1
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Meyer HL, Abdelbary MMH, Buhl EM, Kuppe C, Conrads G. Exploring the genetic and functional diversity of Porphyromonas gingivalis long fimbriae. Mol Oral Microbiol 2023; 38:408-423. [PMID: 37750230 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a key pathobiont in periodontitis. Its long fimbriae consist of a single anchor (FimB), a varying number of stalk (FimA), and three accessory (tip-related) proteins (FimC, FimD, and FimE). Based on 133 strains/genomes available, it was our aim to investigate the diversity within FimA and FimB and explain the variety of long fimbriae (super-)structures. Combining the new forward primer fimAnewF with the established fimAunivR, we were able to amplify and sequence fimA including its leader region covering all genotypes and serotypes for phylogenetic analysis. We designed two primer pairs sensing the presence of an internal stop codon in fimB with an impact on fimbrial length. Finally, we examined fimbrial secondary structures by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The phylogeny of fimA/FimA revealed two new subtypes (IIa and IIb) with specific changes in functional domains and thus adding to the current classification scheme (I, Ib, and II-V). Regarding evolution, we confirm that Porphyromonas gulae fimA-type A is closely related to human P. gingivalis strains of cluster Ib and might be its ancestor genotype. A fimB internal stop codon is rare and was found in ATCC 33277 only. Comparing P. gingivalis TEM/SEM pictures of type I ATCC 33277 with type V OMI622 revealed a broad spectrum of fimbrial structures including bundling, cell-cell knotting, and brick-wall formation. In conclusion, FimA forms more distinct subtypes than previously known. The bundling of long fimbriae, a mechanism known from EPEC/EHEC and Salmonella, is proposed and supported by TEM/SEM pictures for the first time here. The role and variations of terminal accessory FimC-E in superstructure formation and/or (co-) adhesion should be investigated more closely next.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Leonhard Meyer
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mohamed M H Abdelbary
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva Miriam Buhl
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Institute of Pathology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Kuppe
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Conrads
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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2
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Mahmud ASM, Seers CA, Huq NL, Zhang L, Butler CA, Moore C, Cross KJ, Reynolds EC. Production and properties of adhesin-free gingipain proteinase RgpA. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10780. [PMID: 37402780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37534-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arg-specific gingipains of Porphyromonas gingivalis RgpA and RgpB have 97% identical sequences in their catalytic domains yet their propeptides are only 76% identical. RgpA isolates as a proteinase-adhesin complex (HRgpA) which hinders direct kinetic comparison of RgpAcat as a monomer with monomeric RgpB. We tested modifications of rgpA identifying a variant that enabled us to isolate histidine-tagged monomeric RgpA (rRgpAH). Kinetic comparisons between rRgpAH and RgpB used benzoyl-L-Arg-4-nitroanilide with and without cysteine and glycylglycine acceptor molecules. With no glycylglycine, values of Km, Vmax, kcat and kcat/Km for each enzyme were similar, but with glycylglycine Km decreased, Vmax increased and kcat increased ~ twofold for RgpB but ~ sixfold for rRgpAH. The kcat/Km for rRgpAH was unchanged whereas that of RgpB more than halved. Recombinant RgpA propeptide inhibited rRgpAH and RgpB with Ki 13 nM and 15 nM Ki respectively slightly more effectively than RgpB propeptide which inhibited rRgpAH and RgpB with Ki 22 nM and 29 nM respectively (p < 0.0001); a result that may be attributable to the divergent propeptide sequences. Overall, the data for rRgpAH reflected observations previously made by others using HRgpA, indicating rRgpAH fidelity and confirming the first production and isolation of functional affinity tagged RgpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Sayeed M Mahmud
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Christine A Seers
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - N Laila Huq
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Lianyi Zhang
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Catherine A Butler
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Caroline Moore
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Keith J Cross
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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3
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Movilla S, Martí S, Roca M, Moliner V. Computational Study of the Inhibition of RgpB Gingipain, a Promising Target for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:950-958. [PMID: 36648276 PMCID: PMC10882967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease represents one of the most ambitious challenges for biomedical sciences due to the growing number of cases worldwide in the elderly population and the lack of efficient treatments. One of the recent attempts to develop a treatment points to the cysteine protease RgpB as a promising drug target. In this attempt, several small-molecule covalent inhibitors of this enzyme have been proposed. Here, we report a computational study at the atomic level of the inhibition mechanism of the most promising reported compounds. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed on six of them, and their binding energies in the active site of the protein were computed. Contact maps and interaction energies were decomposed by residues to disclose those key interactions with the enzyme. Finally, quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to evaluate the reaction mechanism by which these drug candidates lead to covalently bound complexes, inhibiting the RgpB protease. The results provide a guide for future re-design of prospective and efficient inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Movilla
