the murine pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. Purified CroP was found to readily cleave both a synthetic fluorescence resonance energy transfer substrate and the murine cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide. In contrast, CroP was found to poorly activate plasminogen into active plasmin. Although classical protease inhibitors were ineffective against CroP activity, we found that the serine protease inhibitor aprotinin displays inhibitory potency in the micromolar range. Aprotinin was shown to act as a competitive inhibitor of CroP activity and to interfere with the cleavage of the murine cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide. Importantly, aprotinin was able to inhibit not only CroP but also Yersinia pestis Pla and, to a lesser extent, E. coli OmpT. We propose a structural model of the aprotinin-omptin complex in which Lys15 of aprotinin forms salt bridges with conserved negatively charged residues of the omptin active site.
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Korhonen TK, Haiko J, Laakkonen L, Järvinen HM, Westerlund-Wikström B. Fibrinolytic and coagulative activities of Yersinia pestis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:35. [PMID: 23898467 PMCID: PMC3724046 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer membrane protease Pla belongs to the omptin protease family spread by horizontal gene transfer into Gram-negative bacteria that infect animals or plants. Pla has adapted to support the life style of the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis. Pla has a β-barrel fold with 10 membrane-spanning β strands and five surface loops, and the barrel surface contains bound lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is critical for the conformation and the activity of Pla. The biological activity of Pla is influenced by the structure of the surface loops around the active site groove and by temperature-induced LPS modifications. Several of the putative virulence-related functions documented for Pla in vitro address control of the human hemostatic system, i.e., coagulation and fibrinolysis. Pla activates human plasminogen to the serine protease plasmin and activates the physiological plasminogen activator urokinase. Pla also inactivates the protease inhibitors alpha-2-antiplasmin and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and prevents the activation of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI). These functions enhance uncontrolled fibrinolysis which is thought to improve Y. pestis dissemination and survival in the mammalian host, and lowered fibrin(ogen) deposition has indeed been observed in mice infected with Pla-positive Y. pestis. However, Pla also inactivates an anticoagulant, the tissue factor (TF) pathway inhibitor, which should increase fibrin formation and clotting. Thus, Pla and Y. pestis have complex interactions with the hemostatic system. Y. pestis modifies its LPS upon transfer to the mammalian host and we hypothesize that the contrasting biological activities of Pla in coagulation and fibrinolysis are influenced by LPS changes during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo K Korhonen
- General Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland.
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18
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Wu C, Tran JC, Zamdborg L, Durbin KR, Li M, Ahlf DR, Early BP, Thomas PM, Sweedler JV, Kelleher NL. A protease for 'middle-down' proteomics. Nat Methods 2012; 9:822-4. [PMID: 22706673 PMCID: PMC3430368 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We developed a method for restricted enzymatic proteolysis using the outer membrane protease T (OmpT) to produce large peptides (> 6.3 kDa on average) for mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Using this approach to analyze prefractionated high-mass HeLa proteins we identified 3,697 unique peptides from 1,038 proteins. We demonstrated the ability of large OmpT peptides to differentiate closely related protein isoforms and to enable the detection of many post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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19
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Abstract
Enzymes are key molecules in signal-transduction pathways. However, only a small fraction of more than 500 human kinases, 300 human proteases and 200 human phosphatases is characterised so far. Peptide microarray based technologies for extremely efficient profiling of enzyme substrate specificity emerged in the last years. This technology reduces set-up time for HTS assays and allows the identification of downstream targets. Moreover, peptide microarrays enable optimisation of enzyme substrates. Focus of this review is on assay principles for measuring activities of kinases, phosphatases or proteases and on substrate identification/optimisation for kinases. Additionally, several examples for reliable identification of substrates for lysine methyl-transferases, histone deacetylases and SUMO-transferases are given. Finally, use of high-density peptide microarrays for the simultaneous profiling of kinase activities in complex biological samples like cell lysates or lysates of complete organisms is described. All published examples of peptide arrays used for enzyme profiling are summarised comprehensively.
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20
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Microbial and fungal protease inhibitors--current and potential applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 93:1351-75. [PMID: 22218770 PMCID: PMC7080157 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes play essential metabolic and regulatory functions in many biological processes and also offer a wide range of biotechnological applications. Because of their essential roles, their proteolytic activity needs to be tightly regulated. Therefore, small molecules and proteins that inhibit proteases can be versatile tools in the fields of medicine, agriculture and biotechnology. In medicine, protease inhibitors can be used as diagnostic or therapeutic agents for viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic diseases as well as for treating cancer and immunological, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. They can be involved in crop protection against plant pathogens and herbivorous pests as well as against abiotic stress such as drought. Furthermore, protease inhibitors are indispensable in protein purification procedures to prevent undesired proteolysis during heterologous expression or protein extraction. They are also valuable tools for simple and effective purification of proteases, using affinity chromatography. Because there are such a large number and diversity of proteases in prokaryotes, yeasts, filamentous fungi and mushrooms, we can expect them to be a rich source of protease inhibitors as well.
