1
|
Feng X, Ye Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhao S, Mak JCW, Otomo N, Zhao Z, Niu Y, Yonezawa Y, Li G, Lin M, Li X, Cheung PWH, Xu K, Takeda K, Wang S, Xie J, Kotani T, Choi VNT, Song YQ, Yang Y, Luk KDK, Lee KS, Li Z, Li PS, Leung CYH, Lin X, Wang X, Qiu G, Watanabe K, Wu Z, Posey JE, Ikegawa S, Lupski JR, Cheung JPY, Zhang TJ, Gao B, Wu N. Core planar cell polarity genes VANGL1 and VANGL2 in predisposition to congenital vertebral malformations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310283121. [PMID: 38669183 PMCID: PMC11067467 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310283121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital scoliosis (CS), affecting approximately 0.5 to 1 in 1,000 live births, is commonly caused by congenital vertebral malformations (CVMs) arising from aberrant somitogenesis or somite differentiation. While Wnt/ß-catenin signaling has been implicated in somite development, the function of Wnt/planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) signaling in this process remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of Vangl1 and Vangl2 in vertebral development and found that their deletion causes vertebral anomalies resembling human CVMs. Analysis of exome sequencing data from multiethnic CS patients revealed a number of rare and deleterious variants in VANGL1 and VANGL2, many of which exhibited loss-of-function and dominant-negative effects. Zebrafish models confirmed the pathogenicity of these variants. Furthermore, we found that Vangl1 knock-in (p.R258H) mice exhibited vertebral malformations in a Vangl gene dose- and environment-dependent manner. Our findings highlight critical roles for PCP signaling in vertebral development and predisposition to CVMs in CS patients, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, all at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
- Key laboratory of big data for spinal deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yongyu Ye
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510080, China
| | - Jianan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yuanqiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan250012, China
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, all at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing100730, China
| | - Judith C. W. Mak
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Nao Otomo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo108-8639, Japan
| | - Zhengye Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, all at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing100730, China
| | - Yuchen Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing100730, China
- Department of Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
| | - Yoshiro Yonezawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo108-8639, Japan
| | - Guozhuang Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, all at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing100730, China
| | - Mao Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310003, China
| | - Xiaoxin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing100730, China
- Department of Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
| | - Prudence Wing Hang Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kexin Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, all at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing100730, China
| | - Kazuki Takeda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo108-8639, Japan
| | - Shengru Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, all at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
| | - Junjie Xie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Toshiaki Kotani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo160-8582, Japan
| | - Vanessa N. T. Choi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - You-Qiang Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen518009, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, all at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing100730, China
| | - Keith Dip Kei Luk
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kin Shing Lee
- Center for Comparative Medicine Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ziquan Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, all at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing100730, China
| | - Pik Shan Li
- Center for Comparative Medicine Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Connie Y. H. Leung
- Center for Comparative Medicine Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Xiaochen Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, all at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing100730, China
| | | | - Kota Watanabe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo160-8582, Japan
| | | | - Zhihong Wu
- Department of Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
| | - Jennifer E. Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston77030, TX
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo108-8639, Japan
| | - James R. Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston77030, TX
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston77030, TX
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston77030, TX
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston77030, TX
| | - Jason Pui Yin Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen518009, China
| | - Terry Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, all at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
- Key laboratory of big data for spinal deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing100730, China
| | - Bo Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen518009, China
- Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, all at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
- Key laboratory of big data for spinal deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing100730, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oxman E, Li H, Wang HY, Zohn IE. Identification and functional analysis of rare HECTD1 missense variants in human neural tube defects. Hum Genet 2024; 143:263-277. [PMID: 38451291 PMCID: PMC11043113 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-024-02647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are severe malformations of the central nervous system that arise from failure of neural tube closure. HECTD1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase required for cranial neural tube closure in mouse models. NTDs in the Hectd1 mutant mouse model are due to the failure of cranial mesenchyme morphogenesis during neural fold elevation. Our earlier research has linked increased extracellular heat shock protein 90 (eHSP90) secretion to aberrant cranial mesenchyme morphogenesis in the Hectd1 model. Furthermore, overexpression of HECTD1 suppresses stress-induced eHSP90 secretion in cell lines. In this study, we report the identification of five rare HECTD1 missense sequence variants in NTD cases. The variants were found through targeted next-generation sequencing in a Chinese cohort of 352 NTD cases and 224 ethnically matched controls. We present data showing that HECTD1 is a highly conserved gene, extremely intolerant to loss-of-function mutations and missense changes. To evaluate the functional consequences of NTD-associated missense variants, functional assays in HEK293T cells were performed to examine protein expression and the ability of HECTD1 sequence variants to suppress eHSP90 secretion. One NTD-associated variant (A1084T) had significantly reduced expression in HEK293T cells. All five NTD-associated variants (p.M392V, p.T801I, p.I906V, p.A1084T, and p.P1835L) reduced regulation of eHSP90 secretion by HECTD1, while a putative benign variant (p.P2474L) did not. These findings are the first association of HECTD1 sequence variation with NTDs in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Oxman
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Research and Innovation Campus, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20012, USA
| | - Huili Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Hong-Yan Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, State Key Laboratory of Genetic, Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Irene E Zohn