- BioComp Group, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Sergio Martí
- BioComp Group, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Maite Roca
- BioComp Group, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Vicent Moliner
- BioComp Group, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
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4
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Moore C, Cheng Y, Tjokro N, Zhang B, Kerr M, Hayati M, Chang KCJ, Shah N, Chen C, Jokerst JV. A Photoacoustic-Fluorescent Imaging Probe for Proteolytic Gingipains Expressed by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201843. [PMID: 35583940 PMCID: PMC9296565 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone pathogen in periodontal disease. We herein report a dual-modal fluorescent and photoacoustic imaging probe for the detection of gingipain proteases secreted by P. gingivalis. Upon proteolytic cleavage by Arg-specific gingipain (RgpB), five-fold photoacoustic enhancement and >100-fold fluorescence activation was measured with detection limits of 1.1 nM RgpB and 5.0E4 CFU mL-1 bacteria in vitro. RgpB activity was imaged in porcine jaws with low-nanomolar sensitivity. Diagnostic efficacy was evaluated in gingival crevicular fluid samples from subjects with and without periodontal disease, wherein activation was correlated to qPCR-based detection of P. gingivalis (Pearson's r=0.71). Finally, photoacoustic imaging of RgpB-cleaved probe was achieved in murine brains ex vivo, with relevance and potential utility for disease models of general infection by P. gingivalis, motivated by the recent biological link between gingipain and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colman Moore
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093. USA
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093. USA
| | - Natalia Tjokro
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 925 West 34 Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089. USA
| | - Brendan Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093. USA
| | - Matthew Kerr
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093. USA
| | - Mohammed Hayati
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 925 West 34 Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089. USA
| | - Kai Chiao Joe Chang
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 925 West 34 Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089. USA
| | - Nisarg Shah
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093. USA
| | - Casey Chen
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 925 West 34 Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089. USA
| | - Jesse V. Jokerst
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093. USA
- Materials Science Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093. USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093. USA
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5
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Moore C, Cheng Y, Tjokro N, Zhang B, Kerr M, Hayati M, Chang KCJ, Shah N, Chen C, Jokerst JV. A Photoacoustic‐Fluorescent Imaging Probe for Proteolytic Gingipains Expressed by
Porphyromonas gingivalis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colman Moore
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Natalia Tjokro
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry University of Southern California 925 West 34th Street Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Brendan Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla CA 92093 USA
- Current address: Diazyme Laboratories Inc
| | - Matthew Kerr
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Mohammed Hayati
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry University of Southern California 925 West 34th Street Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Kai Chiao Joe Chang
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry University of Southern California 925 West 34th Street Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Nisarg Shah
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Casey Chen
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry University of Southern California 925 West 34th Street Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Jesse V. Jokerst
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla CA 92093 USA
- Materials Science Program University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla CA 92093 USA
- Department of Radiology University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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6
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Movilla S, Martí S, Roca M, Moliner V. Unrevealing the Proteolytic Activity of RgpB Gingipain from Computational Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:4582-4593. [PMID: 34472342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease represents one of the greatest medical concerns for today's population and health services. Its multifactorial inherent nature represents a challenge for its treatment and requires the development of a broad spectrum of drugs. Recently, the cysteine protease gingipain RgpB has been related to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, and its inhibition appears to be a promising neuroprotective strategy. Given these features, a computational study that integrates molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with classical and hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) potentials was carried out to unravel the atomistic details of RgpB activity. First, a preliminary study based on principal component analysis (PCA), determined the