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Substrates of the plasminogen activator protease of Yersinia pestis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 954:253-60. [PMID: 22782771 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3561-7_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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OmpT outer membrane proteases of enterohemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli contribute differently to the degradation of human LL-37. Infect Immun 2011; 80:483-92. [PMID: 22144482 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05674-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) are food-borne pathogens that cause serious diarrheal diseases. To colonize the human intestine, these pathogens must overcome innate immune defenses such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Bacterial pathogens have evolved various mechanisms to resist killing by AMPs, including proteolytic degradation of AMPs. To examine the ability of the EHEC and EPEC OmpT outer membrane (OM) proteases to degrade α-helical AMPs, ompT deletion mutants were generated. Determination of MICs of various AMPs revealed that both mutant strains are more susceptible than their wild-type counterparts to α-helical AMPs, although to different extents. Time course assays monitoring the degradation of LL-37 and C18G showed that EHEC cells degraded both AMPs faster than EPEC cells in an OmpT-dependent manner. Mass spectrometry analyses of proteolytic fragments showed that EHEC OmpT cleaves LL-37 at dibasic sites. The superior protection provided by EHEC OmpT compared to EPEC OmpT against α-helical AMPs was due to higher expression of the ompT gene and, in turn, higher levels of the OmpT protein in EHEC. Fusion of the EPEC ompT promoter to the EHEC ompT open reading frame resulted in decreased OmpT expression, indicating that transcriptional regulation of ompT is different in EHEC and EPEC. We hypothesize that the different contributions of EHEC and EPEC OmpT to the degradation and inactivation of LL-37 may be due to their adaptation to their respective niches within the host, the colon and small intestine, respectively, where the environmental cues and abundance of AMPs are different.
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23
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Fisher AC, Kim JY, Perez-Rodriguez R, Tullman-Ercek D, Fish WR, Henderson LA, DeLisa MP. Exploration of twin-arginine translocation for expression and purification of correctly folded proteins in Escherichia coli. Microb Biotechnol 2011; 1:403-15. [PMID: 21261860 PMCID: PMC3057487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2008.00041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, the general secretory (Sec) pathway of Gram‐negative bacteria has served as the primary route by which heterologous proteins are delivered to the periplasm in numerous expression and engineering applications. Here we have systematically examined the twin‐arginine translocation (Tat) pathway as an alternative, and possibly advantageous, secretion pathway for heterologous proteins. Overall, we found that: (i) export efficiency and periplasmic yield of a model substrate were affected by the composition of the Tat signal peptide, (ii) Tat substrates were correctly processed at their N‐termini upon reaching the periplasm and (iii) proteins fused to maltose‐binding protein (MBP) were reliably exported by the Tat system, but only when correctly folded; aberrantly folded MBP fusions were excluded by the Tat pathway's folding quality control feature. We also observed that Tat export yield was comparable to Sec for relatively small, well‐folded proteins, higher relative to Sec for proteins that required cytoplasmic folding, and lower relative to Sec for larger, soluble fusion proteins. Interestingly, the specific activity of material purified from the periplasm was higher for certain Tat substrates relative to their Sec counterparts, suggesting that Tat expression can give rise to relatively pure and highly active proteins in one step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Fisher
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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24
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Haiko J, Laakkonen L, Westerlund-Wikström B, Korhonen TK. Molecular adaptation of a plant-bacterium outer membrane protease towards plague virulence factor Pla. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:43. [PMID: 21310089 PMCID: PMC3048539 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Omptins are a family of outer membrane proteases that have spread by horizontal gene transfer in Gram-negative bacteria that infect vertebrates or plants. Despite structural similarity, the molecular functions of omptins differ in a manner that reflects the life style of their host bacteria. To simulate the molecular adaptation of omptins, we applied site-specific mutagenesis to make Epo of the plant pathogenic Erwinia pyrifoliae exhibit virulence-associated functions of its close homolog, the plasminogen activator Pla of Yersinia pestis. We addressed three virulence-associated functions exhibited by Pla, i.e., proteolytic activation of plasminogen, proteolytic degradation of serine protease inhibitors, and invasion into human cells. Results Pla and Epo expressed in Escherichia coli are both functional endopeptidases and cleave human serine protease inhibitors, but Epo failed to activate plasminogen and to mediate invasion into a human endothelial-like cell line. Swapping of ten amino acid residues at two surface loops of Pla and Epo introduced plasminogen activation capacity in Epo and inactivated the function in Pla. We also compared the structure of Pla and the modeled structure of Epo to analyze the structural variations that could rationalize the different proteolytic activities. Epo-expressing bacteria managed to invade human cells only after all extramembranous residues that differ between Pla and Epo and the first transmembrane β-strand had been changed. Conclusions We describe molecular adaptation of a protease from an environmental setting towards a virulence factor detrimental for humans. Our results stress the evolvability of bacterial β-barrel surface structures and the environment as a source of progenitor virulence molecules of human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Haiko
- Division of General Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, P,O, Box 56, FI 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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25