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Research and Innovation Campus, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20012, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oxman E, Li H, Wang HY, Zohn I. Identification and Functional Analysis of Rare HECTD1 Missense Variants in Human Neural Tube Defects. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3794712. [PMID: 38260607 PMCID: PMC10802691 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3794712/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are severe malformations of the central nervous system that arise from failure of neural tube closure. HECTD1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase required for cranial neural tube closure in mouse models. NTDs in the Hectd1 mutant mouse model are due to the failure of cranial mesenchyme morphogenesis during neural fold elevation. Our earlier research has linked increased secretion of extracellular heat shock protein 90 (eHSP90) to aberrant cranial mesenchyme morphogenesis in the Hectd1 model. Furthermore, overexpression of HECTD1 suppresses stress-induced eHSP90 secretion in cell lines. In this study, we report the identification of five rare HECTD1 missense sequence variants in NTD cases. The variants were found through targeted next-generation sequencing in a Chinese cohort of 352 NTD cases and 224 ethnically matched controls. We present data showing that HECTD1 is a highly conserved gene, extremely intolerant to loss-of-function mutations and missense changes. To evaluate the functional consequences of NTD-associated missense variants, functional assays in HEK293T cells were performed to examine protein expression and the ability of HECTD1 sequence variants to suppress eHSP90 secretion. One NTD-associated variant (A1084T) had significantly reduced expression in HEK293T cells. All five NTD-associated variants (p.M392V, p.T801I, p.I906V, p.A1084T, and p.P1835L) reduced regulation of eHSP90 secretion by HECTD1, while a putative benign variant (p.P2474L) did not. These findings are the first association of HECTD1 sequence variation with human disease and suggest that sequence variation in HECTD1 may play a role in the etiology of human NTDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Huili Li
- University of Colorado at Boulder
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Takahashi-Kanemitsu A, Lu M, Knight CT, Yamamoto T, Hayashi T, Mii Y, Ooki T, Kikuchi I, Kikuchi A, Barker N, Susaki EA, Taira M, Hatakeyama M. The Helicobacter pylori CagA oncoprotein disrupts Wnt/PCP signaling and promotes hyperproliferation of pyloric gland base cells. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eabp9020. [PMID: 37463245 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abp9020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori strains that deliver the oncoprotein CagA into gastric epithelial cells are the major etiologic agents of upper gastric diseases including gastric cancer. CagA promotes gastric carcinogenesis through interactions with multiple host proteins. Here, we show that CagA also disrupts Wnt-dependent planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP), which orients cells within the plane of an epithelium and coordinates collective cell behaviors such as convergent extension to enable epithelial elongation during development. Ectopic expression of CagA in Xenopus laevis embryos impaired gastrulation, neural tube formation, and axis elongation, processes driven by convergent extension movements that depend on the Wnt/PCP pathway. Mice specifically expressing CagA in the stomach epithelium had longer pyloric glands and mislocalization of the tetraspanin proteins VANGL1 and VANGL2 (VANGL1/2), which are critical components of Wnt/PCP signaling. The increased pyloric gland length was due to hyperproliferation of cells at the gland base, where Lgr5+ stem and progenitor cells reside, and was associated with fewer differentiated enteroendocrine cells. In cultured human gastric epithelial cells, the N terminus of CagA interacted with the C-terminal cytoplasmic tails of VANGL1/2, which impaired Wnt/PCP signaling by inducing the mislocalization of VANGL1/2 from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. Thus, CagA may contribute to the development of gastric cancer by subverting a Wnt/PCP-dependent mechanism that restrains pyloric gland stem cell proliferation and promotes enteroendocrine differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takahashi-Kanemitsu
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biomedicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Mengxue Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Christopher Takaya Knight
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Takuo Hayashi
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mii
- National Institute for Basic Biology and Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takuya Ooki
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbial Carcinogenesis, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Ippei Kikuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbial Carcinogenesis, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Akira Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nick Barker
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
- Division of Epithelial Stem Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 924-1192, Japan
| | - Etsuo A Susaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biomedicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masanori Taira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Masanori Hatakeyama
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbial Carcinogenesis, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
- Research Center of Microbial Carcinogenesis, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Senkevich K, Bandres-Ciga S, Cisterna-García A, Yu E, Bustos BI, Krohn L, Lubbe SJ, Botía JA, Gan-Or Z. Genome-wide association study stratified by MAPT haplotypes identifies potential novel loci in Parkinson's disease. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.04.14.23288478. [PMID: 37292720 PMCID: PMC10246147 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.14.23288478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective To identify genetic factors that may modify the effects of the MAPT locus in Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods We used data from the International Parkinson's Disease Genomics Consortium (IPDGC) and the UK biobank (UKBB). We stratified the IPDGC cohort for carriers of the H1/H1 genotype (PD patients n=8,492 and controls n=6,765) and carriers of the H2 haplotype (with either H1/H2 or H2/H2 genotypes, patients n=4,779 and controls n=4,849) to perform genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Then, we performed replication analyses in the UKBB data. To study the association of rare variants in the new nominated genes, we performed burden analyses in two cohorts (Accelerating Medicines Partnership - Parkinson Disease and UKBB) with a total sample size PD patients n=2,943 and controls n=18,486. Results We identified a novel locus associated with PD among MAPT H1/H1 carriers near EMP1 (rs56312722, OR=0.88, 95%CI= 0.84-0.92, p= 1.80E-08), and a novel locus associated with PD among MAPT H2 carriers near VANGL1 (rs11590278, OR=1.69 95%CI=1.40-2.03, p=2.72E-08). Similar analysis of the UKBB data did not replicate these results and rs11590278 near VANGL1 did have similar effect size and direction in carriers of H2 haplotype, albeit not statistically significant (OR= 1.32, 95%CI= 0.94-1.86, p=0.17). Rare EMP1 variants with high CADD scores were associated with PD in the MAPT H2 stratified analysis (p=9.46E-05), mainly driven by the p.V11G variant. Interpretation We identified several loci potentially associated with PD stratified by MAPT haplotype and larger replication studies are required to confirm these associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Senkevich
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada, Canada
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Data Tecnica International LLC, Washington DC, USA
| | - Alejandro Cisterna-García
- Departamento de Ingeniería de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eric Yu
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bernabe I. Bustos
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lynne Krohn
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Steven J. Lubbe
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Juan A. Botía
- Departamento de Ingeniería de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Ziv Gan-Or