protonation state of the Cys/His catalytic dyad, as well as the crucial role of a flexible loop that favors reactive interactions of the catalytic residues and the peptide in the precatalytic state in its closed conformation. Then, different mechanisms were explored by means of QM/MM MD simulations. The most favorable mechanism consists of two stages. First is an acylation stage that takes place in two steps where, initially, the sulfur atom of the C244 residue attacks the carbonylic carbon of the peptide and the proton of the C244 residue is transferred to the amino group of the peptide in a concerted manner. Subsequently, the peptide bond is broken, and a fragment of the peptide is released. After that, the deacylation stage takes place in a single step where a water molecule attacks the carbonylic carbon of the peptide and a proton of the water is transferred to the C244 residue. The free energy barrier of the rate limiting step is in very good agreement with available experimental data. The mechanism exhibits an unusual role of H211 residue compared with other cysteine proteases but a crucial role of the peptide in triggering the catalysis. Notably, the atomic and energetic particularities found represent a significant contribution to the comprehension of the reaction mechanism and a great opportunity for the design of efficient inhibitors of gingipain RgpB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Movilla
- BioComp Group, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universidad Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Sergio Martí
- BioComp Group, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universidad Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Maite Roca
- BioComp Group, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universidad Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Vicent Moliner
- BioComp Group, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universidad Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
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7
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Nunes JM, Fillis T, Page MJ, Venter C, Lancry O, Kell DB, Windberger U, Pretorius E. Gingipain R1 and Lipopolysaccharide From Porphyromonas gingivalis Have Major Effects on Blood Clot Morphology and Mechanics. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1551. [PMID: 32793214 PMCID: PMC7393971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Porphyromonas gingivalis and its inflammagens are associated with a number of systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The proteases, gingipains, have also recently been identified in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients and in the blood of Parkinson's disease patients. Bacterial inflammagens, including lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and various proteases in circulation, may drive systemic inflammation. Methods: Here, we investigate the effects of the bacterial products LPS from Escherichia coli and Porphyromonas gingivalis, and also the P. gingivalis gingipain [recombinant P. gingivalis gingipain R1 (RgpA)], on clot architecture and clot formation in whole blood and plasma from healthy individuals, as well as in purified fibrinogen models. Structural analysis of clots was performed using confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and AFM-Raman imaging. We use thromboelastography® (TEG®) and rheometry to compare the static and dynamic mechanical properties of clots. Results: We found that these inflammagens may interact with fibrin(ogen) and this interaction causes anomalous blood clotting. Conclusions: These techniques, in combination, provide insight into the effects of these bacterial products on cardiovascular health, and particularly clot structure and mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Massimo Nunes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Tristan Fillis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Martin J Page
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Chantelle Venter
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ophélie Lancry
- HORIBA Scientific, HORIBA FRANCE SAS, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ursula Windberger
- Decentralised Biomedical Facilities, Centre for Biomedical Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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8
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Hočevar K, Vizovišek M, Wong A, Kozieł J, Fonović M, Potempa B, Lamont RJ, Potempa J, Turk B. Proteolysis of Gingival Keratinocyte Cell Surface Proteins by Gingipains Secreted From Porphyromonas gingivalis - Proteomic Insights Into Mechanisms Behind Tissue Damage in the Diseased Gingiva. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:722. [PMID: 32411104 PMCID: PMC7198712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, the main etiologic agent of periodontitis, secretes cysteine proteases named gingipains. HRgpA and RgpB gingipains have Arg-specificity, while Kgp gingipain is Lys-specific. Together they can cleave an array of proteins and importantly contribute to the development of periodontitis. In this study we focused on gingipain-exerted proteolysis at the cell surface of human gingival epithelial cells [telomerase immortalized gingival keratinocytes (TIGK)] in order to better understand the molecular mechanisms behind tissue destruction in periodontitis. Using mass spectrometry, we investigated the whole sheddome/degradome of TIGK cell surface proteins by P. gingivalis strains differing in gingipain expression and by purified gingipains, and performed the first global proteomic analysis of gignpain proteolysis at the membrane. Incubation of TIGK cells with P. gingivalis resulted in massive degradation of proteins already at low multiplicity of infection, whereas incubating cells with purified gingipains resulted in more discrete patterns, indicative of a combination of complete degradation and shedding of membrane proteins. Most of the identified gingipain substrates were molecules involved in adhesion, suggesting that gingipains may cause tissue damage through cleavage of cell contacts, resulting in cell detachment and rounding, and consequently leading to anoikis. However, HRgpA and RgpB gingipains differ in their mechanism of action. While RgpB rapidly degraded the proteins, HRgpA exhibited a much slower proteolysis indicative of ectodomain shedding, as demonstrated for the transferrin receptor protein 1 (TFRC). These results reveal a molecular underpinning to P. gingivalis-induced tissue destruction and enhance our knowledge of the role of P. gingivalis proteases in the pathobiology of periodontitis. Proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD015679.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Hočevar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Vizovišek