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Valls Serón M, Haiko J, DE Groot PG, Korhonen TK, Meijers JCM. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor is degraded by Salmonella enterica and Yersinia pestis. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:2232-40. [PMID: 20704647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic bacteria modulate the host coagulation system to evade immune responses or to facilitate dissemination through extravascular tissues. In particular, the important bacterial pathogens Salmonella enterica and Yersinia pestis intervene with the plasminogen/fibrinolytic system. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) has anti-fibrinolytic properties as the active enzyme (TAFIa) removes C-terminal lysine residues from fibrin, thereby attenuating accelerated plasmin formation. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate inactivation and cleavage of TAFI by homologous surface proteases, the omptins Pla of Y. pestis and PgtE of S. enterica. We show that omptin-expressing bacteria decrease TAFI activatability by thrombin-thrombomodulin and that the anti-fibrinolytic potential of TAFIa was reduced by recombinant Escherichia coli expressing Pla or PgtE. The functional impairment resulted from C-terminal cleavage of TAFI by the omptins. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that TAFI is degraded directly by the omptins PgtE of S. enterica and Pla of Y. pestis. This may contribute to the ability of PgtE and Pla to damage tissue barriers, such as fibrin, and thereby to enhance spread of S. enterica and Y. pestis during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Valls Serón
- Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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26
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Zanfardino A, Pizzo E, Di Maro A, Varcamonti M, D'Alessio G. The bactericidal action on Escherichia coli of ZF-RNase-3 is triggered by the suicidal action of the bacterium OmpT protease. FEBS J 2010; 277:1921-8. [PMID: 20214681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ZF-RNase-3 is one of the RNases from zebrafish (Danio rerio) with special (i.e. noncatalytic) properties. These include angiogenic and bactericidal activities. Given the interest of fish RNases as host-defense effectors, we studied the mechanism of the bactericidal action of ZF-RNase-3 on Escherichia coli as a model Gram-negative bacterium. The results obtained indicate that the bactericidal activity of ZF-RNase-3 is not lost when its catalytic RNase activity is obliterated. On the other hand, fully denatured ZF-RNase-3 conserves its bactericidal activity. When ZF-RNase-3 is added to E. coli cultures, it is cleaved at a specific Arg-Arg peptide bond, thus engendering two peptide fragments. The larger fragment (residues 31-124), produced by proteolysis and reduction of a disulfide, is recognized as the actual bactericidal agent. The protease responsible for the proteolytic attack has been identified with OmpT, an outer membrane E. coli omptin protease. However, the most remarkable result obtained in the present study is the finding that the microbicidal action of ZF-RNase-3 can be achieved only with the suicidal cooperation of the bacterium itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zanfardino
- Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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Huang W, Lu L, Shao X, Tang C, Zhao X. Anti-melanoma activity of hybrid peptide P18 and its mechanism of action. Biotechnol Lett 2009; 32:463-9. [PMID: 19957017 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-009-0175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer properties and mechanism of action of a hybrid peptide -P18 were investigated. It had significant cytotoxic activity against human melanoma cells and low toxicity to normal NIH-3T3 cells. It also induced cell death via necrosis rather than classical apoptosis. The peptide targets the cells membrane, causing a sustained depolarization of transmembrane potential resulting in the cells swelling and bursting, thereby triggering cytolysis. P18 peptide initially binds to the melanoma cell membrane via electrostatic interaction, causing the cell membrane to rupture. The effect may be mediated by the amphiphilic alpha-helical structure of P18 peptide, coupled with changes in ion channels and an increase in plasma membrane permeability that eventually leads to melanoma cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Huang
- Institute for Nanobiomedical Technology and Membrane Biology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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28
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Volkmer R. Synthesis and application of peptide arrays: quo vadis SPOT technology. Chembiochem 2009; 10:1431-42. [PMID: 19437530 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Volkmer
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, AG Molekulare Bibliotheken, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Strasse 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Derangement of the blood clotting system contributes strongly to multiple organ failure in severe sepsis. In this review, we examine two microbial modulators of the clotting system: polyphosphates and omptins. Polyphosphates are linear polymers of inorganic phosphate that are abundant in the acidocalcisomes of prokaryotes and unicellular organisms as well as in the dense granules of human platelets. Polyphosphates modulate haemostasis by: (1) triggering clotting via the contact pathway; (2) accelerating the activation of coagulation factor V (a key cofactor in blood clotting) and (3) causing fibrin to form clots whose fibrils are thicker and more resistant to fibrinolysis. While polyphosphates are found in all prokaryotes, omptins have a more limited distribution among certain Gram-negative species. Omptins are outer membrane aspartyl proteases which were recently found to proteolytically inactivate tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), the main inhibitor of the initiation phase of blood clotting. Omptin activity against TFPI requires lipopolysaccharide without O-antigen (rough LPS) such as is found on the surface of Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague. Interestingly, expression of Pla, the Yersinia pestis omptin, has a demonstrated virulence role in converting plasminogen into the fibrinolytic enzyme plasmin, which would seemingly antagonize any procoagulant effect of TFPI inactivation. However, since the rate of TFPI inactivation is much higher than the rate of plasminogen activation, we suggest that Pla may have a dual function in supporting the bubonic form of plague which is unique to Yersinia pestis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Yun
- Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Hritonenko V, Stathopoulos C. Omptin proteins: an expanding family of outer membrane proteases in Gram-negativeEnterobacteriaceae(Review). Mol Membr Biol 2009; 24:395-406. [PMID: 17710644 DOI: 10.1080/09687680701443822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Escherichia coli K-12 outer membrane protein OmpT is a prototype of a unique family of bacterial endopeptidases known as the omptins. This family includes OmpT and OmpP of E. coli, SopA of Shigella flexneri, PgtE of Salmonella enterica, and Pla of Yersinia pestis. Despite their sequence similarities, the omptins vary in their reported functions. The OmpT protease is characterized by narrow cleavage specificity defined by the extracellular loops of the beta-barrel protruding above the lipid bilayer. It employs a distinct proteolytic mechanism that involves a histidine and an aspartate residue. Most of the omptin proteins have been implicated in bacterial pathogenesis. As a result, the omptins are potential targets for antimicrobial drug and vaccine development. This review summarizes recent developments in omptins structure and function, emphasizes their role in pathogenesis, proposes evolutionary relation among the existing omptins, and offers possible directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Hritonenko
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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31
