1
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He Q, Xu S, Ma X, Zhou Y, Feng W, Lu X, Yu M, Chen Z. Molecular design and systematic optimization of a halogen-bonding system between the asthma interleukin-5 receptor and its cyclic peptide ligand. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14387. [PMID: 37926515 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Human interleukin-5 (IL-5) functions as an important pro-inflammatory factor by binding to its specific receptor, IL-5Rα, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. Previously, a disulfide-bonded cyclic peptide AF17121 obtained from random library screening and sequence variation was found to competitively disrupt the cognate IL-5Rα/IL-5 interaction with moderate potency. In this study, the crystal complex of IL-5Rα with AF17121 was investigated at structural and energetic levels. It is revealed that the side-chain indole moiety of the AF17121 Trp5 residue is a potential site for a stem putative halogen bond (X-bond) with IL-5Rα, which is just located within the key 3 EXXR6 motif region recognized specifically by IL-5Rα. We systematically examined four halogen substitution types at five positions of the indole moiety; QM/MM calculations theoretically unraveled that only halogenations at 5 and 6 positions can form effective X-bonds with the side-chain hydroxyl oxygen of the IL-5Rα Thr21 residue and the backbone carbonyl oxygen of Ala66 residue, respectively. Binding assays observed that I-substitution at the 5 position and Br-substitution at the 6 position can result in two potent halogenated peptides, [5I]AF17121 and [6Br]AF17121, which are improved by 1.6-fold and 3.5-fold relative to the native AF17121, respectively. 5I/6Br-double substitution, resulting in [5I/6Br]AF17121, can further enhance the peptide affinity by 7.5-fold. Structural analysis revealed that the X-bond stemming from 6Br-substitution is also involved in an orthogonal interaction system with a H-bond; they share a common backbone carbonyl oxygen acceptor of IL-5Rα Ala66 residue and exhibit a significant synergistic effect between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhenjiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shuanglan Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaomei Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhenjiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yinxia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhenjiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Weiqi Feng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhenjiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xuzhi Lu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhenjiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Meiyue Yu
- Department of Acupuncture, Zhenjiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zi Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Scheide-Noeth JP, Rosen M, Baumstark D, Dietz H, Mueller TD. Structural Basis of Interleukin-5 Inhibition by the Small Cyclic Peptide AF17121. J Mol Biol 2018; 431:714-731. [PMID: 30529748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is a T-helper cell of subtype 2 cytokine involved in many aspects of eosinophil life. Eosinophilic granulocytes play a pathogenic role in the progression of atopic diseases, such as allergy, asthma and atopic dermatitis and hypereosinophilic syndromes. Here, eosinophils upon activation degranulate leading to the release of proinflammatory proteins and mediators stored in intracellular vesicles termed granula thereby causing local inflammation, which when persisting leads to tissue damage and organ failure. As a key regulator of eosinophil function, IL-5 therefore presents a major pharmaceutical target and approaches to interfere with IL-5 receptor activation are of great interest. Here we present the structure of the IL-5 inhibiting peptide AF17121 bound to the extracellular domain of the IL-5 receptor IL-5Rα. The small 18mer cyclic peptide snugly fits into the wrench-like cleft of the IL-5 receptor, thereby blocking access of key residues for IL-5 binding. While AF17121 and IL-5 seemingly bind to a similar epitope at IL-5Rα, functional studies show that recognition and binding of both ligands differ. Using the structure data, peptide variants with improved IL-5 inhibition have been generated, which might present valuable starting points for superior peptide-based IL-5 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Philipp Scheide-Noeth
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Rosen
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - David Baumstark
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Harald Dietz
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas D Mueller
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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3
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Restricted HIV-1 Env glycan engagement by lectin-reengineered DAVEI protein chimera is sufficient for lytic inactivation of the virus. Biochem J 2018; 475:931-957. [PMID: 29343613 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported a first-generation recombinant DAVEI construct, a dual action virus entry inhibitor composed of cyanovirin-N (CVN) fused to a membrane proximal external region or its derivative peptide Trp3. DAVEI exhibits potent and irreversible inactivation of HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus) viruses by dual engagement of gp120 and gp41. However, the promiscuity of CVN to associate with multiple glycosylation sites in gp120 and its multivalency limit current understanding of the molecular arrangement of the DAVEI molecules on trimeric spike. Here, we constructed and investigated the virolytic function of second-generation DAVEI molecules using a simpler lectin, microvirin (MVN). MVN is a monovalent lectin with a single glycan-binding site in gp120, is structurally similar to CVN and exhibits no toxicity or mitogenicity, both of which are liabilities with CVN. We found that, like CVN-DAVEI-L2-3Trp (peptide sequence DKWASLWNW), MVN-DAVEI2-3Trp exploits a similar mechanism of action for inducing HIV-1 lytic inactivation, but by more selective gp120 glycan engagement. By sequence redesign, we significantly increased the potency of MVN-DAVEI2-3Trp protein. Unlike CVN-DAVEI2-3Trp, re-engineered MVN-DAVEI2-3Trp(Q81K/M83R) virolytic activity and its interaction with gp120 were both competed by 2G12 antibody. That the lectin domain in DAVEIs can utilize MVN without loss of virolytic function argues that restricted HIV-1 Env (envelope glycoprotein) glycan engagement is sufficient for virolysis. It also shows that DAVEI lectin multivalent binding with gp120 is not required for virolysis. MVN-DAVEI2-3Trp(Q81K/M83R) provides an improved tool to elucidate productive molecular arrangements of Env-DAVEI enabling virolysis and also opens the way to form DAVEI fusions made up of gp120-binding small molecules linked to Trp3 peptide.