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alicia Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Kozieł
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marko Fonović
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Richard J. Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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9
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Poreba M. Recent advances in the development of legumain-selective chemical probes and peptide prodrugs. Biol Chem 2020; 400:1529-1550. [PMID: 31021817 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Legumain, which is also known as vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) or asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP), is a cysteine protease that was first discovered and characterized in the leguminous seeds of the moth bean in the early 1990s. Later, this enzyme was also detected in higher organisms, including eukaryotes. This pH-dependent protease displays the highest activity in acidic endolysosomal compartments; however, legumain also displays nuclear, cytosolic and extracellular activity when stabilized by other proteins or intramolecular complexes. Based on the results from over 25 years of research, this protease is involved in multiple cellular events, including protein degradation and antigen presentation. Moreover, when dysregulated, this protease contributes to the progression of several diseases, with cancer being the well-studied example. Research on legumain biology was undoubtedly facilitated by the use of small molecule chemical tools. Therefore, in this review, I present the historical perspectives and most current strategies for the development of small molecule substrates, inhibitors and activity-based probes for legumain. These tools are of paramount importance in elucidating the roles of legumain in multiple biological processes. Finally, as this enzyme appears to be a promising molecular target for anticancer therapies, the development of legumain-activated prodrugs is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Poreba
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
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10
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Xu W, Zhou W, Wang H, Liang S. Roles of Porphyromonas gingivalis and its virulence factors in periodontitis. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 120:45-84. [PMID: 32085888 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infection-driven inflammatory disease, which is characterized by gingival inflammation and bone loss. Periodontitis is associated with various systemic diseases, including cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, and reproductive system related abnormalities. Recent theory attributes the pathogenesis of periodontitis to oral microbial dysbiosis, in which Porphyromonas gingivalis acts as a critical agent by disrupting host immune homeostasis. Lipopolysaccharide, proteases, fimbriae, and some other virulence factors are among the strategies exploited by P. gingivalis to promote the bacterial colonization and facilitate the outgrowth of the surrounding microbial community. Virulence factors promote the coaggregation of P. gingivalis with other bacteria and the formation of dental biofilm. These virulence factors also modulate a variety of host immune components and subvert the immune response to evade bacterial clearance or induce an inflammatory environment. In this chapter, our focus is to discuss the virulence factors of periodontal pathogens, especially P. gingivalis, and their roles in regulating immune responses during periodontitis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, Pudong, China
| | - Huizhi Wang
- VCU Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
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11
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Adams B, Nunes JM, Page MJ, Roberts T, Carr J, Nell TA, Kell DB, Pretorius E. Parkinson's Disease: A Systemic Inflammatory Disease Accompanied by Bacterial Inflammagens. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:210. [PMID: 31507404 PMCID: PMC6718721 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a well-known neurodegenerative disease with a strong association established with systemic inflammation. Recently, the role of the gingipain protease group from Porphyromonas gingivalis was implicated in Alzheimer’s disease and here we present evidence, using a fluorescent antibody to detect gingipain R1 (RgpA), of its presence in a PD population. To further elucidate the action of this gingipain, as well as the action of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from P. gingivalis, low concentrations of recombinant RgpA and LPS were added to purified fluorescent fibrinogen. We also substantiate previous findings regarding PD by emphasizing the presence of systemic inflammation via multiplex cytokine analysis, and demonstrate hypercoagulation using thromboelastography (TEG), confocal and electron microscopy. Biomarker analysis confirmed significantly increased levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines. In our PD and control blood analysis, our results show increased hypercoagulation, the presence of amyloid formation in plasma, and profound ultrastructural changes to platelets. Our laboratory analysis of purified fibrinogen with added RgpA, and/or LPS, showed preliminary data with regards to the actions of the protease and the bacterial membrane inflammagen on plasma proteins, to better understand the nature of established PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büin Adams