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Yen YT, Karkal A, Bhattacharya M, Fernandez RC, Stathopoulos C. Identification and characterization of autotransporter proteins ofYersinia pestisKIM. Mol Membr Biol 2009; 24:28-40. [PMID: 17453411 DOI: 10.1080/09687860600927626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Yersinia pestis is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes plague. Currently, plague is considered a re-emerging infectious disease and Y. pestis a potential bioterrorism agent. Autotransporters (ATs) are virulence proteins translocated by a variety of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria across the cell envelope to the cell surface or extracellular environment. In this study, we screened the genome of Yersinia pestis KIM for AT genes whose expression might be relevant for the pathogenicity of this plague-causing organism. By in silico analyses, we identified ten putative AT genes in the genomic sequence of Y. pestis KIM; two of these genes are located within known pathogenicity islands. The expression of all ten putative AT genes in Y. pestis KIM was confirmed by RT-PCR. Five genes, designated yapA, yapC, yapG, yapK and yapN, were subsequently cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli K12 for protein secretion studies. Two forms of the YapA protein (130 kDa and 115 kDa) were found secreted into the culture medium. Protease cleavage at the C terminus of YapA released the protein from the cell surface. Outer membrane localization of YapC (65 kDa), YapG (100 kDa), YapK (130 kDa), and YapN (60 kDa) was established by cell fractionation, and cell surface localization of YapC and YapN was demonstrated by protease accessibility experiments. In functional studies, YapN and YapK showed hemagglutination activity and YapC exhibited autoagglutination activity. Data reported here represent the first study on Y. pestis ATs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihfen T Yen
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Texas 77204, USA
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Gorris HH, Bade S, Röckendorf N, Albers E, Schmidt MA, Fránek M, Frey A. Rapid Profiling of Peptide Stability in Proteolytic Environments. Anal Chem 2009; 81:1580-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802324f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans H. Gorris
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany, Institute of Infectiology, University of Münster, von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Steffen Bade
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany, Institute of Infectiology, University of Münster, von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Niels Röckendorf
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany, Institute of Infectiology, University of Münster, von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eike Albers
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany, Institute of Infectiology, University of Münster, von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M. Alexander Schmidt
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany, Institute of Infectiology, University of Münster, von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Fránek
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany, Institute of Infectiology, University of Münster, von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Frey
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany, Institute of Infectiology, University of Münster, von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
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Abstract
All proteases and peptidases are to some extent sequence-specific, in that one or more residues are preferred at particular positions surrounding the cleavage site in substrates. I describe here a general protocol for determining protease cleavage site preferences using mixture-based peptide libraries. Initially a completely random, amino-terminally capped peptide mixture is digested with the protease of interest, and the cleavage products are analyzed by automated Edman sequencing. The distribution of amino acids found in each sequencing cycle indicates which residues are preferred by the protease at positions downstream of the cleavage site. On the basis of these results, a second peptide library is designed that is partially degenerate and partially fixed sequence. Edman sequencing analysis of the cleavage products of this peptide mixture provides preferences amino-terminal to the scissile bond. As necessary, the process is reiterated until the full cleavage motif of the protease is known. Cleavage specificity data obtained with this method have been used to generate specific and efficient peptide substrates, to design potent and specific inhibitors, and to identify novel protease substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Turk
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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34
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Abstract
Enzymes are key molecules in signal transduction pathways. However, only a small fraction of more than 500 predicted human kinases, 250 proteases and 250 phosphatases is characterized so far. Peptide microarray-based technologies for extremely efficient profiling of enzyme substrate specificity emerged in the last years. Additionally, patterns of enzymatic activities could be used to fingerprint the status of cells or organisms. This technology reduces set-up time for HTS assays and allows the identification of downstream targets. Moreover, peptide microarrays enable optimization of enzyme substrates. A comprehensive overview regarding enzyme profiling using peptide microarrays is presented with special focus on assay principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Thiele
- Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Halle, Germany
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35
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Abstract
The immune response to infection includes activation of the blood clotting system, leading to extravascular fibrin deposition to limit the spread of invasive microorganisms. Some bacteria have evolved mechanisms to counteract this host response. Pla, a member of the omptin family of Gram-negative bacterial proteases, promotes the invasiveness of the plague bacterium, Yersinia pestis, by activating plasminogen to plasmin to digest fibrin. We now show that the endogenous anticoagulant tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is also highly sensitive to proteolysis by Pla and its orthologs OmpT in Escherichia coli and PgtE in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Using gene deletions, we demonstrate that bacterial inactivation of TFPI requires omptin expression. TFPI inactivation is mediated by proteolysis since Western blot analysis showed that TFPI cleavage correlated with loss of anticoagulant function in clotting assays. Rates of TFPI inactivation were much higher than rates of plasminogen activation, indicating that TFPI is a better substrate for omptins. We hypothesize that TFPI has evolved sensitivity to proteolytic inactivation by bacterial omptins to potentiate procoagulant responses to bacterial infection. This may contribute to the hemostatic imbalance in disseminated intravascular coagulation and other coagulopathies accompanying severe sepsis.
