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Pan Y, Zhang H, Li M, He T, Guo S, Zhu L, Tan J, Wang B. Novel approaches in IBD therapy: targeting the gut microbiota-bile acid axis. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2356284. [PMID: 38769683 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2356284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and recurrent condition affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Disturbed gut microbiota and abnormal bile acid (BA) metabolism are notable in IBD, suggesting a bidirectional relationship. Specifically, the diversity of the gut microbiota influences BA composition, whereas altered BA profiles can disrupt the microbiota. IBD patients often exhibit increased primary bile acid and reduced secondary bile acid concentrations due to a diminished bacteria population essential for BA metabolism. This imbalance activates BA receptors, undermining intestinal integrity and immune function. Consequently, targeting the microbiota-BA axis may rectify these disturbances, offering symptomatic relief in IBD. Here, the interplay between gut microbiota and bile acids (BAs) is reviewed, with a particular focus on the role of gut microbiota in mediating bile acid biotransformation, and contributions of the gut microbiota-BA axis to IBD pathology to unveil potential novel therapeutic avenues for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Minghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Tingjing He
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Sihao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Liancai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological & Chemical engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
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Kędzierski J, Allard JA, Odermatt A, Smieško M. Assessment of the inhibitory potential of anabolic steroids towards human AKR1D1 by computational methods and in vitro evaluation. Toxicol Lett 2023; 384:1-13. [PMID: 37451653 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to xenobiotics can adversely affect biochemical reactions, including hepatic bile acid synthesis. Bile acids are essential for dissolving lipophilic compounds in the hydrophilic environment of the gastrointestinal tract. The critical micellar concentration of bile acids depends on the Δ4-reduction stereochemistry, with the 3-oxo-5β-steroid-Δ4-dehydrogenase (AKR1D1) introducing the cis ring A/B conformation. Loss-of-function mutations in AKR1D1 cause hepatic cholestasis, which, if left untreated can progress into steatosis and liver cirrhosis. Furthermore, AKR1D1 is involved in clearing steroids with an A-ring Δ4-double bond. Here, we tested whether anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), often taken off-label at high doses, might inhibit AKR1D1, thereby potentially causing hepatotoxicity. A computational molecular model was established and used for virtual screening of the DrugBank database consisting of 2740 molecules, yielding mainly steroidal hits. Fourteen AAS were selected for in vitro evaluation, as such compounds can reach high hepatic concentrations in an abuse situation. Nandrolone, clostebol, methasterone, drostanolone, and methenolone inhibited to various extent the AKR1D1-mediated reduction of testosterone. Molecular modeling suggests that 9 out of 14 investigated AAS are competitive inhibitors. Moreover quantum mechanical calculations show that nadrolone and clostebol are substrates of AKR1D1 with different activation energy barriers for the hydrogen transfer from cofactor to the C5 position affecting their turnover. In this multidisciplinary approach, we established a molecular model of AKR1D1, identified several AAS as inhibitors, and described their binding mode. This approach may be applied to study other classes of inhibitors including non-steroidal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Kędzierski
- Computational Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel 4056, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Human Applied Toxicology, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, Basel 4055, Switzerland
| | - Julien A Allard
- Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel 4056, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Human Applied Toxicology, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, Basel 4055, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel 4056, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Human Applied Toxicology, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, Basel 4055, Switzerland
| | - Martin Smieško
- Computational Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel 4056, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Human Applied Toxicology, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, Basel 4055, Switzerland.