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4
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Broughton SE, Dhagat U, Hercus TR, Nero TL, Grimbaldeston MA, Bonder CS, Lopez AF, Parker MW. The GM-CSF/IL-3/IL-5 cytokine receptor family: from ligand recognition to initiation of signaling. Immunol Rev 2013; 250:277-302. [PMID: 23046136 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and IL-5 are members of a discrete family of cytokines that regulates the growth, differentiation, migration and effector function activities of many hematopoietic cells and immunocytes. These cytokines are involved in normal responses to infectious agents, bridging innate and adaptive immunity. However, in certain cases, the overexpression of these cytokines or their receptors can lead to excessive or aberrant initiation of signaling resulting in pathological conditions, with chronic inflammatory diseases and myeloid leukemias the most notable examples. Recent crystal structures of the GM-CSF receptor ternary complex and the IL-5 binary complex have revealed new paradigms of cytokine receptor activation. Together with a wealth of associated structure-function studies, they have significantly enhanced our understanding of how these receptors recognize cytokines and initiate signals across cell membranes. Importantly, these structures provide opportunities for structure-based approaches for the discovery of novel and disease-specific therapeutics. In addition, recent biochemical evidence has suggested that the GM-CSF/IL-3/IL-5 receptor family is capable of interacting productively with other membrane proteins at the cell surface. Such interactions may afford additional or unique biological activities and might be harnessed for selective modulation of the function of these receptors in disease.
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5
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Kamanna K, Aneja R, Duffy C, Kubinski P, Moreira DR, Bailey LD, McFadden K, Schön A, Holmes A, Tuzer F, Contarino M, Freire E, Chaiken IM. Non-natural peptide triazole antagonists of HIV-1 envelope gp120. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:322-8. [PMID: 23239505 PMCID: PMC3810028 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the derivation of non-natural peptide triazole dual receptor site antagonists of HIV-1 Env gp120 to establish a pathway for developing peptidomimetic antiviral agents. Previously we found that the peptide triazole HNG-156 [R-I-N-N-I-X-W-S-E-A-M-M-CONH(2), in which X=ferrocenyltriazole-Pro (FtP)] has nanomolar binding affinity to gp120, inhibits gp120 binding to CD4 and the co-receptor surrogate mAb 17b, and has potent antiviral activity in cell infection assays. Furthermore, truncated variants of HNG-156, typified by UM-24 (Cit-N-N-I-X-W-S-CONH(2)) and containing the critical central stereospecific (L)X-(L)W cluster, retain the functional characteristics of the parent peptide triazole. In the current work, we examined the possibility of replacing natural with unnatural residue components in UM-24 to the greatest extent possible. The analogue with the critical "hot spot" residue Trp 6 replaced with L-3-benzothienylalanine (Bta) (KR-41), as well as a completely non-natural analogue containing D-amino acid substitutions outside the central cluster (KR-42, (D)Cit-(D)N-(D)N-(D)I-X-Bta-(D)S-CONH(2)), retained the dual receptor site antagonism/antiviral activity signature. The results define differential functional roles of subdomains within the peptide triazole and provide a structural basis for the design of metabolically stable peptidomimetic inhibitors of HIV-1 Env gp120.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantharaju Kamanna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245N, 15 Street, New College Building, Room 11302, Philadelphia, PA, 19102 (USA)
| | - Rachna Aneja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245N, 15 Street, New College Building, Room 11302, Philadelphia, PA, 19102 (USA)
| | - Caitlin Duffy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245N, 15 Street, New College Building, Room 11302, Philadelphia, PA, 19102 (USA)
| | - Pamela Kubinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245N, 15 Street, New College Building, Room 11302, Philadelphia, PA, 19102 (USA)
| | - Diogo Rodrigo Moreira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245N, 15 Street, New College Building, Room 11302, Philadelphia, PA, 19102 (USA)
| | - Lauren D Bailey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245N, 15 Street, New College Building, Room 11302, Philadelphia, PA, 19102 (USA)
| | - Karyn McFadden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245N, 15 Street, New College Building, Room 11302, Philadelphia, PA, 19102 (USA)
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (USA)
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245N, 15 Street, New College Building, Room 11302, Philadelphia, PA, 19102 (USA)
| | - Ferit Tuzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245N, 15 Street, New College Building, Room 11302, Philadelphia, PA, 19102 (USA)
| | - Mark Contarino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245N, 15 Street, New College Building, Room 11302, Philadelphia, PA, 19102 (USA)
| | - Ernesto Freire
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (USA)
| | - Irwin M Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245N, 15 Street, New College Building, Room 11302, Philadelphia, PA, 19102 (USA)
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6