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - J Massimo Nunes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Martin J Page
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Timothy Roberts
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Theo A Nell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Huq NL, Seers CA, Toh ECY, Dashper SG, Slakeski N, Zhang L, Ward BR, Meuric V, Chen D, Cross KJ, Reynolds EC. Propeptide-mediated inhibition of cognate gingipain proteinases. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65447. [PMID: 23762374 PMCID: PMC3677877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major pathogen associated with chronic periodontitis. The organism’s cell-surface cysteine proteinases, the Arg-specific proteinases (RgpA, RgpB) and the Lys-specific proteinase (Kgp), which are known as gingipains have been implicated as major virulence factors. All three gingipain precursors contain a propeptide of around 200 amino acids in length that is removed during maturation. The aim of this study was to characterize the inhibitory potential of the Kgp and RgpB propeptides against the mature cognate enzymes. Mature Kgp was obtained from P. gingivalis mutant ECR368, which produces a recombinant Kgp with an ABM1 motif deleted from the catalytic domain (rKgp) that enables the otherwise membrane bound enzyme to dissociate from adhesins and be released. Mature RgpB was obtained from P. gingivalis HG66. Recombinant propeptides of Kgp and RgpB were produced in Escherichia coli and purified using nickel-affinity chromatography. The Kgp and RgpB propeptides displayed non-competitive inhibition kinetics with Ki values of 2.04 µM and 12 nM, respectively. Both propeptides exhibited selectivity towards their cognate proteinase. The specificity of both propeptides was demonstrated by their inability to inhibit caspase-3, a closely related cysteine protease, and papain that also has a relatively long propeptide. Both propeptides at 100 mg/L caused a 50% reduction of P. gingivalis growth in a protein-based medium. In summary, this study demonstrates that gingipain propeptides are capable of inhibiting their mature cognate proteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Laila Huq
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine A. Seers
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elena C. Y. Toh
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart G. Dashper
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nada Slakeski
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lianyi Zhang
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brent R. Ward
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vincent Meuric
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dina Chen
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Keith J. Cross
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric C. Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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The Lysine-Specific Gingipain of Porphyromonas gingivalis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 712:15-29. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8414-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wegner N, Wait R, Sroka A, Eick S, Nguyen KA, Lundberg K, Kinloch A, Culshaw S, Potempa J, Venables PJ. Peptidylarginine deiminase from Porphyromonas gingivalis citrullinates human fibrinogen and α-enolase: implications for autoimmunity in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:2662-72. [PMID: 20506214 DOI: 10.1002/art.27552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate protein citrullination by the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis as a potential mechanism for breaking tolerance to citrullinated proteins in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS The expression of endogenous citrullinated proteins was analyzed by immunoblotting of cell extracts from P gingivalis and 10 other oral bacteria. P gingivalis-knockout strains lacking the bacterial peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) or gingipains were created to assess the role of these enzymes in citrullination. Citrullination of human fibrinogen and α-enolase by P gingivalis was studied by incubating live wild-type and knockout strains with the proteins and analyzing the products by immunoblotting and mass spectrometry. RESULTS Endogenous protein citrullination was abundant in P gingivalis but lacking in the other oral bacteria. Deletion of the bacterial PAD gene resulted in complete abrogation of protein citrullination. Inactivation of arginine gingipains, but not lysine gingipains, led to decreased citrullination. Incubation of wild-type P gingivalis with fibrinogen or α-enolase caused degradation of the proteins and citrullination of the resulting peptides at carboxy-terminal arginine residues, which were identified by mass spectrometry. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that among the oral bacterial pathogens tested, P gingivalis is unique in its ability to citrullinate proteins. We further show that P gingivalis rapidly generates citrullinated host peptides by proteolytic cleavage at Arg-X peptide bonds by arginine gingipains, followed by citrullination of carboxy-terminal arginines by bacterial PAD. Our results suggest a novel model where P gingivalis-mediated citrullination of bacterial and host proteins provides a molecular mechanism for generating antigens that drive the autoimmune response in RA.