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dreyer CA, VanderVorst K, Carraway KL. Vangl as a Master Scaffold for Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity Signaling in Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:887100. [PMID: 35646914 PMCID: PMC9130715 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.887100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of polarity within tissues and dynamic cellular morphogenetic events are features common to both developing and adult tissues, and breakdown of these programs is associated with diverse human diseases. Wnt/Planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) signaling, a branch of non-canonical Wnt signaling, is critical to the establishment and maintenance of polarity in epithelial tissues as well as cell motility events critical to proper embryonic development. In epithelial tissues, Wnt/PCP-mediated planar polarity relies upon the asymmetric distribution of core proteins to establish polarity, but the requirement for this distribution in Wnt/PCP-mediated cell motility remains unclear. However, in both polarized tissues and migratory cells, the Wnt/PCP-specific transmembrane protein Vangl is required and appears to serve as a scaffold upon which the core pathway components as well as positive and negative regulators of Wnt/PCP signaling assemble. The current literature suggests that the multiple interaction domains of Vangl allow for the binding of diverse signaling partners for the establishment of context- and tissue-specific complexes. In this review we discuss the role of Vangl as a master scaffold for Wnt/PCP signaling in epithelial tissue polarity and cellular motility events in developing and adult tissues, and address how these programs are dysregulated in human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kermit L. Carraway
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
McKnight I, Hart C, Park IH, Shim JW. Genes causing congenital hydrocephalus: Their chromosomal characteristics of telomere proximity and DNA compositions. Exp Neurol 2021; 335:113523. [PMID: 33157092 PMCID: PMC7750280 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Congenital hydrocephalus (CH) is caused by genetic mutations, but whether factors impacting human genetic mutations are disease-specific remains elusive. Given two factors associated with high mutation rates, we reviewed how many disease-susceptible genes match with (i) proximity to telomeres or (ii) high adenine and thymine (A + T) content in human CH as compared to other disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). We extracted genomic information using a genome data viewer. Importantly, 98 of 108 genes causing CH satisfied (i) or (ii), resulting in >90% matching rate. However, such a high accordance no longer sustained as we checked two factors in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and/or familial Parkinson's disease (fPD), resulting in 84% and 59% matching, respectively. A disease-specific matching of telomere proximity or high A + T content predicts causative genes of CH much better than neurodegenerative diseases and other CNS conditions, likely due to sufficient number of known causative genes (n = 108) and precise determination and classification of the genotype and phenotype. Our analysis suggests a need for identifying genetic basis of both factors before human clinical studies, to prioritize putative genes found in preclinical models into the likely (meeting at least one) and more likely candidate (meeting both), which predisposes human genes to mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian McKnight
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Christoph Hart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Joon W Shim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Humphries AC, Narang S, Mlodzik M. Mutations associated with human neural tube defects display disrupted planar cell polarity in Drosophila. eLife 2020; 9:e53532. [PMID: 32234212 PMCID: PMC7180057 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) and neural tube defects (NTDs) are linked, with a subset of NTD patients found to harbor mutations in PCP genes, but there is limited data on whether these mutations disrupt PCP signaling in vivo. The core PCP gene Van Gogh (Vang), Vangl1/2 in mammals, is the most specific for PCP. We thus addressed potential causality of NTD-associated Vangl1/2 mutations, from either mouse or human patients, in Drosophila allowing intricate analysis of the PCP pathway. Introducing the respective mammalian mutations into Drosophila Vang revealed defective phenotypic and functional behaviors, with changes to Vang localization, post-translational modification, and mechanistic function, such as its ability to interact with PCP effectors. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into how different mammalian mutations contribute to developmental disorders and strengthen the link between PCP and NTD. Importantly, analyses of the human mutations revealed that each is a causative factor for the associated NTD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Humphries
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative BiologyNew YorkUnited States
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNew YorkUnited States
| | - Sonali Narang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative BiologyNew YorkUnited States
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNew YorkUnited States
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative BiologyNew YorkUnited States
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNew YorkUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tower-Gilchrist C, Zlatic SA, Yu D, Chang Q, Wu H, Lin X, Faundez V, Chen P. Adaptor protein-3 complex is required for Vangl2 trafficking and planar cell polarity of the inner ear. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2422-2434. [PMID: 31268833 PMCID: PMC6741063 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-08-0592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) regulates coordinated cellular polarity among neighboring cells to establish a polarity axis parallel to the plane of the tissue. Disruption in PCP results in a range of developmental anomalies and diseases. A key feature of PCP is the polarized and asymmetric localization of several membrane PCP proteins, which is essential to establish the polarity axis to orient cells coordinately. However, the machinery that regulates the asymmetric partition of PCP proteins remains largely unknown. In the present study, we show Van gogh-like 2 (Vangl2) in early and recycling endosomes as made evident by colocalization with diverse endosomal Rab proteins. Vangl2 biochemically interacts with adaptor protein-3 complex (AP-3). Using short hairpin RNA knockdown, we found that Vangl2 subcellular localization was modified in AP-3–depleted cells. Moreover, Vangl2 membrane localization within the cochlea is greatly reduced in AP-3–deficient mocha mice, which exhibit profound hearing loss. In inner ears from AP-3–deficient mocha mice, we observed PCP-dependent phenotypes, such as misorientation and deformation of hair cell stereociliary bundles and disorganization of hair cells characteristic of defects in convergent extension that is driven by PCP. These findings demonstrate a novel role of AP-3–mediated sorting mechanisms in regulating PCP proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie A Zlatic
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Dehong Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital and Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital and Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
VANGL2 regulates luminal epithelial organization and cell turnover in the mammary gland. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7079. [PMID: 31068622 PMCID: PMC6506599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The VANGL family of planar cell polarity proteins is implicated in breast cancer however its function in mammary gland biology is unknown. Here, we utilized a panel of Vang1 and Vangl2 mouse alleles to examine the requirement of VANGL family members in the murine mammary gland. We show that Vang1CKOΔ/Δ glands display normal branching while Vangl2flox/flox and Vangl2Lp/Lp tissue exhibit several phenotypes. In MMTV-Cre;Vangl2flox/flox glands, cell turnover is reduced and lumens are narrowed. A Vangl2 missense mutation in the Vangl2Lp/Lp tissue leads to mammary anlage sprouting defects and deficient outgrowth with transplantation of anlage or secondary tissue fragments. In successful Vangl2Lp/Lp outgrowths, three morphological phenotypes are observed: distended ducts, supernumerary end buds, and ectopic acini. Layer specific defects are observed with loss of Vangl2 selectively in either basal or luminal layers of mammary cysts. Loss in the basal compartment inhibits cyst formation, but has the opposite effect in the luminal compartment. Candidate gene analysis on MMTV-Cre;Vangl2flox/flox and Vangl2Lp/Lp tissue reveals a significant reduction in Bmi1 expression, with overexpression of Bmi1 rescuing defects in Vangl2 knockdown cysts. Our results demonstrate that VANGL2 is necessary for normal mammary gland development and indicate differential functional requirements in basal versus luminal mammary compartments.