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36
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Duche D, Issouf M, Lloubes R. Immunity Protein Protects Colicin E2 from OmpT Protease. J Biochem 2008; 145:95-101. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvn149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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37
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Capsular antigen fraction 1 and Pla modulate the susceptibility of Yersinia pestis to pulmonary antimicrobial peptides such as cathelicidin. Infect Immun 2008; 76:1456-64. [PMID: 18227173 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01197-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhaled Yersinia pestis produces a severe primary pneumonia known as pneumonic plague, which is contagious and highly lethal to humans and animals. In this study, we first determined the susceptibility of Y. pestis KIM6 to antimicrobial molecules of the airways. We found that (i) rat bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (rBALF) effectively killed KIM6 cells growing at 37 degrees C; (ii) the antibacterial components of rBALF were small peptides (<10 kDa) that included two cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs), the rat cathelicidin rCRAMP, and beta-defensin RBD-1; (iii) the human cathelicidin LL-37 killed KIM6 cells as well as rBALF did; and (iv) the bactericidal property of LL-37 was synergistically amplified by human beta-defensin 1, another constitutively expressed pulmonary CAMP. Second, the effects of three major surface proteins of Y. pestis, namely, the capsular antigen fraction 1 (F1), the pH 6 antigen (Psa fimbriae), and the outer membrane protease Pla, on the bactericidal effect of the antimicrobial rBALF peptides was determined with corresponding deletion mutants. We showed that (i) a Y. pestis psa mutant was only slightly more susceptible to rBALF than the parental KIM6 strain, (ii) a caf (F1 gene) mutant and a caf psa mutant were resistant to rBALF or LL-37, (iii) a caf pla mutant was as susceptible to the effect of rBALF or LL-37 as KIM6 was (caf+ pla+), and (iv) only the single caf mutant (pla+), but not KIM6 or the caf pla double mutant, degraded LL-37. The activity of Pla toward LL-37 was confirmed with pla mutants carrying a single-residue substitution affecting plasminogen cleavage. Taken together, our data indicated that Pla might act as a virulence factor not only by processing plasminogen but also by inactivating CAMPs, particularly when F1 is not expressed.
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38
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Neri M, Baaden M, Carnevale V, Anselmi C, Maritan A, Carloni P. Microseconds dynamics simulations of the outer-membrane protease T. Biophys J 2008; 94:71-8. [PMID: 17827219 PMCID: PMC2134885 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.116301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conformational fluctuations of enzymes may play an important role for substrate recognition and/or catalysis, as it has been suggested in the case of the protease enzymatic superfamily. Unfortunately, theoretically addressing this issue is a problem of formidable complexity, as the number of the involved degrees of freedom is enormous: indeed, the biological function of a protein depends, in principle, on all its atoms and on the surrounding water molecules. Here we investigated a membrane protease enzyme, the OmpT from Escherichia coli, by a hybrid molecular mechanics/coarse-grained approach, in which the active site is treated with the GROMOS force field, whereas the protein scaffold is described with a Go-model. The method has been previously tested against results obtained with all-atom simulations. Our results show that the large-scale motions and fluctuations of the electric field in the microsecond timescale may impact on the biological function and suggest that OmpT employs the same catalytic strategy as aspartic proteases. Such a conclusion cannot be drawn within the 10- to 100-ns timescale typical of current molecular dynamics simulations. In addition, our studies provide a structural explanation for the drop in the catalytic activity of two known mutants (S99A and H212A), suggesting that the coarse-grained approach is a fast and reliable tool for providing structure/function relationships for both wild-type OmpT and mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilisa Neri
- International School for Advanced Studies and CNR National Institute for the Physics of Matter, National Simulation Center, Trieste, Italy
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39
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Sargent F. Constructing the wonders of the bacterial world: biosynthesis of complex enzymes. Microbiology (Reading) 2007; 153:633-651. [PMID: 17322183 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/004762-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane not only maintains cell integrity and forms a barrier between the cell and its outside environment, but is also the location for essential biochemical processes. Microbial model systems provide excellent bases for the study of fundamental problems in membrane biology including signal transduction, chemotaxis, solute transport and, as will be the topic of this review, energy metabolism. Bacterial respiration requires a diverse array of complex, multi-subunit, cofactor-containing redox enzymes, many of which are embedded within, or located on the extracellular side of, the membrane. The biosynthesis of these enzymes therefore requires carefully controlled expression, assembly, targeting and transport processes. Here, focusing on the molybdenum-containing respiratory enzymes central to anaerobic respiration in Escherichia coli, recent descriptions of a chaperone-mediated 'proofreading' system involved in coordinating assembly and export of complex extracellular enzymes will be discussed. The paradigm proofreading chaperones are members of a large group of proteins known as the TorD family, and recent research in this area highlights common principles that underpin biosynthesis of both exported and non-exported respiratory enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Sargent
- Centre for Metalloprotein Spectroscopy and Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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40