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Fujii J, Homma T, Miyata S, Takahashi M. Pleiotropic Actions of Aldehyde Reductase (AKR1A). Metabolites 2021; 11:343. [PMID: 34073440 PMCID: PMC8227408 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide an overview of the physiological roles of aldehyde reductase (AKR1A) and also discuss the functions of aldose reductase (AKR1B) and other family members when necessary. Many types of aldehyde compounds are cytotoxic and some are even carcinogenic. Such toxic aldehydes are detoxified via the action of AKR in an NADPH-dependent manner and the resulting products may exert anti-diabetic and anti-tumorigenic activity. AKR1A is capable of reducing 3-deoxyglucosone and methylglyoxal, which are reactive intermediates that are involved in glycation, a non-enzymatic glycosylation reaction. Accordingly, AKR1A is thought to suppress the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and prevent diabetic complications. AKR1A and, in part, AKR1B are responsible for the conversion of d-glucuronate to l-gulonate which constitutes a process for ascorbate (vitamin C) synthesis in competent animals. AKR1A is also involved in the reduction of S-nitrosylated glutathione and coenzyme A and thereby suppresses the protein S-nitrosylation that occurs under conditions in which the production of nitric oxide is stimulated. As the physiological functions of AKR1A are currently not completely understood, the genetic modification of Akr1a could reveal the latent functions of AKR1A and differentiate it from other family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan;
| | - Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan;
| | - Satoshi Miyata
- Miyata Diabetes and Metabolism Clinic, 5-17-21 Fukushima, Fukushima-ku, Osaka 553-0003, Japan;
| | - Motoko Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan;
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Appanna N, Gibson H, Gangitano E, Dempster NJ, Morris K, George S, Arvaniti A, Gathercole LL, Keevil B, Penning TM, Storbeck KH, Tomlinson JW, Nikolaou N. Differential activity and expression of human 5β-reductase (AKR1D1) splice variants. J Mol Endocrinol 2021; 66:181-194. [PMID: 33502336 PMCID: PMC7965358 DOI: 10.1530/jme-20-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormones, including glucocorticoids and androgens, exert a wide variety of effects in the body across almost all tissues. The steroid A-ring 5β-reductase (AKR1D1) is expressed in human liver and testes, and three splice variants have been identified (AKR1D1-001, AKR1D1-002, AKR1D1-006). Amongst these, AKR1D1-002 is the best described; it modulates steroid hormone availability and catalyses an important step in bile acid biosynthesis. However, specific activity and expression of AKR1D1-001 and AKR1D1-006 are unknown. Expression of AKR1D1 variants were measured in human liver biopsies and hepatoma cell lines by qPCR. Their three-dimensional (3D) structures were predicted using in silico approaches. AKR1D1 variants were overexpressed in HEK293 cells, and successful overexpression confirmed by qPCR and Western blotting. Cells were treated with either cortisol, dexamethasone, prednisolone, testosterone or androstenedione, and steroid hormone clearance was measured by mass spectrometry. Glucocorticoid and androgen receptor activation were determined by luciferase reporter assays. AKR1D1-002 and AKR1D1-001 are expressed in human liver, and only AKR1D1-006 is expressed in human testes. Following overexpression, AKR1D1-001 and AKR1D1-006 protein levels were lower than AKR1D1-002, but significantly increased following treatment with the proteasomal inhibitor, MG-132. AKR1D1-002 efficiently metabolised glucocorticoids and androgens and decreased receptor activation. AKR1D1-001 and AKR1D1-006 poorly metabolised dexamethasone, but neither protein metabolised cortisol, prednisolone, testosterone or androstenedione. We have demonstrated the differential expression and role of AKR1D1 variants in steroid hormone clearance and receptor activation in vitro. AKR1D1-002 is the predominant functional protein in steroidogenic and metabolic tissues. In addition, AKR1D1-001 and AKR1D1-006 may have a limited, steroid-specific role in the regulation of dexamethasone action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Appanna
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Hylton Gibson
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Elena Gangitano
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Lazio, Italy
| | - Niall J Dempster
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Karen Morris
- Biochemistry Department, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Sherly George
- Biochemistry Department, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Anastasia Arvaniti
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Laura L Gathercole
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Brian Keevil
- Biochemistry Department, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Nikolaos Nikolaou
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to N Nikolaou:
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Zhang Y, Li X, Xu D, Wu M, Dai Y, Xia M, Wang D. Cloning and characterization of steroid 5β-reductase from the venom gland of Bufo bufo gargarizans. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 175:67-78. [PMID: 33548318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bufadienolides are the main active ingredients of Venenum Bufonis, which is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine secreted from parotoid gland and skin glands of Bufo bufo gargarizans. According to the transcriptome analysis, "cholesterol-bile acid-bufadienolidies pathway" was proposed as animal-derived bufadienolides biosynthesis pathway by us previously. In this pathway 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD) and steroid 5β-reductase (SRD5β) might be the key enzymes to convert the A/B ring to cis-configuration. Therefore, as the second report of our group, here we report the cloning of the full length of SRD5β cDNA of B. bufo gargarizans (Bbg-SRD5β) from the parotoid gland of B. bufo gargarizans for the first time, and site-directed mutagenesis was used to explored the character of Bbg-SRD5β. Bbg-SRD5β had an open reading frame of 981 bp and encoded 326 amino acids residues. The expression conditions of the recombinant Bbg-SRD5β in E. coli BL21 (DE3) harbored with pCold-Bbg-SRD5β was optimized as induction for 10 h at 15 °C with 0.1 mM IPTG. With NADPH as a cofactor, Bbg-SRD5β can reduce the Δ4,5 double bonds of progesterone to generate dihydroprogesterone õwithout substrate inhibition effect. The catalytic rate of mutant type Bbg-SRD5β-Y132G was 1.8 times higher than that of wild type Bbg-SRD5β. Although Bbg-SRD5β was almost unable to reduce the progesterone to dihydroprogesterone after mutation of V309, the affinity of enzyme with NADPH changed significantly. Bbg-SRD5β is the key enzymes to convert the A/B ring of steroid to cis-configuration, and V309 is a key site affecting the binding affinity of enzyme with NADPH, and the mutation of Y132 can adjust the catalytic rate of Bbg-SRD5β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Di Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Mengyun Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Yinghui Dai
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Mingyu Xia
- School of Life Science and Biological Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Benxi 117004, China.
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Xiao Q, Wang L, Supekar S, Shen T, Liu H, Ye F, Huang J, Fan H, Wei Z, Zhang C. Structure of human steroid 5α-reductase 2 with the anti-androgen drug finasteride. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5430. [PMID: 33110062 PMCID: PMC7591894 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human steroid 5α-reductase 2 (SRD5A2) is an integral membrane enzyme in steroid metabolism and catalyzes the reduction of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. Mutations in the SRD5A2 gene have been linked to 5α-reductase deficiency and prostate cancer. Finasteride and dutasteride, as SRD5A2 inhibitors, are widely used antiandrogen drugs for benign prostate hyperplasia. The molecular mechanisms underlying enzyme catalysis and inhibition for SRD5A2 and other eukaryotic integral membrane steroid reductases remain elusive due to a lack of structural information. Here, we report a crystal structure of human SRD5A2 at 2.8 Å, revealing a unique 7-TM structural topology and an intermediate adduct of finasteride and NADPH as NADP-dihydrofinasteride in a largely enclosed binding cavity inside the transmembrane domain. Structural analysis together with computational and mutagenesis studies reveal the molecular mechanisms of the catalyzed reaction and of finasteride inhibition involving residues E57 and Y91. Molecular dynamics simulation results indicate high conformational dynamics of the cytosolic region that regulate NADPH/NADP+ exchange. Mapping disease-causing mutations of SRD5A2 to our structure suggests molecular mechanisms for their pathological effects. Our results offer critical structural insights into the function of integral membrane steroid reductases and may facilitate drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingpin Xiao
- grid.263817.9Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, Guangdong China ,grid.437123.00000 0004 1794 8068Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, 999078 Macau, SAR China
| | - Lei Wang
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Shreyas Supekar
- grid.418325.90000 0000 9351 8132Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138671 Singapore
| | - Tao Shen
- Tencent AI Lab, 518000 Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Heng Liu
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Fei Ye
- Tencent AI Lab, 518000 Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | | | - Hao Fan
- grid.418325.90000 0000 9351 8132Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138671 Singapore
| | - Zhiyi Wei
- grid.263817.9Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
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Xiao Q, Wang L, Supekar S, Shen T, Liu H, Ye F, Huang J, Fan H, Wei Z, Zhang C. Structure of human steroid 5α-reductase 2 with anti-androgen drug finasteride. Res Sq 2020:rs.3.rs-40159. [PMID: 32702725 PMCID: PMC7373137 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-40159/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human steroid 5α-reductase 2 (SRD5α2) as a critical integral membrane enzyme in steroid metabolism catalyzes testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. Mutations on its gene have been linked to 5α-reductase deficiency and prostate cancer. Finasteride and dutasteride as SRD5α2 inhibitors are widely used anti-androgen drugs for benign prostate hyperplasia, which have recently been indicated in the treatment of COVID-19. The molecular mechanisms underlying enzyme catalysis and inhibition remained elusive for SRD5α2 and other eukaryotic integral membrane steroid