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Molfino NA, Gossage D, Kolbeck R, Parker JM, Geba GP. Molecular and clinical rationale for therapeutic targeting of interleukin-5 and its receptor. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 42:712-37. [PMID: 22092535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-5 is a Th2 homodimeric cytokine involved in the differentiation, maturation, migration, development, survival, trafficking and effector function of blood and local tissue eosinophils, in addition to basophils and mast cells. The IL-5 receptor (IL-5R) consists of an IL-5-specific α subunit that interacts in conformationally dynamic ways with the receptor's βc subunit, an aggregate of domains it shares with binding sites of IL-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. IL-5 and IL-5R drive allergic and inflammatory immune responses characterizing numerous diseases, such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases, hyper-eosinophilic syndrome, Churg-Strauss syndrome and eosinophilic nasal polyposis. Although corticosteroid therapy is the primary treatment for these diseases, a substantial number of patients exhibit incomplete responses and suffer side-effects. Two monoclonal antibodies have been designed to neutralize IL-5 (mepolizumab and reslizumab). Both antibodies have demonstrated the ability to reduce blood and tissue eosinophil counts. One additional monoclonal antibody, benralizumab (MEDI-563), has been developed to target IL-5R and attenuate eosinophilia through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. All three monoclonal antibodies are being clinically evaluated. Antisense oligonucleotide technology targeting the common βc IL-5R subunit is also being used therapeutically to inhibit IL-5-mediated effects (TPI ASM8). Small interfering RNA technology has also been used therapeutically to inhibit the expression of IL-5 in animal models. This review summarizes the structural interactions between IL-5 and IL-5R and the functional consequences of such interactions, and describes the pre-clinical and clinical evidence supporting IL-5R as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Molfino
- MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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7
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Ishino T, Economou NJ, McFadden K, Zaks-Zilberman M, Jost M, Baxter S, Contarino MR, Harrington AE, Loll PJ, Pasut G, Lievens S, Tavernier J, Chaiken I. A Protein Engineering Approach Differentiates the Functional Importance of Carbohydrate Moieties of Interleukin-5 Receptor α. Biochemistry 2011; 50:7546-56. [DOI: 10.1021/bi2009135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ishino
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 11102 New College Building, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Nicoleta J. Economou
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 11102 New College Building, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Karyn McFadden
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 11102 New College Building, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Meirav Zaks-Zilberman
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 11102 New College Building, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Monika Jost
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 11102 New College
Building, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102,
United States
| | - Sabine Baxter
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 11102 New College Building, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Mark R. Contarino
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 11102 New College Building, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Adrian E. Harrington
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 11102 New College Building, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Patrick J. Loll
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 11102 New College Building, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Gianfranco Pasut
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padua, Via F. Marzolo 5, Padua 35131,
Italy
| | - Sam Lievens
- Department of Medical
Protein
Research, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB09-Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Department of Medical
Protein
Research, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB09-Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 11102 New College Building, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19102, United States
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8
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Multivalent and Flexible PEG-Nitrilotriacetic Acid Derivatives for Non-covalent Protein Pegylation. Pharm Res 2011; 28:2412-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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9
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Umashankara M, McFadden K, Zentner I, Schön A, Rajagopal S, Tuzer F, Kuriakose SA, Contarino M, Lalonde J, Freire E, Chaiken I. The active core in a triazole peptide dual-site antagonist of HIV-1 gp120. ChemMedChem 2011; 5:1871-9. [PMID: 20677318 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to identify broadly active inhibitors of HIV-1 entry into host cells, we previously reported a family of dodecamer triazole-peptide conjugates with nanomolar affinity for the viral surface protein gp120. This peptide class exhibits potent antiviral activity and the capacity to simultaneously inhibit interaction of the viral envelope protein with both CD4 and co-receptor. In this investigation, we minimized the structural complexity of the lead triazole inhibitor HNG-156 (peptide 1) to explore the limits of the pharmacophore that enables dual antagonism and to improve opportunities for peptidomimetic design. Truncations of both carboxy- and amino-terminal residues from the parent 12-residue peptide 1 were found to have minimal effects on both affinity and antiviral activity. In contrast, the central triazole(Pro)-Trp cluster at residues 6 and 7 with ferrocenyl-triazole(Pro) (Ftp) was