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Masi M, Vuong P, Humbard M, Malone K, Misra R. Initial steps of colicin E1 import across the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:2667-76. [PMID: 17277071 PMCID: PMC1855789 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01448-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Data suggest a two-receptor model for colicin E1 (ColE1) translocation across the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. ColE1 initially binds to the vitamin B(12) receptor BtuB and then translocates through the TolC channel-tunnel, presumably in a mostly unfolded state. Here, we studied the early events in the import of ColE1. Using in vivo approaches, we show that ColE1 is cleaved when added to whole cells. This cleavage requires the presence of the receptor BtuB and the protease OmpT, but not that of TolC. Strains expressing OmpT cleaved ColE1 at K84 and K95 in the N-terminal translocation domain, leading to the removal of the TolQA box, which is essential for ColE1's cytotoxicity. Supported by additional in vivo data, this suggests that a function of OmpT is to degrade colicin at the cell surface and thus protect sensitive E. coli cells from infection by E colicins. A genetic strategy for isolating tolC mutations that confer resistance to ColE1, without affecting other TolC functions, is also described. We provide further in vivo evidence of the multistep interaction between TolC and ColE1 by using cross-linking followed by copurification via histidine-tagged TolC. First, secondary binding of ColE1 to TolC is dependent on primary binding to BtuB. Second, alterations to a residue in the TolC channel interfere with the translocation of ColE1 across the TolC pore rather than with the binding of ColE1 to TolC. In contrast, a substitution at a residue exposed on the cell surface abolishes both binding and translocation of ColE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Masi
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
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41
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Pei D, Wavreille AS. Reverse interactomics: decoding protein–protein interactions with combinatorial peptide libraries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:536-41. [PMID: 17639128 DOI: 10.1039/b706041f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Identification of binding partners is the crucial first step towards understanding the biological function of a protein. Many protein-protein interactions occur via modular domains that recognize short peptide motifs in their target proteins. Here we describe a chemical/bioinformatics approach for predicting the binding partners of modular domains. The optimal binding motif(s) of a protein domain is identified by screening a combinatorial peptide library. The resulting consensus sequence is used to search protein and genomic databases for potential binding proteins, which are subsequently confirmed (or disproved) by conventional protein binding assays (e.g. pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Pei
- Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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42
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Hwang BY, Varadarajan N, Li H, Rodriguez S, Iverson BL, Georgiou G. Substrate specificity of the Escherichia coli outer membrane protease OmpP. J Bacteriol 2006; 189:522-30. [PMID: 17085556 PMCID: PMC1797397 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01493-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli OmpP is an F episome-encoded outer membrane protease that exhibits 71% amino acid sequence identity with OmpT. These two enzymes cleave substrate polypeptides primarily between pairs of basic amino acids. We found that, like OmpT, purified OmpP is active only in the presence of lipopolysaccharide. With optimal peptide substrates, OmpP exhibits high catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m) = 3.0 x 10(6) M(-1)s(-1)). Analysis of the extended amino acid specificity of OmpP by substrate phage revealed that both Arg and Lys are strongly preferred at the P1 and P1' sites of the enzyme. In addition, Thr, Arg, or Ala is preferred at P2; Leu, Ala, or Glu is preferred at P4; and Arg is preferred at P3'. Notable differences in OmpP and OmpT specificities include the greater ability of OmpP to accept Lys at the P1 or P1', site as well as the prominence of Ser at P3 in OmpP substrates. Likewise, the OmpP P1 site could better accommodate Ser; as a result, OmpP was able to cleave a peptide substrate between Ser-Arg about 120 times more efficiently than was OmpT. Interestingly, OmpP and OmpT cleave peptides with three consecutive Arg residues at different sites, a difference in specificity that might be important in the inactivation of cationic antimicrobial peptides. Accordingly, we show that the presence of an F' episome results in increased resistance to the antimicrobial peptide protamine both in ompT mutants and in wild-type E. coli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Yeol Hwang
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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43
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Kato R, Kaga C, Kunimatsu M, Kobayashi T, Honda H. Peptide array-based interaction assay of solid-bound peptides and anchorage-dependant cells and its effectiveness in cell-adhesive peptide design. J Biosci Bioeng 2006; 101:485-95. [PMID: 16935250 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.101.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Peptide array, the designable peptide library covalently synthesized on cellulose support, was applied to assay peptide-cell interaction, between solid-bound peptides and anchorage-dependant cells, to study objective peptide design. As a model case, cell-adhesive peptides that could enhance cell growth as tissue engineering scaffold material, was studied. On the peptide array, the relative cell-adhesion ratio of NIH/3T3 cells was 2.5-fold higher on the RGDS (Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser) peptide spot as compared to the spot with no peptide, thus indicating integrin-mediated peptide-cell interaction. Such strong cell adhesion mediated by the RGDS peptide was easily disrupted by single residue substitution on the peptide array, thus indicating that the sequence recognition accuracy of cells was strictly conserved in our optimized scheme. The observed cellular morphological extension with active actin stress-fiber on the RGD motif-containing peptide supported our strategy that peptide array-based interaction assay of solid-bound peptide and anchorage-dependant cells (PIASPAC) could provide quantitative data on biological peptide-cell interaction. The analysis of 180 peptides obtained from fibronectin type III domain (no. 1447-1629) yielded 18 novel cell-adhesive peptides without the RGD motif. Taken together with the novel candidates, representative rules of ineffective amino acid usage were obtained from non-effective candidate sequences for the effective designing of cell-adhesive peptides. On comparing the amino acid usage of the top 20 and last 20 peptides from the 180 peptides, the following four brief design rules were indicated: (i) Arg or Lys of positively charged amino acids (except His) could enhance cell adhesion, (ii) small hydrophilic amino acids are favored in cell-adhesion peptides, (iii) negatively charged amino acids and small amino acids (except Gly) could reduce cell adhesion, and (iv) Cys and Met could be excluded from the sequence combination since they have less influence on the peptide design. Such rules that are indicative of the nature of the functional peptide sequence can be obtained only by the mass comparison analysis of PIASPAC using peptide array. By following such indicative rules, numerous amino acid combinations can be effectively screened for further examination of novel peptide design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Kato