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Inomata M, Ishihara Y, Matsuyama T, Imamura T, Maruyama I, Noguchi T, Matsushita K. Degradation of vascular endothelial thrombomodulin by arginine- and lysine-specific cysteine proteases from Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontol 2009; 80:1511-7. [PMID: 19722803 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.090114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endothelial cell surface glycoprotein thrombomodulin (TM) inhibits vascular coagulation and inflammation via regulation of thrombin-mediated activation of protein C. Porphyromonas gingivalis is the major periodontopathic bacterium and has been found in vessel walls and atherosclerotic lesions in humans. P. gingivalis-derived cysteine proteases (gingipains) are known to enhance inflammatory and coagulant responses of vascular endothelial cells. However, it has not been elucidated whether gingipains affect vascular endothelial TM. METHODS Purified arginine-specific gingipains (Rgps) and lysine-specific gingipain (Kgp) from P. gingivalis were used to investigate the effects of gingipains on recombinant human TM by immunoblot analyses. Flow cytometry and activated protein C assay were carried out to examine the effects of gingipains on vascular endothelial cell surface TM. Immunohistochemistry was performed to investigate TM expression in microvascular endothelia in gingival tissues taken from patients with periodontitis. RESULTS Rgps and Kgp cleaved TM in vitro. Endothelial cell surface TM was also degraded by Rgps. Thrombin-mediated activation of protein C was reduced by Rgps through TM inactivation. Gingival microvascular endothelial TM was reduced in patients with periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS P. gingivalis gingipains induced the degradation and inactivation of endothelial TM, which may promote vascular coagulation and inflammation. In addition, in vivo relevance was demonstrated by reduced expression of TM in gingival microvascular endothelia in patients with periodontitis, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Inomata
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Institute for Longevity Sciences, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan
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Potempa J, Nguyen KA. Purification and characterization of gingipains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 21:21.20.1-21.20.27. [PMID: 18429320 DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps2120s49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Gingipains are cysteine proteases produced in large quantities by Porphyromonas gingivalis which together constitute important virulence factors in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease by that organism. Described is this unit is an efficient procedure for the purification of gingipains from the growth medium of P. gingivalis strain HG66, along with detailed protocols for growth of the organism and basic characterization of the purified proteases. The purification procedure consists of acetone precipitation followed by gel filtration to separate high-molecular-mass gingipains (Kgp and HRgpA) from RgpB. Kgp and HRgpA are further separated on Arg-Sepharose by the virtue of differential elution from the affinity matrix with lysine (Kgp) and arginine (HRgpA) eluant. Obtained from these procedures, the gingipains are stable and can be stored at -80 degrees C for years without loss of activity.
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Into T, Inomata M, Kanno Y, Matsuyama T, Machigashira M, Izumi Y, Imamura T, Nakashima M, Noguchi T, Matsushita K. Arginine-specific gingipains from Porphyromonas gingivalis deprive protective functions of secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor in periodontal tissue. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 145:545-54. [PMID: 16907925 PMCID: PMC1809709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis is correlated with Porphyromonas gingivalis infection. In this study, we found that the expression of secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), an endogenous inhibitor for neutrophil-derived proteases, was reduced in gingival tissues with chronic periodontitis associated with P. gingivalis infection. The addition of vesicles of P. gingivalis decreased the amount of SLPI in the media of primary human gingival keratinocytes compared to untreated cultures. We therefore investigated how arginine-specific gingipains (Rgps) affect the functions of SLPI, because Rgps are the major virulence factors in the vesicles and cleave a wide range of in-host proteins. We found that Rgps digest SLPI in vitro, suppressing the release of SLPI. Rgps proteolysis of SLPI disrupted SLPI functions, which normally suppresses neutrophil elastase and neutralizes pro-inflammatory effects of bacterial cell wall compounds in cultured human gingival fibroblasts. The protease inhibitory action of SLPI was not exerted towards Rgps. These results suggest that Rgps reduce the protective effects of SLPI on neutrophil proteases and bacterial proinflammatory compounds, by which disease in gingival tissue may be accelerated at the sites with P. gingivalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Into
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Institute for Longevity Sciences, Obu, Aichi, Japan
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Beikler T, Peters U, Prior K, Ehmke B, Flemmig TF. Sequence variations in rgpA and rgpB of Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2005; 40:193-8. [PMID: 15853963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2005.00783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to determine sequence variations in the active centre of the Arg-X-specific protease encoding genes rgpA and rgpB of clinical Porphyromonas gingivalis isolates and to analyse their prevalence in periodontitis patients before and 3 months after mechanical periodontal therapy. BACKGROUND Genetic diversity at nucleotides 281, 283, 286 and 331 has been shown to result in amino acid substitutions in the catalytic domain of RgpA and RgpB that affect the substrate specificity and thus may influence the efficacy of Arg-X-protease specific inhibitors. METHODS Sequence analysis of rgpA and rgpB genes in clinical P. gingivalis strains isolated from subgingival plaque samples of 82 periodontitis patients before and 3 months after mechanical supra- and subgingival debridement was performed. RESULTS No specific variation within the rgpA sequence was observed. However, the rgpB sequence in the region of the active centre showed five different rgpB genotypes, which were named NYPN, NSSN, NSSK, NYPK and DYPN according to the derived amino acid substitution. Porphyromonas gingivalis genotype NYPN was detected in 27 patients (32.9%) before and in 8 patients (9.8%) after therapy, NSSN in 26 (31.7%) and 10 (12.2%), NSSK in 22 (26.8%) and 2 (2.4%), NYPK in 5 (6.2%) and 1 (1.2%), and DYPN in 1 patient (1.2%) and 0 patients (0%), respectively. Only one patient (1.2%) harboured two P. gingivalis rgpB genotypes (NSSK/NYPN) before treatment; these were no longer detected after therapy. CONCLUSION The results indicate that five rgpB genotypes are maintained in natural populations of P. gingivalis. These data may be of importance with regard to the development of specific rgpB inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Beikler
- Department of Periodontology, University of Münster, Germany.