Collapse
|
11
|
Vangl2 interaction plays a role in the proteasomal degradation of Prickle2. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2912. [PMID: 30814664 PMCID: PMC6393536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The PET and LIM domain-containing protein, Prickle, plays a key role in planar cell polarity (PCP) in Drosophila. It has been reported that mutations in the PRICKLE2 gene, which encodes one of the human orthologues of Prickle, are associated with human diseases such as epilepsy and autism spectrum disorder. To develop preventive and therapeutic strategies for these intractable diseases, we studied the regulation of Prickle2 protein levels in transfected HEK293T cells. Prickle2 levels were negatively regulated by a physical interaction with another PCP protein, Van Gogh-like 2 (Vangl2). The Vangl2-mediated reduction in Prickle2 levels was, at least in part, relieved by proteasome inhibitors or by functional inhibition of the Cullin-1 E3 ubiquitin ligase. Furthermore, the expression of Vangl2 enhanced the polyubiquitination of Prickle2. This ubiquitination was partially blocked by co-expression of a ubiquitin mutant, which cannot be polymerised through their Lys48 residue to induce target proteins toward proteasomal degradation. Together, these results suggest that Prickle2 is polyubiquitinated by the Vangl2 interaction in a Cullin-1-dependent manner to limit its expression levels. This regulation may play a role in the local and temporal fine-tuning of Prickle protein levels during PCP signal-dependent cellular behaviours.
Collapse
|
12
|
Jessen TN, Jessen JR. VANGL2 protein stability is regulated by integrin αv and the extracellular matrix. Exp Cell Res 2018; 374:128-139. [PMID: 30472097 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vang-like 2 (VANGL2) is a four-pass transmembrane protein required for a variety of polarized cell behaviors underlying embryonic development. Recent data show human VANGL2 interacts with integrin αv to control cell adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins. The goal of this study was to further define the functional relationship between integrin αv and VANGL2. We demonstrate integrin αv regulates VANGL2 protein levels both in vitro and in the zebrafish embryo. While integrin αv knockdown reduces VANGL2 expression at membrane compartments, it does not affect VANGL2 transcription. Knockdown of integrin β5, but not β1 or β3, also decreases VANGL2 protein levels. Inhibition of protein translation using cycloheximide demonstrates that integrin αv knockdown cells have increased VANGL2 degradation while interference with either proteasome or lysosome function restores VANGL2. We further show integrin activation and stimulation of cell-matrix adhesion using MnCl2 fails to influence VANGL2. However, MnCl2 treatment stabilizes VANGL2 protein expression levels in the presence of cycloheximide. In the converse experiment, blockage of integrin-mediated cell-matrix adhesion using a cyclic RGD peptide causes a reduction in VANGL2 protein levels. Together, our findings support a model where integrin αv and cellular interactions with the extracellular matrix are required to maintain VANGL2 protein levels and thus function at the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tammy N Jessen
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
| | - Jason R Jessen
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
El-Hassan AR, Leung V, Kharfallah F, Guyot MC, Allache R, Gros P, Kibar Z. Identification and characterization of a novel chemically induced allele at the planar cell polarity gene Vangl2. Mamm Genome 2017; 29:229-244. [PMID: 29063958 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9721-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling controls a number of morphogenetic processes including convergent extension during gastrulation and neural tube formation. Defects in this pathway cause neural tube defects (NTD), the most common malformations of the central nervous system. The Looptail (Lp) mutant mouse was the first mammalian mutant implicating a PCP gene (Vangl2) in the pathogenesis of NTD. We report on a novel chemically induced mutant allele at Vangl2 called Curly Bob that causes a missense mutation p.Ile268Asn (I268N) in the Vangl2 protein. This mutant segregates in a semi-dominant fashion with heterozygote mice displaying a looped tail appearance, bobbing head, and a circling behavior. Homozygote mutant embryos suffer from a severe form of NTD called craniorachischisis, severe PCP defects in the inner hair cells of the cochlea and posterior cristae, and display a distinct defect in retinal axon guidance. This mutant genetically interacts with the Lp allele (Vangl2 S464N ) in neural tube development and inner ear hair cell polarity. The Vangl2I268N protein variant is expressed at very low levels in affected neural and retinal tissues of mutant homozygote embryos. Biochemical studies show that Vangl2I268N exhibits impaired targeting to the plasma membrane and accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum. The Vangl2I268N variant no longer physically interacts with its PCP partner DVL3 and has a reduced protein half-life. This mutant provides an important model for dissecting the role of Vangl2 in the development of the neural tube, establishment of polarity of sensory cells of the auditory and vestibular systems, and retinal axon guidance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Rahman El-Hassan
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vicki Leung
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Fares Kharfallah
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Philippe Gros
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Zoha Kibar
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Neurosciences, CHU Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montréal, 3175 Cote-Sainte-Catherine, Room 3.17.006, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kharfallah F, Guyot MC, El Hassan AR, Allache R, Merello E, De Marco P, Di Cristo G, Capra V, Kibar Z. Scribble1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neural tube defects through its mediating effect of Par-3 and Vangl1/2 localization. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2307-2320. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
|
15
|
