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Schwede F, Rentsch A, Genieser HG. Medicinal Chemistry of the Noncanonical Cyclic Nucleotides cCMP and cUMP. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 238:307-337. [PMID: 27896476 DOI: 10.1007/164_2015_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
After decades of intensive research on adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)- and guanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP)-related second messenger systems, also the noncanonical congeners cyclic cytidine-3',5'-monophosphate (cCMP) and cyclic uridine-3',5'-monophosphate (cUMP) gained more and more interest. Until the late 1980s, only a small number of cCMP and cUMP analogs with sometimes undefined purities had been described. Moreover, most of these compounds had been rather synthesized as precursors of antitumor and antiviral nucleoside-5'-monophosphates and hence had not been tested for any second messenger activity. Along with the recurring interest in cCMP- and cUMP-related signaling in the early 2000s, it became evident that well-characterized small molecule analogs with reliable purities would serve as highly valuable tools for the evaluation of a putative second messenger role of cyclic pyrimidine nucleotides. Meanwhile, for this purpose new cCMP and cUMP derivatives have been developed, and already known analogs have been resynthesized and highly purified. This chapter summarizes early medicinal chemistry work on cCMP and cUMP and analogs thereof, followed by a description of recent synthetic developments and an outlook on potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schwede
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute, Forschungslabor und Biochemica-Vertrieb GmbH, Flughafendamm 9a, 28199, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Rentsch
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute, Forschungslabor und Biochemica-Vertrieb GmbH, Flughafendamm 9a, 28199, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hans-Gottfried Genieser
- BIOLOG Life Science Institute, Forschungslabor und Biochemica-Vertrieb GmbH, Flughafendamm 9a, 28199, Bremen, Germany
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Kan LS, Lin PY, Yano J. Syntheses and Characterization of Diastereoisomers of 2′-O-Methyladenylyl-3′,5′-2′-O-Methyladenosine Methyl Phosphonates and 2′-O-Methyladenylyl-3′,5′-2′-O-Methyladenosine Ethylphosphotriesters. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.199300099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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3
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Zatsepin TS, Romanova EA, Oretskaya TS. Synthesis of 2'-O-alkylnucleosides. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2002v071n06abeh000714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Strassmaier T, Karpen JW. Novel N7- and N1-substituted cGMP derivatives are potent activators of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4186-94. [PMID: 17665892 PMCID: PMC2597524 DOI: 10.1021/jm0702581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels, key players in olfactory and visual signal transduction, generate electrical responses to odorant- and light-induced changes in cyclic nucleotide concentration. Previous work suggests that substitutions are tolerated solely at the C8 position on the purine ring of cGMP. Our studies with C8, 2'-OH, and 2-NH2-modified cGMP derivatives support this assertion. To gain further insight into determinants important for CNG channel binding and activation, we targeted previously unexplored positions. Modifications at N7 of 8-SH-cGMP (6) are well tolerated by olfactory and retinal rod CNG channels. Toleration of a very large substituent, a 3400 molecular weight PEG, at either N7 or C8 argues for broad accommodation at these positions in the binding site. Modification at N1 of cGMP reduces the apparent affinity for the channel; however, when combined with 8-parachlorophenylthio derivatization, the resulting cGMP analogue is more potent than cGMP itself. These studies establish the N7 and N1 positions of cGMP as targets for modification in the design of novel CNG channel agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey W. Karpen
- Corresponding author: Jeffrey W. Karpen, Phone 503-494-7463. E-mail:
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Marais G, Ghisalba O. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of 2'-O-methoxyethyl ribonucleosides using a phosphodiesterase from Serratia marcescens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 66:512-9. [PMID: 15349700 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Revised: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 07/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme able to cleave the 3',5'-phosphate ring of 2'-methoxyethyl cyclic nucleotides (3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, EC 3.1.4.17) from Serratia marcescens DSM 30121 was used to deprotect the cyclic phosphate nucleotides after chemical alkylation. The process yielded 2'-O-alkylated nucleosides used as building blocks of antisense oligonucleotides for subsequent potential applications in therapeutics (antisense oligonucleotide synthesis) and diagnostics. The phosphodiesterase from the Gram-negative enteric bacterium S. marcescens was selected on account of the broad substrate range and high activity of the enzyme. The protein was purified by heat-treatment of the crude cell-free extract, followed by column chromatography (gel filtration). It was characterised and showed optimal activity at a broad pH range (pH 6.8-9.4, with a peak at ca. pH 8.5) and at a temperature of 60-65 degrees C. No metal ions were required for activity, although Ba2+ was an activator. Conversion of 2'-O-methoxyethyl cAMP into the corresponding nucleoside derivative on a multi-gram scale was successfully performed in two steps, using the S. marcescens enzyme in conjunction with a commercially available alkaline phosphatase from Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Marais
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Discovery Technologies, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Kataoka S, Isono J, Yamaji N, Kato M. A Simple Synthesis of Adenosine 3′,5′-Cyclic Phosphate Alkyl Triesters. CHEM LETT 1986. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1986.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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7
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Loomis RE, Alderfer JL. Halogenated nucleic acids: effects of 5-fluorouracil on the conformation and properties of a polyribonucleotide and its constituents. Biopolymers 1986; 25:571-600. [PMID: 3708105 DOI: 10.1002/bip.360250405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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8
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Stahl KW, Köster FE. Hydrogen bond catalysis of mononucleotide ethylation supports non-random DNA alkylations by N-ethyl, N-nitrosourea. EXPERIENTIA 1984; 40:734-6. [PMID: 6745405 DOI: 10.1007/bf01949749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The axial (ax.) and equatorial (eq.) diastereomeric forms of phosphate triesters resulting from reactions of N-ethyl, N-nitrosourea with 3 cyclic mononucleotides were analyzed by column liquid chromatography (CLC). Evidence is presented that the 2'OH group of 3', 5'cAMP essentially contributes to the stereoselective eq. alkyl substitution, most probably by hydrogen bonding catalysis. The neighboring group direction of ethylation gives substantial support to non-random DNA alkylations by NEU.