found to be critical for bioactivity. Amino-terminal residues distal to the central triazole(Pro)-Trp sequence tolerated decreasing degrees of side chain variation upon approaching the central cluster. A peptide fragment containing residues 3-7 (Asn-Asn-Ile-Ftp-Trp) exhibited substantial direct binding affinity, antiviral potency, dual receptor site antagonism, and induction of gp120 structuring, all properties that define the functional signature of the parent compound 1. This active core contains a stereochemically specific hydrophobic triazole(Pro)-Trp cluster, with a short N-terminal peptide extension providing groups for potential main chain and side chain hydrogen bonding. The results of this work argue that the pharmacophore for dual antagonism is structurally limited, thereby enhancing the potential to develop minimized peptidomimetic HIV-1 entry inhibitors that simultaneously suppress binding of envelope protein to both of its host cell receptors. The results also argue that the target epitope on gp120 is relatively small, pointing to a localized allosteric inhibition site in the HIV-1 envelope that could be targeted for small-molecule inhibitor discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muddegowda Umashankara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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10
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Schreiber G, Walter MR. Cytokine-receptor interactions as drug targets. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010; 14:511-9. [PMID: 20619718 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.06.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are essential proteins that exert potent control over entire cell populations to fight infections and other pathologies, but can by themselves cause disease. Therefore, cytokine-related drugs act either by stimulating or blocking their activities. Our knowledge of the structures of cytokine-receptor complexes, the biophysical basis of their binding, and their mode of biological activation has substantially increased in recent years. This knowledge has been translated into new drugs and drug candidates. This review summarizes our current understanding of the receptor-mediated activity of cytokines, their relation to health and disease, and the agents in use to activate and block their actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Schreiber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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11
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Gopi H, Cocklin S, Pirrone V, McFadden K, Tuzer F, Zentner I, Ajith S, Baxter S, Jawanda N, Krebs FC, Chaiken IM. Introducing metallocene into a triazole peptide conjugate reduces its off-rate and enhances its affinity and antiviral potency for HIV-1 gp120. J Mol Recognit 2009; 22:169-74. [PMID: 18498083 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we identified a high affinity and potency metallocene-containing triazole peptide conjugate that suppresses the interactions of HIV-1 envelope gp120 at both its CD4 and co-receptor binding sites. The ferrocene-peptide conjugate, HNG-156, was formed by an on-resin copper-catalysed [2+3] cycloaddition reaction. Surface plasmon resonance interaction analysis revealed that, compared to a previously reported phenyl-containing triazole conjugate HNG-105 (105), peptide 156 had a higher direct binding affinity for several subtypes of HIV-1 gp120 due mainly to the decreased dissociation rate of the conjugate-gp120 complex. The ferrocene triazole conjugate bound to gp120 of both clade A (92UG037-08) and clade B (YU-2 and SF162) virus subtypes with nanomolar KD in direct binding and inhibited the binding of gp120 to soluble CD4 and to antibodies that bind to HIV-1YU-2 gp120 at both the CD4 binding site and CD4-induced binding sites. HNG-156 showed a close-to nanomolar IC50 for inhibiting cell infection by HIV-1BaL whole virus. The dual receptor site antagonist activity and potency of HNG-156 make it a promising viral envelope inhibitor lead for developing anti-HIV-1 treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosahudya Gopi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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12
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Gopi H, Umashankara M, Pirrone V, LaLonde J, Madani N, Tuzer F, Baxter S, Zentner I, Cocklin S, Jawanda N, Miller SR, Schön A, Klein JC, Freire E, Krebs FC, Smith AB, Sodroski J, Chaiken I. Structural determinants for affinity enhancement of a dual antagonist peptide entry inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type-1. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2638-47. [PMID: 18402432 PMCID: PMC2921370 DOI: 10.1021/jm070814r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity correlations were investigated for substituted peptide conjugates that function as dual receptor site antagonists of HIV-1 gp120. A series of peptide conjugates were constructed via click reaction of both aryl and alkyl acetylenes with an internally incorporated azidoproline 6 derived from the parent peptide 1 (12p1, RINNIPWSEAMM). Compared to 1, many of these conjugates were found to exhibit several orders of magnitude increase in both affinity for HIV-1 gp120 and inhibition potencies at both the CD4 and coreceptor binding sites of gp120. We sought to determine structural factors in the added triazole grouping responsible for the increased binding affinity and antiviral activity of the dual inhibitor conjugates. We measured peptide conjugate potencies in both kinetic and cell infection assays. High affinity was sterically specific, being exhibited by the cis- but not the trans-triazole. The results demonstrate that aromatic, hydrophobic, and steric features in the residue 6 side-chain are important for increased affinity and inhibition. Optimizing these features provides a basis for developing gp120 dual inhibitors into peptidomimetic and increasingly smaller molecular weight entry antagonist leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosahudya Gopi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - M. Umashankara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Vanessa Pirrone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Judith LaLonde