Mechanosensory Genes Pkd1 and Pkd2 Contribute to the Planar Polarization of Brain Ventricular Epithelium. J Neurosci 2015; 35:11153-68. [PMID: 26245976 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0686-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Directional beating of ependymal (E) cells' cilia in the walls of the ventricles in the brain is essential for proper CSF flow. E cells display two forms of planar cell polarity (PCP): rotational polarity of individual cilium and translational polarity (asymmetric positioning of cilia in the apical area). The orientation of individual E cells varies according to their location in the ventricular wall (location-specific PCP). It has been hypothesized that hydrodynamic forces on the apical surface of radial glia cells (RGCs), the embryonic precursors of E cells, could guide location-specific PCP in the ventricular epithelium. However, the detection mechanisms for these hydrodynamic forces have not been identified. Here, we show that the mechanosensory proteins polycystic kidney disease 1 (Pkd1) and Pkd2 are present in primary cilia of RGCs. Ablation of Pkd1 or Pkd2 in Nestin-Cre;Pkd1(flox/flox) or Nestin-Cre;Pkd2(flox/flox) mice, affected PCP development in RGCs and E cells. Early shear forces on the ventricular epithelium may activate Pkd1 and Pkd2 in primary cilia of RGCs to properly polarize RGCs and E cells. Consistently, Pkd1, Pkd2, or primary cilia on RGCs were required for the proper asymmetric localization of the PCP protein Vangl2 in E cells' apical area. Analyses of single- and double-heterozygous mutants for Pkd1 and/or Vangl2 suggest that these genes function in the same pathway to establish E cells' PCP. We conclude that Pkd1 and Pkd2 mechanosensory proteins contribute to the development of brain PCP and prevention of hydrocephalus. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study identifies key molecules in the development of planar cell polarity (PCP) in the brain and prevention of hydrocephalus. Multiciliated ependymal (E) cells within the brain ventricular epithelium generate CSF flow through ciliary beating. E cells display location-specific PCP in the orientation and asymmetric positioning of their cilia. Defects in this PCP can result in hydrocephalus. Hydrodynamic forces on radial glial cells (RGCs), the embryonic progenitors of E cells, have been suggested to guide PCP. We show that the mechanosensory proteins Pkd1 and Pkd2 localize to primary cilia in RGCs, and their ablation disrupts the development of PCP in E cells. Early shear forces on RGCs may activate Pkd1 and Pkd2 in RGCs' primary cilia to properly orient E cells. This study identifies key molecules in the development of brain PCP and prevention of hydrocephalus.
Collapse
|
16
|
Leung V, Iliescu A, Jolicoeur C, Gravel M, Apuzzo S, Torban E, Cayouette M, Gros P. The planar cell polarity protein Vangl2 is required for retinal axon guidance. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 76:150-65. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Leung
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University; Montreal Canada
- Department of Human Genetics; McGill University; Montreal Canada
| | - Alexandra Iliescu
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University; Montreal Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; McGill University; Montreal Canada
| | - Christine Jolicoeur
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit; Institut De Recherches Cliniques De Montréal; Montreal Canada
| | - Michel Gravel
- Department of Biochemistry; McGill University; Montreal Canada
| | - Sergio Apuzzo
- Department of Biochemistry; McGill University; Montreal Canada
| | - Elena Torban
- Department of Medicine; McGill University Health Center; Montreal Canada
| | - Michel Cayouette
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit; Institut De Recherches Cliniques De Montréal; Montreal Canada
- Faculty of Medicine; Université De Montréal; Montreal Canada
| | - Philippe Gros
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University; Montreal Canada
- Department of Human Genetics; McGill University; Montreal Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; McGill University; Montreal Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hatakeyama J, Wald JH, Printsev I, Ho HYH, Carraway KL. Vangl1 and Vangl2: planar cell polarity components with a developing role in cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:R345-56. [PMID: 24981109 PMCID: PMC4332879 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancers commonly reactivate embryonic developmental pathways to promote the aggressive behavior of their cells, resulting in metastasis and poor patient outcome. While developmental pathways such as canonical Wnt signaling and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition have received much attention, our understanding of the role of the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway in tumor progression remains rudimentary. Protein components of PCP, including a subset that overlaps with the canonical Wnt pathway, partition in polarized epithelial cells along the planar axis and are required for the establishment and maintenance of lateral epithelial polarity. Significant insight into PCP regulation of developmental and cellular processes has come from analysis of the functions of the core PCP scaffolding proteins Vangl1 and Vangl2. In particular, studies on zebrafish and with Looptail (Lp) mice, which harbor point mutations in Vangl2 that alter its trafficking and localization, point to roles for the PCP pathway in maintaining cell polarization along both the apical-basal and planar axes as well as in collective cell motility and invasiveness. Recent findings have suggested that the Vangls can promote similar processes in tumor cells. Initial data-mining efforts suggest that VANGL1 and VANGL2 are dysregulated in human cancers, and estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer patients whose tumors exhibit elevated VANGL1 expression suffer from shortened overall survival. Overall, evidence is beginning to accumulate that the heightened cellular motility and invasiveness associated with PCP reactivation may contribute to the malignancy of some cancer subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Hatakeyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUC Davis School of Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Research Building III, Room 1100B, 4645 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, California 95817, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jessica H Wald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUC Davis School of Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Research Building III, Room 1100B, 4645 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, California 95817, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Ignat Printsev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUC Davis School of Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Research Building III, Room 1100B, 4645 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, California 95817, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Hsin-Yi Henry Ho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUC Davis School of Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Research Building III, Room 1100B, 4645 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, California 95817, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Kermit L Carraway