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Littauer U, Soreq H. 17 Polynucleotide Phosphorylase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(08)60289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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10
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Minks M, West D, Benvin S, Greene J, Ts'o P, Baglioni C. Activation of 2',5'-oligo(A) polymerase and protein kinase of interferon-treated HeLa cells by 2'-O-methylated poly (inosinic acid) . poly(cytidylic acid), Correlations with interferon-inducing activity. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)43752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Fukui T, Kakiuchi N, Ikehara M. Polynucleotides. XLV Synthesis and properties of poly(2'-azido-2'-deoxyinosinic acid). Nucleic Acids Res 1977; 4:2629-39. [PMID: 909787 PMCID: PMC342597 DOI: 10.1093/nar/4.8.2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (2'-azido-2'-deoxyinosinic acid), [poly (Iz)], was synthesized from 2'-azido-2'-deoxyinosine diphosphate by the action of polynucleotide phosphorylase. Poly (Iz) has UV absorption properties similar to poly (I) and hypochromicity of 11% at 0.15M Na+ and neutrality. In solutions of high Na+ ion concentration, poly (Iz) forms a multi-stranded complex and its Tm at 1.0M Na+ ion concentration was 43 degrees. Upon mixing with poly (C), poly (Iz) forms a 1:1 complex having a Tm lower than that of poly (I)-poly (C) complex in the same conditions. The effect of substitution at the 2'-position of the poly (I) strand was discussed in relation to the interferon-inducing activity.
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Azhayev AV, Popovkina SV, Tarussova NB, Kirpichnikov MP, Florentiev VL, Krayevsky AA, Kukhanova MK, Gottikh BP. Synthesis of acylamino acid esters of nucleoside 5'-phosphates and their investigation with PMR and CD spectra. Nucleic Acids Res 1977; 4:2223-34. [PMID: 909771 PMCID: PMC342561 DOI: 10.1093/nar/4.7.2223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The acylamino acid esters of nucleoside 5'-phosphates are synthesized via condensation of N-(N'-acylaminoacyl) imidazoles with nucleoside 5'-phosphates. The PMR and CD spectra of the esters obtained are studied. The 3'-isomers of the substances under study are observed to have a shift in the conformational N in equilibrium S equilibrium of the carbohydrate moiety in favour of the S-form as compared to the initial nucleosides and their 2'-acyl esters.
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Uchic JT. Reaction of 3-(β-D-Ribofuranosyl)adenine with phosphorus oxychloride. Isolation and characterization of 3(β-D-ribofuranosyl)adenine 9,5′(P)-cyclic phosphonate. Tetrahedron Lett 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)83351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Gray MW. O2'-Methylinosine, a constituent of the ribosomal RNA of Crithidia fasciculata. Nucleic Acids Res 1976; 3:977-88. [PMID: 5711 PMCID: PMC342959 DOI: 10.1093/nar/3.4.977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel nucleoside, O2'-methylinosine (Im), has been identified as a constituent of the ribosomal RNA of Crithidia fasciculata, a hemoflaggelate protozoan. The nucleoside is released as part of an alkali-stable dinucleotide, Im-Up, by alkaline hydrolysis of Crithidia rRNA, and as a 5'-nucleotide, pIm, by snake venom hydrolysis of the same RNA. The Im-containing derivatives isolated from Crithidia rRNA were characterized by comparison with marker compounds prepared by chemical deamination of the corresponding adenosine analogues. O2'-Methylinosine prepared from either natural Im-Up or natural pIm had the same ultraviolet absorption spectra and chromatographic properties as marker Im. Characterization of the base and sugar components of Im as hypoxanthine and 2-O-methylribose, respectively, provided final confimration of structure. Control experiments have eliminated the possibility that Im arises from O2'-methyladenosine (Am), a known constituent of ribosomal RNA, by chemical or enzymatic deamination during hydrolysis of Crithidia rRNA.
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Robins MJ, Lee AS, Norris FA. Catalytic monomethylation of the cis-glycol system by diazomethane. Effects of novel inorganic catalysts on isomer ratios. Carbohydr Res 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)87030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Arya SK, Carter WA, Alderfer JL, Ts'o PO. Inhibition of RNA directed DNA polymerase of murine leukemia virus by 2'-O-alkylated polyadenylic acids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 59:608-15. [PMID: 4136825 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(74)80023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Meyer RB, Miller JP. Analogs of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP: general methods of synthesis and the relationship of structure to enzymic activity. Life Sci 1974; 14:1019-40. [PMID: 4362776 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(74)90228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Miller JP, Shuman DA, Scholten MB, Dimmitt MK, Stewart CM, Khwaja TA, Robins RK, Simon LN. Synthesis and biological activity of some 2' derivatives of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate. Biochemistry 1973; 12:1010-6. [PMID: 4346920 DOI: 10.1021/bi00729a035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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Pal BC, Schmidt DG. An improved procedure for the synthesis of 2'-O-methylnucleoside 5'-diphosphate. PREPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 3:563-7. [PMID: 4781489 DOI: 10.1080/00327487308061538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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