1
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Zhu P, Li D, Yang Q, Su P, Wang H, Heimann K, Zhang W. Commercial cultivation, industrial application, and potential halocarbon biosynthesis pathway of Asparagopsis sp. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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2
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Menon BRK, Richmond D, Menon N. Halogenases for biosynthetic pathway engineering: Toward new routes to naturals and non-naturals. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2020.1823788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binuraj R. K. Menon
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Daniel Richmond
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Navya Menon
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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3
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Thapa HR, Lin Z, Yi D, Smith JE, Schmidt EW, Agarwal V. Genetic and Biochemical Reconstitution of Bromoform Biosynthesis in Asparagopsis Lends Insights into Seaweed Reactive Oxygen Species Enzymology. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1662-1670. [PMID: 32453942 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Marine macroalgae, seaweeds, are exceptionally prolific producers of halogenated natural products. Biosynthesis of halogenated molecules in seaweeds is inextricably linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling as hydrogen peroxide serves as a substrate for haloperoxidase enzymes that participate in the construction these halogenated molecules. Here, using red macroalga Asparagopsis taxiformis, a prolific producer of the ozone depleting molecule bromoform, we provide the discovery and biochemical characterization of a ROS-producing NAD(P)H oxidase from seaweeds. This discovery was enabled by our sequencing of Asparagopsis genomes, in which we find the gene encoding the ROS-producing enzyme to be clustered with genes encoding bromoform-producing haloperoxidases. Biochemical reconstitution of haloperoxidase activities establishes that fatty acid biosynthesis can provide viable hydrocarbon substrates for bromoform production. The ROS production haloperoxidase enzymology that we describe here advances seaweed biology and biochemistry by providing the molecular basis for decades worth of physiological observations in ROS and halogenated natural product biosyntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem R. Thapa
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Zhenjian Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Dongqi Yi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Smith
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Eric W. Schmidt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Vinayak Agarwal
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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4
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Abstract
This review is intended as a comprehensive survey of iodinated metabolites possessing carbon–iodine covalent bond, which have been obtained from living organisms. Generally thought to be minor components produced by many different organisms these interesting compounds now number more than 110. Many from isolated and identified iodine-containing metabolites showed high biological activities. Recent research, especially in the marine area, indicates this number will increase in the future. Sources of iodinated metabolites include microorganisms, algae, marine invertebrates, and some animals. Their origin and possible biological significance have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 12065, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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5
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Küpper FC, Miller EP, Andrews SJ, Hughes C, Carpenter LJ, Meyer-Klaucke W, Toyama C, Muramatsu Y, Feiters MC, Carrano CJ. Emission of volatile halogenated compounds, speciation and localization of bromine and iodine in the brown algal genome model Ectocarpus siliculosus. J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 23:1119-1128. [PMID: 29523971 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-018-1539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study explores key features of bromine and iodine metabolism in the filamentous brown alga and genomics model Ectocarpus siliculosus. Both elements are accumulated in Ectocarpus, albeit at much lower concentration factors (2-3 orders of magnitude for iodine, and < 1 order of magnitude for bromine) than e.g. in the kelp Laminaria digitata. Iodide competitively reduces the accumulation of bromide. Both iodide and bromide are accumulated in the cell wall (apoplast) of Ectocarpus, with minor amounts of bromine also detectable in the cytosol. Ectocarpus emits a range of volatile halogenated compounds, the most prominent of which by far is methyl iodide. Interestingly, biosynthesis of this compound cannot be accounted for by vanadium haloperoxidase since the latter have not been found to catalyze direct halogenation of an unactivated methyl group or hydrocarbon so a methyl halide transferase-type production mechanism is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frithjof C Küpper
- Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Main Street, Newburgh, AB41 6AA, Scotland, UK.
- Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Eric P Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182-1030, USA
| | - Stephen J Andrews
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Claire Hughes
- Environment Department, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Lucy J Carpenter
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Wolfram Meyer-Klaucke
- Department of Chemistry - Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Chiaki Toyama
- Geological Survey of Japan, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Muramatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-Ku, Tokyo, 171-8588, Japan
| | - Martin C Feiters
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carl J Carrano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182-1030, USA
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6
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Punitha T, Phang SM, Juan JC, Beardall J. Environmental Control of Vanadium Haloperoxidases and Halocarbon Emissions in Macroalgae. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 20:282-303. [PMID: 29691674 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9820-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases (V-HPO), able to catalyze the reaction of halide ions (Cl-, Br-, I-) with hydrogen peroxide, have a great influence on the production of halocarbons, which in turn are involved in atmospheric ozone destruction and global warming. The production of these haloperoxidases in macroalgae is influenced by changes in the surrounding environment. The first reported vanadium bromoperoxidase was discovered 40 years ago in the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum. Since that discovery, more studies have been conducted on the structure and mechanism of the enzyme, mainly focused on three types of V-HPO, the chloro- and bromoperoxidases and, more recently, the iodoperoxidase. Since aspects of environmental regulation of haloperoxidases are less well known, the present paper will focus on reviewing the factors which influence the production of these enzymes in macroalgae, particularly their interactions with reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thillai Punitha
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Graduate Studies, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siew-Moi Phang
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Joon Ching Juan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Level 3, IPS Building, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia Campus, Bandar Sunway, 46150, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
| | - John Beardall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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7
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Agarwal V, Miles ZD, Winter JM, Eustáquio AS, El Gamal AA, Moore BS. Enzymatic Halogenation and Dehalogenation Reactions: Pervasive and Mechanistically Diverse. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5619-5674. [PMID: 28106994 PMCID: PMC5575885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Naturally produced halogenated compounds are ubiquitous across all domains of life where they perform a multitude of biological functions and adopt a diversity of chemical structures. Accordingly, a diverse collection of enzyme catalysts to install and remove halogens from organic scaffolds has evolved in nature. Accounting for the different chemical properties of the four halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine) and the diversity and chemical reactivity of their organic substrates, enzymes performing biosynthetic and degradative halogenation chemistry utilize numerous mechanistic strategies involving oxidation, reduction, and substitution. Biosynthetic halogenation reactions range from simple aromatic substitutions to stereoselective C-H functionalizations on remote carbon centers and can initiate the formation of simple to complex ring structures. Dehalogenating enzymes, on the other hand, are best known for removing halogen atoms from man-made organohalogens, yet also function naturally, albeit rarely, in metabolic pathways. This review details the scope and mechanism of nature's halogenation and dehalogenation enzymatic strategies, highlights gaps in our understanding, and posits where new advances in the field might arise in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Agarwal
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego
| | - Zachary D. Miles
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego
| | | | - Alessandra S. Eustáquio
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy and Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Abrahim A. El Gamal
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego
| | - Bradley S. Moore
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego
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8
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Matsuda R, Ozgur R, Higashi Y, Takechi K, Takano H, Takio S. Preferential expression of a bromoperoxidase in sporophytes of a red alga, Pyropia yezoensis. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 17:199-210. [PMID: 25407492 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-014-9608-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A 2,158 bp cDNA (PyBPO1) encoding a bromoperoxidase (BPO) of 625 amino acids was isolated from Pyropia yezoensis. Phylogenetic analysis using amino acid sequences of BPOs suggested that P. yezoensis and cyanobacteria were grouped in the same clade and separated from brown algae. Genomic Southern blot analysis suggested that PyBPO1 existed as a single copy per haploid genome. RT-PCR revealed that PyBPO1 was actively expressed in filamentous sporophytes but repressed in leafy gametophytes under normal growth conditions. High expression levels of PyBPO1 in sporophytes were observed when sporophytes were grown under gametophyte conditions, suggesting that preferential expression of PyBPO1 occurs during the sporophyte phase. BPO activity of cell-free extracts from sporophytes and gametophytes was examined by activity staining on native PAGE gel using o-dianisidine. One activity band was detected in sporophyte sample, but not in gametophyte sample. In addition, we found that bromide and iodide were effective substrate, but chloride was not. BPO activity was observed-likely in chloroplasts-when sporophyte cells were incubated with o-dianisidine and hydrogen peroxide. Cellular BPO staining showed the same halogen preference identified by in-gel BPO staining. Based on GS-MS analysis, bromoform was detected in medium containing sporophytes. Bromoform was not detected under dark culture conditions but was detected in the culture exposed to low light intensity (5 μmol m(-2) s(-1)) and increased under a moderate light intensity (30 μmol m(-2) s(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuya Matsuda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
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9