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUC Davis School of Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Research Building III, Room 1100B, 4645 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, California 95817, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Iliescu A, Gravel M, Horth C, Gros P. Independent mutations at Arg181 and Arg274 of Vangl proteins that are associated with neural tube defects in humans decrease protein stability and impair membrane targeting. Biochemistry 2014; 53:5356-64. [PMID: 25068569 DOI: 10.1021/bi500400g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, Vangl proteins play important roles during embryogenesis, including establishing planar polarity and coordinating convergent extension movements. In mice, homozygosity for mutations in the Vangl1 and Vangl2 genes or combined heterozygosity for Vangl1/Vangl2 mutations causes the very severe neural tube defect (NTD) craniorachischisis. Recently, a number of patient-specific VANGL1 and VANGL2 protein mutations have been identified in familial and sporadic cases of mild and severe forms of NTDs. The biochemical nature of pathological effects in these mutations remains unknown. Of interest are two arginine residues, R181 and R274, that are highly conserved in Vangl protein homologues and found to be independently mutated in VANGL1 (R181Q and R274Q) and VANGL2 (R177H and R270H) in human cases of NTDs. The cellular and biochemical properties of R181Q and R274Q were established in transfected MDCK kidney epithelial cells and compared to those of wild-type (WT) Vangl1. Compared to that of WT, these mutations displayed impaired targeting to the plasma membrane and were instead detected in an intracellular endomembrane compartment that was positive for the endoplasmic reticulum. R181Q and R274Q showed impaired stability with significant reductions in measured half-lives from >20 h for WT protein to 9 and 5 h, respectively. These mutations have a cellular and biochemical phenotype that is indistinguishable from that of Vangl mutations known to cause craniorachichisis in mice (Lp). These results strongly suggest that R181 and R274 play critical roles in Vangl protein function and that their mutations cause neural tube defects in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Iliescu
- Department of Biochemistry and ‡Complex Traits Group, McGill University , Montreal, QC, Canada H3G-0B1
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Iliescu A, Gros P. The intracellular carboxyl terminal domain of Vangl proteins contains plasma membrane targeting signals. Protein Sci 2014; 23:337-43. [PMID: 24452931 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Vangl1 and Vangl2 are integral membrane proteins that play a critical role in establishing planar cell polarity (PCP) in epithelial cells and are required for convergent extension (CE) movements during embryogenesis. Their proper targeting to the plasma membrane (PM) is required for function. We created discrete deletions at the amino and carboxy termini of Vangl1 and monitored the effect of the mutations on PM targeting in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Our results show that the Vangl1 amino terminus lacks PM targeting determinants, and these are restricted to the carboxy terminus, including the predicted PDZBM motif at the C-terminus.
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang X, Fisher DA, Cheyette BN. SEC14 and Spectrin Domains 1 (Sestd1), Dishevelled 2 (Dvl2) and Dapper Antagonist of Catenin-1 (Dact1) co-regulate the Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway during mammalian development. Commun Integr Biol 2013; 6:e26834. [PMID: 24505507 PMCID: PMC3914910 DOI: 10.4161/cib.26834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that Sestd1 KO phenocopies Dact1 KO in mice, consistent with a model in which Sestd1 and Dact1 act together to form a crucial functional complex that regulates Vangl2 in the Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway. Here, we show that Dvl2, a binding partner of Dact1, also forms complexes with Sestd1, and does so independently of both Dact1 and Vangl2. In cell-based assays, whereas Sestd1 does not alter Dvl2 activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, Dvl2 enhances activation of Rho family GTPases by Dact1 and Sestd1, consistent with a role in the PCP pathway. In mice, although Dvl2 KO is recessive in an otherwise wild type background, it leads to dominant embryonic lethality in either the Sestd1 or Dact1 KO background. This genetic synergy stands in contrast to the epistasis we have previously reported between Sestd1 and Dact1 KO, and suggests independent or semi-independent functions for Dvl2 vs. Sestd1/Dact1 in the regulation of the PCP pathway during development. In conclusion, biochemical and genetic interactions between Dvl2, Sestd1, and Dact1, in addition to prior reported interactions between these same molecules and Vangl2, suggest that all these gene products can form complexes together and regulate the PCP pathway during mammalian development. However, Sestd1 and Dact1 have a closely allied function in the post-translational regulation of Vangl2 that is at least partially distinct from the functions of Dvl2 in this pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Yang
- The Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology; Department of Psychiatry; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Daniel A Fisher
- The Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology; Department of Psychiatry; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Benjamin Nr Cheyette
- The Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology; Department of Psychiatry; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Escobedo N, Contreras O, Muñoz R, Farías M, Carrasco H, Hill C, Tran U, Pryor SE, Wessely O, Copp AJ, Larraín J. Syndecan 4 interacts genetically with Vangl2 to regulate neural tube closure and planar cell polarity. Development 2013; 140:3008-17. [PMID: 23760952 PMCID: PMC3699283 DOI: 10.1242/dev.091173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Syndecan 4 (Sdc4) is a cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) that regulates gastrulation, neural tube closure and directed neural crest migration in Xenopus development. To determine whether Sdc4 participates in Wnt/PCP signaling during mouse development, we evaluated a possible interaction between a null mutation of Sdc4 and the loop-tail allele of Vangl2. Sdc4 is expressed in multiple tissues, but particularly in the non-neural ectoderm, hindgut and otic vesicles. Sdc4;Vangl2Lp compound mutant mice have defective spinal neural tube closure, disrupted orientation of the stereocilia bundles in the cochlea and delayed wound healing, demonstrating a strong genetic interaction. In Xenopus, co-injection of suboptimal amounts of Sdc4 and Vangl2 morpholinos resulted in a significantly greater proportion of embryos with defective neural tube closure than each individual morpholino alone. To probe the mechanism of this interaction, we overexpressed or knocked down Vangl2 function in HEK293 cells. The Sdc4 and Vangl2 proteins colocalize, and Vangl2, particularly the Vangl2Lp mutant form, diminishes Sdc4 protein levels. Conversely, Vangl2 knockdown enhances Sdc4 protein levels. Overall HSPG steady-state levels were regulated by Vangl2, suggesting a molecular mechanism for the genetic interaction in which Vangl2Lp/+ enhances the Sdc4-null phenotype. This could be mediated via heparan sulfate residues, as Vangl2Lp/+ embryos fail to initiate neural tube closure and develop craniorachischisis (usually seen only in Vangl2Lp/Lp) when cultured in the presence of chlorate, a sulfation inhibitor. These results demonstrate that Sdc4 can participate in the Wnt/PCP pathway, unveiling its importance during neural tube closure in mammalian embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Escobedo