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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44
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Wegner GJ, Wark AW, Lee HJ, Codner E, Saeki T, Fang S, Corn RM. Real-time surface plasmon resonance imaging measurements for the multiplexed determination of protein adsorption/desorption kinetics and surface enzymatic reactions on peptide microarrays. Anal Chem 2006; 76:5677-84. [PMID: 15456285 DOI: 10.1021/ac0494275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of protein adsorption/desorption onto peptide microarrays was studied using real-time surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging. S protein binding interactions were examined using an array composed of five different peptides: N terminal and C terminal immobilized wild-type S peptide (S1 and S2), an alternate binding sequence derived by phage display (LB2), an NVOC-protected S peptide, and a FLAG peptide control sequence (F). Kinetic measurements of the S protein-S1 peptide interaction were analyzed to determine a desorption rate constant (k(d)) of 1.1 (+/-0.08) x 10(-2) s(-1), an adsorption rate constant (k(a)) of 1.9 (+/-0.05) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1), and an equilibrium adsorption constant (K(Ads)) of 1.7 (+/-0.08) x 10(7) M(-1). SPR imaging equilibrium measurements of S protein to S1 peptide were performed to independently confirm the kinetically determined value of K(Ads). Rate constants for the S2 and LB2 peptides on the array were measured as follows: 1.6 (+/-0.04) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) (k(a)) and 1.1 (+/-0.07) x 10(-2) s(-1) (k(d)) for S2, 1.2 (+/-0.05) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) (k(a)) and 1.1 (+/-0.03) x 10(-2) s(-1) (k(d)) for LB2. In addition to S protein adsorption/desorption, real-time SPR imaging of peptide arrays was applied to study the surface enzymatic activities of the protease factor Xa. Enzymatic cleavage of the substrate peptide (P1) was shown to follow first-order kinetics and proceed at a rate 10 times faster than that of the mutant peptide (P2), with cleavage velocities of 5.6 (+/-0.3) x 10(-4) s(-1) for P1 and 5.7 (+/-0.3) x 10(-5) s(-1) for P2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta J Wegner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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45
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Chaparro-Riggers JF, Breves R, Maurer KH, Bornscheuer U. Modulation of Infectivity in Phage Display as a Tool to Determine the Substrate Specificity of Proteases. Chembiochem 2006; 7:965-70. [PMID: 16642518 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteases play an important role in human and animal diseases. Rapid determination of substrate specificity is possible through the use of substrate phage display; however, current methods possess several drawbacks. They require phage-immobilization and cannot be used for infectivity-destroying or affinity tag-destroying proteases; this can make entire libraries useless. To overcome these limitations, here we introduce infectivity-modulated phage display (IMOP). IMOP uses a protease-resistant and infectivity-reducing tag fused to substrate-displaying polyvalent phages, and the specific cleavage of the substrate increases the infectivity of the phages by releasing the infectivity-reducing tag. The resulting phages were first tested with the infectivity-destroying detergent protease subtilisin; this resulted in a highly specific substrate at a 200-fold enrichment. In a second example, the protease ompT was used and led to an enrichment of the known double-arginine motif. The IMOP system thus substantially improves and simplifies previous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier F Chaparro-Riggers
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Soldmannstrasse 16, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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46
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Varadarajan N, Gam J, Olsen MJ, Georgiou G, Iverson BL. Engineering of protease variants exhibiting high catalytic activity and exquisite substrate selectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:6855-60. [PMID: 15867160 PMCID: PMC1100772 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500063102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The exquisite selectivity and catalytic activity of enzymes have been shaped by the effects of positive and negative selection pressure during the course of evolution. In contrast, enzyme variants engineered by using in vitro screening techniques to accept novel substrates typically display a higher degree of catalytic promiscuity and lower total turnover in comparison with their natural counterparts. Using bacterial display and multiparameter flow cytometry, we have developed a novel methodology for emulating positive and negative selective pressure in vitro for the isolation of enzyme variants with reactivity for desired novel substrates, while simultaneously excluding those with reactivity toward undesired substrates. Screening of a large library of random mutants of the Escherichia coli endopeptidase OmpT led to the isolation of an enzyme variant, 1.3.19, that cleaved an Ala-Arg peptide bond instead of the Arg-Arg bond preferred by the WT enzyme. Variant 1.3.19 exhibited greater than three million-fold selectivity (-Ala-Arg-/-Arg-Arg-) and a catalytic efficiency for Ala-Arg cleavage that is the same as that displayed by the parent for the preferred substrate, Arg-Arg. A single amino acid Ser223Arg substitution was shown to recapitulate completely the unique catalytic properties of the 1.3.19 variant. These results can be explained by proposing that this mutation acts to "swap" the P(1) Arg side chain normally found in WT substrate peptides with the 223Arg side chain in the S(1) subsite of OmpT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Varadarajan
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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47