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Agarwal V, Moore BS. Enzymatic synthesis of polybrominated dioxins from the marine environment. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:1980-4. [PMID: 25061970 PMCID: PMC4168793 DOI: 10.1021/cb5004338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins are arguably among the most toxic molecules known to man. In addition to anthropogenic sources, marine invertebrates also harbor polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins of as yet unknown biogenic origin. Here, we report that the bmp gene locus in marine bacteria, a recently characterized source of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, can also synthesize dibenzo-p-dioxins by employing different phenolic initiator molecules. Our findings also diversify the structural classes of diphenyl ethers accessed by the bmp biosynthetic pathway. This report lays the biochemical foundation of a likely biogenetic origin of dibenzo-p-dioxins present in the marine metabolome and greatly expands the toxicity potential of marine derived polyhaloganated natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Agarwal
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution
of Oceanography and Skaggs School of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Bradley S. Moore
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution
of Oceanography and Skaggs School of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
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10
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Agarwal V, El Gamal AA, Yamanaka K, Poth D, Kersten RD, Schorn M, Allen EE, Moore BS. Biosynthesis of polybrominated aromatic organic compounds by marine bacteria. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:640-7. [PMID: 24974229 PMCID: PMC4104138 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated bipyrroles are natural products that bioaccumulate in the marine food chain. PBDEs have attracted widespread attention because of their persistence in the environment and potential toxicity to humans. However, the natural origins of PBDE biosynthesis are not known. Here we report marine bacteria as producers of PBDEs and establish a genetic and molecular foundation for their production that unifies paradigms for the elaboration of bromophenols and bromopyrroles abundant in marine biota. We provide biochemical evidence of marine brominases revealing decarboxylative-halogenation enzymology previously unknown among halogenating enzymes. Biosynthetic motifs discovered in our study were used to mine sequence databases to discover unrealized marine bacterial producers of organobromine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Agarwal
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Abrahim A. El Gamal
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Kazuya Yamanaka
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Dennis Poth
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Roland D. Kersten
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Michelle Schorn
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Eric E. Allen
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences. University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Bradley S. Moore
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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11
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Küpper FC, Leblanc C, Meyer-Klaucke W, Potin P, Feiters MC. Different speciation for bromine in brown and red algae, revealed by in vivo X-ray absorption spectroscopic studies. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2014; 50:652-664. [PMID: 26988449 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Members of various algal lineages are known to be strong producers of atmospherically relevant halogen emissions, that is a consequence of their capability to store and metabolize halogens. This study uses a noninvasive, synchrotron-based technique, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, for addressing in vivo bromine speciation in the brown algae Ectocarpus siliculosus, Ascophyllum nodosum, and Fucus serratus, the red algae Gracilaria dura, G. gracilis, Chondrus crispus, Osmundea pinnatifida, Asparagopsis armata, Polysiphonia elongata, and Corallina officinalis, the diatom Thalassiosira rotula, the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum and a natural phytoplankton sample. The results highlight a diversity of fundamentally different bromine storage modes: while most of the stramenopile representatives and the dinoflagellate store mostly bromide, there is evidence for Br incorporated in nonaromatic hydrocarbons in Thalassiosira. Red algae operate various organic bromine stores - including a possible precursor (by the haloform reaction) for bromoform in Asparagopsis and aromatically bound Br in Polysiphonia and Corallina. Large fractions of the bromine in the red algae G. dura and C. crispus and the brown alga F. serratus are present as Br(-) defects in solid KCl, similar to what was reported earlier for Laminaria parts. These results are discussed according to different defensive strategies that are used within algal taxa to cope with biotic or abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frithjof C Küpper
- Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Main Street, Newburgh, AB41 6 AA, UK
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Argyll, Oban, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Catherine Leblanc
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Station Biologique, Roscoff, F-29680, France
- Marine Plants and Biomolecules Laboratory, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 6, Station Biologique, Roscoff, F-29680, France
| | - Wolfram Meyer-Klaucke
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, D-22607, Germany
| | - Philippe Potin
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Station Biologique, Roscoff, F-29680, France
- Marine Plants and Biomolecules Laboratory, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 6, Station Biologique, Roscoff, F-29680, France
| | - Martin C Feiters
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, NL-6525 AJ, The Netherlands
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12
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Chemical images of marine bio-active compounds by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and transposed orthogonal partial least squares (T-OPLS). Anal Chim Acta 2012; 737:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Paul C, Pohnert G. Production and role of volatile halogenated compounds from marine algae. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 28:186-95. [PMID: 21125112 DOI: 10.1039/c0np00043d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Paul
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Department for Bioorganic Analytics, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowell P Hager
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801.