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Millennium Nucleus in Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340 Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zohn IE. Mouse as a model for multifactorial inheritance of neural tube defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 96:193-205. [PMID: 22692891 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) such as spina bifida and anencephaly are some of the most common structural birth defects found in humans. These defects occur due to failures of neurulation, a process where the flat neural plate rolls into a tube. In spite of their prevalence, the causes of NTDs are poorly understood. The multifactorial threshold model best describes the pattern of inheritance of NTDs where multiple undefined gene variants interact with environmental factors to cause an NTD. To date, mouse models have implicated a multitude of genes as required for neurulation, providing a mechanistic understanding of the cellular and molecular pathways that control neurulation. However, the majority of these mouse models exhibit NTDs with a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. Still, many examples of multifactorial inheritance have been demonstrated in mouse models of NTDs. These include null and hypomorphic alleles of neurulation genes that interact in a complex fashion with other genetic mutations or environmental factors to cause NTDs. These models have implicated several genes and pathways for testing as candidates for the genetic basis of NTDs in humans, resulting in identification of putative pathogenic mutations in some patients. Mouse models also provide an experimental paradigm to gain a mechanistic understanding of the environmental factors that influence NTD occurrence, such as folic acid and maternal diabetes, and have led to the discovery of additional preventative nutritional supplements such as inositol. This review provides examples of how multifactorial inheritance of NTDs can be modeled in the mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene E Zohn
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bartsch O, Kirmes I, Thiede A, Lechno S, Gocan H, Florian IS, Haaf T, Zechner U, Sabova L, Horn F. Novel VANGL1 Gene Mutations in 144 Slovakian, Romanian and German Patients with Neural Tube Defects. Mol Syndromol 2012; 3:76-81. [PMID: 23326252 DOI: 10.1159/000339668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are a group of congenital malformations of the central nervous system occurring at an average rate of 1 per 1,000 human pregnancies worldwide. Numerous genetic and environmental factors are discussed to be relevant in their etiology. In mice, mutants in >200 genes including the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway are known to cause NTDs, and recently, heterozygous mutations in the human VANGL1 gene have been described in a small subset of patients with NTDs. We performed a VANGL1 mutation analysis in 144 unrelated individuals with NTDs from Slovakia, Romania and Germany and identified 3 heterozygous missense mutations: c.613G>A (p.Gly205Arg) with an open spina bifida (lumbosacral meningomyelocele), c.557G>A (p.Arg186His) with a closed spina bifida (tethered cord and spinal lipoma) and c.518G>A (p.Arg173His) with an unknown NTD. The c.613G>A mutation was also found in a healthy sibling. None of the mutations were described previously. Findings support that heterozygous VANGL1 mutations represent hypomorphs or conditional mutants predisposing to NTDs and occur at a frequency of approximately 2.1% of open and closed spinal NTDs. The mutations (p.Arg173His, p.Arg186His, p.Gly205Arg) modified conserved regions of the VANGL1 protein and shared similarities with previously described mutants, providing further evidence for the presence of mutational hot spots in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Bartsch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Glasco DM, Sittaramane V, Bryant W, Fritzsch B, Sawant A, Paudyal A, Stewart M, Andre P, Cadete Vilhais-Neto G, Yang Y, Song MR, Murdoch JN, Chandrasekhar A. The mouse Wnt/PCP protein Vangl2 is necessary for migration of facial branchiomotor neurons, and functions independently of Dishevelled. Dev Biol 2012; 369:211-22. [PMID: 22771245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During development, facial branchiomotor (FBM) neurons, which innervate muscles in the vertebrate head, migrate caudally and radially within the brainstem to form a motor nucleus at the pial surface. Several components of the Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, including the transmembrane protein Vangl2, regulate caudal migration of FBM neurons in zebrafish, but their roles in neuronal migration in mouse have not been investigated in detail. Therefore, we analyzed FBM neuron migration in mouse looptail (Lp) mutants, in which Vangl2 is inactivated. In Vangl2(Lp/+) and Vangl2(Lp/Lp) embryos, FBM neurons failed to migrate caudally from rhombomere (r) 4 into r6. Although caudal migration was largely blocked, many FBM neurons underwent normal radial migration to the pial surface of the neural tube. In addition, hindbrain patterning and FBM progenitor specification were intact, and FBM neurons did not transfate into other non-migratory neuron types, indicating a specific effect on caudal migration. Since loss-of-function in some zebrafish Wnt/PCP genes does not affect caudal migration of FBM neurons, we tested whether this was also the case in mouse. Embryos null for Ptk7, a regulator of PCP signaling, had severe defects in caudal migration of FBM neurons. However, FBM neurons migrated normally in Dishevelled (Dvl) 1/2 double mutants, and in zebrafish embryos with disrupted Dvl signaling, suggesting that Dvl function is essentially dispensable for FBM neuron caudal migration. Consistent with this, loss of Dvl2 function in Vangl2(Lp/+) embryos did not exacerbate the Vangl2(Lp/+) neuronal migration phenotype. These data indicate that caudal migration of FBM neurons is regulated by multiple components of the Wnt/PCP pathway, but, importantly, may not require Dishevelled function. Interestingly, genetic-interaction experiments suggest that rostral FBM neuron migration, which is normally suppressed, depends upon Dvl function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derrick M Glasco