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA
| | - Navid Madani
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ferit Tuzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Sabine Baxter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Isaac Zentner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Simon Cocklin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Navneet Jawanda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Shendra R. Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Jeffrey C. Klein
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Ernesto Freire
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Fred C. Krebs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
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13
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Ishino T, Harrington AE, Zaks-Zilberman M, Scibek JJ, Chaiken I. Slow-dissociation effect of common signaling subunit beta c on IL5 and GM-CSF receptor assembly. Cytokine 2008; 42:179-190. [PMID: 18294864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Receptor activation by IL5 and GM-CSF is a sequential process that depends on their interaction with a cytokine-specific subunit alpha and recruitment of a common signaling subunit beta (betac). In order to elucidate the assembly dynamics of these receptor subunits, we performed kinetic interaction analysis of the cytokine-receptor complex formation by a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Using the extracellular domains of receptor fused with C-terminal V5-tag, we developed an assay method to co-anchor alpha and betac subunits on the biosensor surface. We demonstrated that dissociation of the cytokine-receptor complexes was slower when both subunits were co-anchored on the biosensor surface than when alpha subunit alone was anchored. The slow-dissociation effect of betac had a similar impact on GM-CSF receptor stabilization to that of IL5. The effects were abolished by alanine replacement of either Tyr18 or Tyr344 residue in betac, which together constitute key parts of a cytokine binding epitope. The data argue that betac plays an important role in preventing the ligand-receptor complexes from rapidly dissociating. This slow-dissociation effect of betac explains how, when multiple betac cytokine receptor alpha subunits are present on the same cell surface, selective betac usage can be controlled by sequestration in stabilized cytokine-alpha-betac complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ishino
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 245 North, 15th Street, Mail Stop 497, New College Building, Room 11102, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA
| | - Adrian E Harrington
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 245 North, 15th Street, Mail Stop 497, New College Building, Room 11102, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA
| | - Meirav Zaks-Zilberman
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 245 North, 15th Street, Mail Stop 497, New College Building, Room 11102, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA
| | - Jeffery J Scibek
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 245 North, 15th Street, Mail Stop 497, New College Building, Room 11102, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 245 North, 15th Street, Mail Stop 497, New College Building, Room 11102, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA.
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14
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Beattie J, Phillips K, Shand JH, Szymanowska M, Flint DJ, Allan GJ. Molecular interactions in the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis: a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based biosensor study. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 307:221-36. [PMID: 17899320 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review describes a comprehensive analysis of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensor study of molecular interactions in the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) molecular axis. In this study, we focus on the interaction between the polypeptide growth factors IGF-I and IGF-II with six soluble IGF binding proteins (IGFBP 1-6), which occur naturally in various biological fluids. We have describe the conditions required for the accurate determination of kinetic rate constants for these interactions and highlight the experimental and theoretical pitfalls, which may be encountered in the early stages of such a study. We focus on IGFBP-5 and describe a site-directed mutagenesis study, which examines the contribution of various residues in the protein to high affinity interaction with IGF-I and -II. We analyse the interaction of IGFBP-5 (and IGFBP-3) with heparin and other biomolecules and describe experiments, which were designed to monitor multi-protein complex formation in this molecular axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Beattie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Science, Royal College Building, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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15
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2006 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2007; 20:300-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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