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15
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Podzelinska K, Latimer R, Bhattacharya A, Vining LC, Zechel DL, Jia Z. Chloramphenicol biosynthesis: the structure of CmlS, a flavin-dependent halogenase showing a covalent flavin-aspartate bond. J Mol Biol 2010; 397:316-31. [PMID: 20080101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chloramphenicol is a halogenated natural product bearing an unusual dichloroacetyl moiety that is critical for its antibiotic activity. The operon for chloramphenicol biosynthesis in Streptomyces venezuelae encodes the chloramphenicol halogenase CmlS, which belongs to the large and diverse family of flavin-dependent halogenases (FDH's). CmlS was previously shown to be essential for the formation of the dichloroacetyl group. Here we report the X-ray crystal structure of CmlS determined at 2.2 A resolution, revealing a flavin monooxygenase domain shared by all FDHs, but also a unique 'winged-helix' C-terminal domain that creates a T-shaped tunnel leading to the halogenation active site. Intriguingly, the C-terminal tail of this domain blocks access to the halogenation active site, suggesting a structurally dynamic role during catalysis. The halogenation active site is notably nonpolar and shares nearly identical residues with Chondromyces crocatus tyrosyl halogenase (CndH), including the conserved Lys (K71) that forms the reactive chloramine intermediate. The exception is Y350, which could be used to stabilize enolate formation during substrate halogenation. The strictly conserved residue E44, located near the isoalloxazine ring of the bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor, is optimally positioned to function as a remote general acid, through a water-mediated proton relay, which could accelerate the reaction of the chloramine intermediate during substrate halogenation, or the oxidation of chloride by the FAD(C4alpha)-OOH intermediate. Strikingly, the 8alpha carbon of the FAD cofactor is observed to be covalently attached to D277 of CmlS, a residue that is highly conserved in the FDH family. In addition to representing a new type of flavin modification, this has intriguing implications for the mechanism of FDHs. Based on the crystal structure and in analogy to known halogenases, we propose a reaction mechanism for CmlS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Podzelinska
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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16
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Liu L, Williams KM, Guengerich FP, Pegg AE. O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase has opposing effects in modulating the genotoxicity of dibromomethane and bromomethyl acetate. Chem Res Toxicol 2005; 17:742-52. [PMID: 15206895 DOI: 10.1021/tx049958o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
O(6)-Alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) is a DNA repair protein that removes O(6)-alkylguanine adducts. The interaction of dibromomethane (CH(2)Br(2)) and bromomethyl acetate (BrCH(2)OAc) with AGT was studied in vitro, and the effect of AGT on their toxicity and mutagenicity was investigated using Escherichia coli strain TRG8 (lacking endogenous AGT) that expressed human AGT or its inactive C145A mutant. Both CH(2)Br(2) and BrCH(2)OAc reacted with AGT at its cysteine acceptor site, abolishing its DNA repair activity with the latter agent being much more potent. The formation of AGT-Cys(145)S-CH(2)OAc by BrCH(2)OAc was confirmed by mass spectral analysis, but the presumed AGT-Cys(145)S-CH(2)Br adduct from CH(2)Br(2) was too unstable for such characterization. In the presence of CH(2)Br(2), AGT was covalently cross-linked to an oligodeoxyribonucleotide, 5'-d(AG)(8)-3', but no cross-link was formed by BrCH(2)OAc. Survival of cells exposed to CH(2)Br(2) was reduced, and the number of mutants was greatly increased when wild-type AGT was present. The cytotoxicity of CH(2)Br(2) was similar to that of BrCH(2)CH(2)Br(2), but the mutagenicity was about four times less. Virtually all of the AGT-mediated mutants induced by CH(2)Br(2) in the rpoB gene were at G:C sites with equal numbers of transitions to A:T and transversions to T:A. In contrast, BrCH(2)OAc was more than 10-fold less genotoxic than CH(2)Br(2) and the survival of cells exposed to BrCH(2)OAc was not affected by AGT. The number of mutations (almost all G:C to A:T transitions) induced by BrCH(2)OAc was slightly reduced by the presence of wild-type AGT and substantially increased by the inactive C145A mutant. These results with CH(2)Br(2) are consistent with a mechanism in which reaction at the active site Cys145 residue followed by attack of AGT-Cys(145)S-CH(2)Br at guanine in DNA forms a covalent adduct, which leads to cytotoxicity and to mutagenicity. The results with BrCH(2)OAc suggest that it reacts directly with DNA to form O(6)-(CH(2)OAc)guanine, which, if unrepaired, causes G:C to A:T transitions. Our experiments reveal two novel pathways (direct inactivation of AGT and formation of AGT-Cys(145)S-CH(2)-DNA adducts) by which CH(2)Br(2) may cause damage to the genome in addition to the well-recognized pathway involving activation by GSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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Ohsawa N, Ogata Y, Okada N, Itoh N. Physiological function of bromoperoxidase in the red marine alga, Corallina pilulifera: production of bromoform as an allelochemical and the simultaneous elimination of hydrogen peroxide. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 58:683-692. [PMID: 11672732 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The physiological function of vanadium-bromoperoxidase (BPO) in the marine red alga, Corallina pilulifera, has been characterized from the viewpoint of allelochemical formation. The algae emit bromoform (CHBr3) depending on the enzyme activity level in vivo (Itoh, N., Shinya, M., 1994. Seasonal evolution of bromomethanes from coralline algae and its effect on atmospheric ozone. Marine Chemistry 45, 95-103). We demonstrated that bromoform produced by C. pilulifera played an important role in eliminating epiphytic organisms, especially microalgae on the surface. Such data suggest a strong relationship between the coralline algae and the coralline flat (deforested area in the marine environment: called isoyake in Japanese). Lithophyllum yessoense, the main inhabitant of coralline flats in Japan, produced a lower level of CHBr3 than C. pilulifera, and showed BPO activity. On the other hand, the seasonal change of BPO activity in C. pilulifera in vivo was in proportion to superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and in inverse proportion to catalase activity. The phenomenon implies that BPO could be a potential substitute for catalase, because the enzyme catalyzes an efficient Br(-)-dependent catalase reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ohsawa
- Biotechnology Research Center, Toyama Prefectural University, Kurokawa 5180, Kosugi, 939-0398, Toyama, Japan
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Wu W, Samoszuk MK, Comhair SA, Thomassen MJ, Farver CF, Dweik RA, Kavuru MS, Erzurum SC, Hazen SL. Eosinophils generate brominating oxidants in allergen-induced asthma. J Clin Invest 2000; 105:1455-63. [PMID: 10811853 PMCID: PMC315470 DOI: 10.1172/jci9702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils promote tissue injury and contribute to the pathogenesis of allergen-triggered diseases like asthma, but the chemical basis of damage to eosinophil targets is unknown. We now demonstrate that eosinophil activation in vivo results in oxidative damage of proteins through bromination of tyrosine residues, a heretofore unrecognized pathway for covalent modification of biologic targets in human tissues. Mass spectrometric studies demonstrated that 3-bromotyrosine serves as a specific "molecular fingerprint" for proteins modified through the eosinophil peroxidase-H(2)O(2) system in the presence of plasma levels of halides. We applied a localized allergen challenge to model the effects of eosinophils and brominating oxidants in human lung injury. Endobronchial biopsy specimens from allergen-challenged lung segments of asthmatic, but not healthy control, subjects demonstrated significant enrichments in eosinophils and eosinophil peroxidase. Baseline levels of 3-bromotyrosine in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) proteins from mildly allergic asthmatic individuals were modestly but not statistically significantly elevated over those in control subjects. After exposure to segmental allergen challenge, lung segments of asthmatics, but not healthy control subjects, exhibited a >10-fold increase in BAL 3-bromotyrosine content, but only two- to threefold increases in 3-chlorotyrosine, a specific oxidation product formed by neutrophil- and monocyte-derived myeloperoxidase. These results identify reactive brominating species produced by eosinophils as a distinct class of oxidants formed in vivo. They also reveal eosinophil peroxidase as a potential therapeutic target for allergen-triggered inflammatory tissue injury in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Ni X, Hager LP. cDNA cloning of Batis maritima methyl chloride transferase and purification of the enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:12866-71. [PMID: 9789006 PMCID: PMC23635 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.22.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl chloride transferase catalyzes the synthesis of methyl chloride from S-adenosine-L-methionine and chloride ion. This enzyme has been purified 2,700-fold to homogeneity from Batis maritima, a halophytic plant that grows abundantly in salt marshes. The purification of the enzyme was accomplished by a combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation, column chromatography on Sephadex G100 and adenosine-agarose, and TSK-250 size-exclusion HPLC. The purified enzyme exhibits a single band on SDS/PAGE with a molecular mass of approximately 22.5 kDa. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was 22,474 Da as determined by matrix-associated laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. The methylase can function in either a monomeric or oligomeric form. A 32-aa sequence of an internal fragment of the methylase was determined (GLVPGCGGGYDVVAMANPER FMVGLDIXENAL, where X represents unknown residue) by Edman degradation, and a full-length cDNA of the enzyme was obtained by rapid amplification of cDNA ends-PCR amplification of cDNA oligonucleotides. The cDNA gene contains an ORF of 690 bp encoding an enzyme of 230 aa residues having a predicted molecular mass of 25,761 Da. The disparity between the observed and calculated molecular mass suggests that the methylase undergoes posttranslational cleavage, possibly during purification. Sequence homologies suggest that the B. maritima methylase defines a new family of plant methyl transferases. A possible function for this novel methylase in halophytic plants is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Ni
- Department of Biochemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61808, USA
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Moore RM, Webb M, Tokarczyk R, Wever R. Bromoperoxidase and iodoperoxidase enzymes and production of halogenated methanes in marine diatom cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jc01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Naturally Occuring Organohalogen Compounds — A Comprehensive Survery. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE / PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6887-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Heumann KG. Determination of inorganic and organic traces in the clean room compartment of Antarctica. Anal Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)85227-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wuosmaa AM, Hager LP. Methyl chloride transferase: a carbocation route for biosynthesis of halometabolites. Science 1990; 249:160-2. [PMID: 2371563 DOI: 10.1126/science.2371563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic synthesis of methyl halides through an S-adenosyl methionine transfer mechanism has been detected in cell extracts of Phellinus promaceus (a white rot fungus), Endocladia muricata (a marine red algae), and Mesembryanthemum crystallium (ice plant). This mechanism represents a novel pathway for the formation of halometabolites. The Michaelis constants for chloride and bromide ion and for S-adenosyl methionine in the reaction have been determined for the enzyme from E. muricata. A recent survey of marine algae indicates that there may be a broad distribution of this enzyme among marine algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Wuosmaa
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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de Boer E, Plat H, Tromp MGM, Wever R, Franssen MCR, van der Plas HC, Meijer EM, Schoemaker HE. Vanadium containing bromoperoxidase: An example of an oxidoreductase with high operational stability in aqueous and organic media. Biotechnol Bioeng 1987; 30:607-10. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260300504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gschwend PM, Macfarlane JK, Newman KA. Volatile Halogenated Organic Compounds Released to Seawater from Temperate Marine Macroalgae. Science 1985; 227:1033-5. [PMID: 17794227 DOI: 10.1126/science.227.4690.1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Volatile halogenated organic compounds synthesized by various industrial processes are troublesome pollutants because they are persistent in terrestrial ecosystems and because they may be present in sufficient quantities to alter the natural atmospheric cycles of the halogens. Certain of these compounds, including polybromomethanes and several previously unobserved alkyl monohalides and dihalides, appear to be natural products of the marine environment. A variety of temperate marine macroalgae (the brown algae Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosis, the green algae Enteromorpha linza and Ulva lacta, and the red alga Gigartina stellata) not only contain volatile halogenated organic compounds but also release them to seawater at rates of nanograms to micrograms of each compound per gram of dry algae per day. The macroalgae may be an important source of bromine-containing material released to the atmosphere.
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Motosugi K, Soda K. Microbial degradation of synthetic organochlorine compounds. EXPERIENTIA 1983; 39:1214-20. [PMID: 6416886 DOI: 10.1007/bf01990358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Elson CM, Ackman RG, Chatt A. Determination of selenium, arsenic, iodine and bromine in fish, plant and mammalian oils by cyclic instrumental neutron activation analysis. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02787437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Geigert J, Neidleman SL, Dalietos DJ. Novel haloperoxidase substrates. Alkynes and cyclopropanes. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)32918-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Manthey J, Hager L. Purification and properties of bromoperoxidase from Penicillus capitatus. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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