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Elliott DA, Kim WS, Gorissen S, Halliday GM, Kwok JBJ. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 and alternative splicing in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2012; 27:1004-11. [PMID: 22528366 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) and are associated with pleiomorphic neuropathology. We hypothesize that LRRK2 mediates its pathogenic effect through alternative splicing of neurodegeneration genes. Methods used in this study included western blotting analysis of subcellular protein fractions, exon-array analysis of RNA from cultured neuroblastoma cells transfected with LRRK2 expression vectors, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of RNA from cultured cells and postmortem tissue. Overexpression of the LRRK2 G2019S mutant resulted in a significant (2.6-fold; P = 0.020) decrease in nuclear transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 levels. Exon-array analyses revealed that wild-type LRRK2 had a significant effect on the expression of genes with nuclear (P < 10(-22) ) and cell-cycle functions (P < 10(-15) ). We replicated changes in gene expression in 30% of selected genes by quantitative RT-PCR. Overexpression of LRRK2 resulted in the altered splicing of two genes associated with PD, with an increased inclusion of exon 10 of microtubule-associated protein tau (1.7-fold; P = 0.001) and exon 5 of the alpha-synuclein (SNCA) gene (1.6-fold; P =0.005). Moreover, overexpression of LRRK2 (G2019S) and two mutant genes associated with neurodegeneration, TARDBP (M337V) and FUS (R521H), were associated with decreased inclusion out of the dystonin (DST) 1e precursor exons in SK-N-MC cells. Altered splicing of SNCA (1.9-fold; P < 0.001) and DST genes (log(2) 2.3-fold; P = 0.005) was observed in a cohort of PD, compared with neurologically healthy, brains. This suggests that aberrant RNA metabolism is an important contributor to idiopathic PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Elliott
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St., Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The mammalian Vangl1 and Vangl2 genes were discovered a decade ago through their association with neural tube defects, in particular the presence of Vangl2 mutations in independent alleles of the mouse mutant Loop-tail (Lp), a mouse model of the severe neural tube defect craniorachischisis. Vangl1 and Vangl2 variants have also been detected in familial and sporadic cases of spina bifida. Vangl proteins are highly conserved in evolution with relatives in flies, and distant invertebrates and vertebrates. In these organisms, they play a central role in planar cell polarity (PCP) and convergent extension (CE) movements. Over the past decade, these functional characteristics have also been established for mammalian Vangl genes. The careful analysis of mouse Vangl genes mutants has showed that these genes and the associated PCP pathway and CE movements are involved in many unexpected developmental processes, from morphogenesis of different tissues, left-right asymmetry, asymmetric cell division, and organization of many epithelial structures, as well as positioning and function of cellular appendages. Genetic studies in double mutants and biochemical studies of interacting proteins have started to elucidate the molecular pathways in which Vangl proteins participate and that regulate these complex events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Torban
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Robinson A, Escuin S, Doudney K, Vekemans M, Stevenson RE, Greene NDE, Copp AJ, Stanier P. Mutations in the planar cell polarity genes CELSR1 and SCRIB are associated with the severe neural tube defect craniorachischisis. Hum Mutat 2011; 33:440-7. [PMID: 22095531 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Craniorachischisis (CRN) is a severe neural tube defect (NTD) resulting from failure to initiate closure, leaving the hindbrain and spinal neural tube entirely open. Clues to the genetic basis of this condition come from several mouse models, which harbor mutations in core members of the planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway. Previous studies of humans with CRN failed to identify mutations in the core PCP genes, VANGL1 and VANGL2. Here, we analyzed other key PCP genes: CELSR1, PRICKLE1, PTK7, and SCRIB, with the finding of eight potentially causative mutations in both CELSR1 and SCRIB. Functional effects of these unique or rare human variants were evaluated using known protein-protein interactions as well as subcellular protein localization. While protein interactions were not affected, variants from five of the 36 patients exhibited a profound alteration in subcellular protein localization, with diminution or abolition of trafficking to the plasma membrane. Comparable effects were seen in the crash and spin cycle mouse Celsr1 mutants, and the line-90 mouse Scrib mutant. We conclude that missense variants in CELSR1 and SCRIB may represent a cause of CRN in humans, as in mice, with defective PCP protein trafficking to the plasma membrane a likely pathogenic mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Robinson
- UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Guyot MC, Bosoi CM, Kharfallah F, Reynolds A, Drapeau P, Justice M, Gros P, Kibar Z. A novel hypomorphic Looptail allele at the planar cell polarity Vangl2 gene. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:839-49. [PMID: 21404367 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vangl2 forms part of the planar cell polarity signalling pathway and is the gene defective in the Looptail (Lp) mouse mutant. Two previously described alleles, Lp and Lp(m1Jus) , segregate in a semi-dominant fashion, with heterozygotes displaying the looped-tail appearance, while homozygotes show the neural tube defect called craniorachischisis. Here, we report a novel experimentally induced allele, Lp(m2Jus) , that carries a missense mutation, R259L, in Vangl2. This mutation was specific to the Lp phenotype and absent from both parental strains and 28 other inbred strains. Notably, this mutation segregates in a recessive manner with all heterozygotes appearing normal and 47% of homozygotes showing a looped-tail. Homozygous Lp(m2Jus) embryos showed spina bifida in 12%. Lp(m2Jus) genetically interacts with Lp with 77% of compound heterozygotes displaying craniorachischisis. Vangl2(R259L) behaved like the wild-type allele in overexpression and morpholino knockdown/rescue assays in zebrafish embryos. These data suggest that Lp(m2Jus) represents a new hypomorphic allele of Lp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Guyot
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHU Sainte Justine Research Center and University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|