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Holt SC, Ebersole JL. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia: the "red complex", a prototype polybacterial pathogenic consortium in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2005; 38:72-122. [PMID: 15853938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2005.00113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 629] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley C Holt
- Department of Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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Mezyk-Kopec R, Bzowska M, Potempa J, Bzowska M, Jura N, Sroka A, Black RA, Bereta J. Inactivation of membrane tumor necrosis factor alpha by gingipains from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 2005; 73:1506-14. [PMID: 15731048 PMCID: PMC1064957 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.3.1506-1514.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gingipains are cysteine proteinases produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major causative bacterium of adult periodontitis. They consist of arginine-specific (HRgpA and RgpB) and lysine-specific (Kgp) proteinases. Gingipains strongly affect the host defense system by degrading some cytokines, components of the complement system, and several immune cell receptors. In an in vitro model, gingipains were shown to degrade soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). However, since membrane TNF-alpha shows strong biological activity, especially in local inflammatory lesions, it was worth investigating whether gingipains might also destroy membrane TNF-alpha and limit its biological activities. To avoid a possible influence of gingipains on ADAM17, the secretase of TNF-alpha, the majority of experiments were performed using ADAM17-/- fibroblasts stably transfected with cDNA of human pro-TNF-alpha (ADAM17-/- TNF+). Arginine-specific gingipains (Rgp's) strongly diminished the level of TNF-alpha on the cell surface as measured by flow cytometry, and this process was not accompanied by an increased concentration of soluble TNF-alpha in the culture medium. Degradation of membrane TNF-alpha by Rgp's correlated with a strong decrease in TNF-alpha-mediated biological activities of ADAM17-/- TNF+ cells. First, the activation state of transcription factor NF-kappaB was suppressed; second, the cells were no longer able to induce apoptosis in HL-60 cells. Kgp was also able to cleave membrane TNF-alpha, but its effect was much weaker than that of Rgp's. Gingipains also limited the binding of native TNF-alpha to the target cells. Thus, gingipains are able not only to cleave soluble TNF-alpha but also to destroy the membrane form of the cytokine, which may additionally dysregulate the cytokine network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Mezyk-Kopec
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
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Olczak T, Simpson W, Liu X, Genco CA. Iron and heme utilization in Porphyromonas gingivalis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2005; 29:119-44. [PMID: 15652979 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Revised: 06/18/2004] [Accepted: 09/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium associated with the initiation and progression of adult periodontal disease. Iron is utilized by this pathogen in the form of heme and has been shown to play an essential role in its growth and virulence. Recently, considerable attention has been given to the characterization of various secreted and surface-associated proteins of P. gingivalis and their contribution to virulence. In particular, the properties of proteins involved in the uptake of iron and heme have been extensively studied. Unlike other Gram-negative bacteria, P. gingivalis does not produce siderophores. Instead it employs specific outer membrane receptors, proteases (particularly gingipains), and lipoproteins to acquire iron/heme. In this review, we will focus on the diverse mechanisms of iron and heme acquisition in P. gingivalis. Specific proteins involved in iron and heme capture will be described. In addition, we will discuss new genes for iron/heme utilization identified by nucleotide sequencing of the P. gingivalis W83 genome. Putative iron- and heme-responsive gene regulation in P. gingivalis will be discussed. We will also examine the significance of heme/hemoglobin acquisition for the virulence of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Olczak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wroclaw University, Tamka 2, 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland.
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