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Azzolini SS, Sasaki SD, Campos ITN, S Torquato RJ, Juliano MA, Tanaka AS. The role of HiTI, a serine protease inhibitor from Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) in the control of fly and bacterial proteases. Exp Parasitol 2005; 111:30-6. [PMID: 16054488 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Revised: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Blood-sucking arthropods are vectors responsible for the transmission of several pathogens and parasites to vertebrate animals. The horn fly Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) and the tick Boophilus microplus are important hematophagous ectoparasites that cause losses in cattle production. A serine protease inhibitor from a thorax extract of the fly H. irritans irritans (HiTI) was previously isolated, characterized and cloned. In the present study we described the expression, purification, and characterization of the recombinant HiTI (rHiTI) and its possible role in the control of different endogenous and bacterial proteases. rHiTI was successfully expressed using the pPIC9 expression vector with a yield of 4.2 mg/L of active rHiTI. The recombinant HiTI purified by affinity chromatography on trypsin-Sepharose had a molecular mass of 6.53 kDa as determined by LS-ESI mass spectrometry and inhibition constants (Kis) similar to those of native HiTI for bovine trypsin and human neutrophil elastase of 0.4 and 1.0 nM, respectively. Purified rHiTI also showed inhibitory activity against the trypsin-like enzyme of H. i. irritans using its possible natural substrates, fibrinogen and hemoglobin; and also inhibited the OmpT endoprotease of Escherichia coli using fluorogenic substrates. The present results confirm that HiTI may play a role in the control of fly endogenous proteases but also suggest a role in the inhibition of pathogen proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone S Azzolini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UNIFESP-EPM, Rua Três de Maio 100, 04044-020, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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48
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Turk BE, Cantley LC. Using peptide libraries to identify optimal cleavage motifs for proteolytic enzymes. Methods 2005; 32:398-405. [PMID: 15003602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2003.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases and peptidases are involved in a vast array of fundamental cellular processes, including cell growth, survival, motility, death, and differentiation, and can be important players in multicellular systems such as angiogenesis, inflammation, and immunity. Though long considered to be essentially digestive enzymes that mediate complete degradation of their substrates, many proteases are now known to be highly site specific. Knowledge of the cleavage site motif for a protease or peptidase can be useful in the design of substrates and inhibitors for the enzyme, and can also provide insight into its biological function through the identification and characterization of its protein substrates. Here, we describe in detail methodology that allows for the rapid and general determination of optimal recognition sequences for proteolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Turk
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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49
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Makino T, Matsumoto M, Suzuki Y, Kitajima Y, Yamamoto K, Kuramoto M, Minamitake Y, Kangawa K, Yabuta M. Semisynthesis of human ghrelin: Condensation of a Boc-protected recombinant peptide with a syntheticO-acylated fragment. Biopolymers 2005; 79:238-47. [PMID: 16049959 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The creation of peptide using a combination of recombinant expression and chemical synthesis can be a powerful tool for the production of a wide variety of polypeptides modified by phosphorylation, glycosylation, etc. We have developed a new method for the preparation of a recombinant peptide with a free N(alpha)-amino group and protected N(epsilon)-amino groups, and have used this method in the semisynthesis of human ghrelin. Ghrelin, a natural ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor, is a 28-residue peptide with an essential n-octanoyl modification on Ser3. A 7-residue N-terminal fragment of ghrelin containing the octanoyl modification was prepared by Fmoc chemistry. In the preparation of it, all reactions were performed on the 2-chlorotrityl resin. Additionally, TBDMS and tBu turned out to be the most effective protection groups for the Ser3 and the Ser2, Ser6, respectively. For preparation of a 21-residue C-terminal fragment, we established a two-step protease processing method for the partially protected segment. A recombinant precursor peptide was Boc protected and subsequently cleaved using two distinct proteases, OmpT and Kex2. The peptides were then coupled to each other and, after deprotection, resulted in fully active human ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Makino
- Institute for Medicinal Research and Development, Daiichi Suntory Pharma Co., Ltd., Ohra, Gunma 370-0503, Japan. [corrected]
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50
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Tomasinsig L, Scocchi M, Mettulio R, Zanetti M. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of the Escherichia coli response to a proline-rich antimicrobial peptide. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:3260-7. [PMID: 15328082 PMCID: PMC514742 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.9.3260-3267.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) impair the viability of target bacteria by permeabilizing bacterial membranes. However, the proline-rich AMPs have been shown to kill susceptible organisms without causing significant membrane perturbation and may act by inhibiting the activity of bacterial targets. To gain initial insight into the events that follow interaction of a proline-rich peptide with bacterial cells, we used DNA macroarray technology to monitor transcriptional alterations of Escherichia coli in response to challenge with a subinhibitory concentration of the proline-rich Bac7(1-35). Substantial changes in the expression levels of 70 bacterial genes from various functional categories were detected. Among these, 26 genes showed decreased expression, while 44 genes, including genes that are potentially involved in bacterial resistance to antimicrobials, showed increased expression. The generation of a transcriptional response under the experimental conditions used is consistent with the ability of Bac7(1-35) to interact with bacterial components and affect biological processes in this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Tomasinsig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, University of Udine, P. le Kolbe 4, I-33100 Udine, Italy
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