reductases due to a lack of structural information. Here, we report a crystal structure of human SRD5α2 at 2.8 Å revealing a unique 7-TM structural topology and an intermediate adduct of finasteride and NADPH as NADP-dihydrofinasteride in a largely enclosed binding cavity inside the membrane. Structural analysis together with computational and mutagenesis studies reveals molecular mechanisms for the 5α-reduction of testosterone and the finasteride inhibition involving residues E57 and Y91. Molecular dynamics simulation results indicate high conformational dynamics of the cytosolic region regulating the NADPH/NADP + exchange. Mapping disease-causing mutations of SRD5α2 to our structure suggests molecular mechanisms for their pathological effects. Our results offer critical structural insights into the function of integral membrane steroid reductases and will facilitate drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingpin Xiao
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15261, USA
| | - Shreyas Supekar
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Tao Shen
- Tencent AI Lab, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15261, USA
| | - Fei Ye
- Tencent AI Lab, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | | | - Hao Fan
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Zhiyi Wei
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15261, USA
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Abstract
Steroid molecules have a wide range of function in eukaryotes, including the control and maintenance of membranes, hormonal control of transcription, and intracellular signaling. X-ray crystallography has served as a successful tool for gaining understanding of the structural and mechanistic aspects of these functions by providing snapshots of steroids in complex with various types of proteins. These proteins include nuclear receptors activated by steroid hormones, several families of enzymes involved in steroid synthesis and metabolism, and proteins involved in signaling and trafficking pathways. Proteins found in some bacteria that bind and metabolize steroids have been investigated as well. A survey of the steroid-protein complexes that have been studied using crystallography and the insight learned from them is presented.
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Nikolaou N, Gathercole LL, Kirkwood L, Dunford JE, Hughes BA, Gilligan LC, Oppermann U, Penning TM, Arlt W, Hodson L, Tomlinson JW. AKR1D1 regulates glucocorticoid availability and glucocorticoid receptor activation in human hepatoma cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 189:218-227. [PMID: 30769091 PMCID: PMC7375835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones, including glucocorticoids and androgens, have potent actions to regulate many cellular processes within the liver. The steroid A-ring reductase, 5β-reductase (AKR1D1), is predominantly expressed in the liver, where it inactivates steroid hormones and, in addition, plays a crucial role in bile acid synthesis. However, the precise functional role of AKR1D1 to regulate steroid hormone action in vitro has not been demonstrated. We have therefore hypothesised that genetic manipulation of AKR1D1 has the potential to regulate glucocorticoid availability and action in human hepatocytes. In both liver (HepG2) and non-liver cell (HEK293) lines, AKR1D1 over-expression increased glucocorticoid clearance with a concomitant decrease in the activation of the glucocorticoid receptor and the down-stream expression of glucocorticoid target genes. Conversely, knockdown of AKR1D1 using siRNA decreased glucocorticoid clearance and reduced the generation of 5β-reduced metabolites. In addition, the two 5α-reductase inhibitors finasteride and dutasteride failed to effectively inhibit AKR1D1 activity in either cell-free or hepatocellular systems. Through manipulation of AKR1D1 expression and activity, we have demonstrated its potent ability to regulate glucocorticoid availability and receptor activation within human hepatoma cells. These data suggest that AKR1D1 may have an important role in regulating endogenous (and potentially exogenous) glucocorticoid action that may be of particular relevance to physiological and pathophysiological processes affecting the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Nikolaou
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Laura L Gathercole
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK; Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Lucy Kirkwood
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - James E Dunford
- Botnar Research Institute, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Beverly A Hughes
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Lorna C Gilligan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Botnar Research Institute, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 1315 BRB II/III 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6160, United States
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK.
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Li T, Stephen P, Zhu DW, Shi R, Lin SX. Crystal structures of human 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 complexed with estrone and NADP + reveal the mechanism of substrate inhibition. FEBS J 2019; 286:2155-2166. [PMID: 30768851 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1) catalyses the last step in estrogen activation and is thus involved in estrogen-dependent diseases (EDDs). Unlike other 17β-HSD members, 17β-HSD1 undergoes a significant substrate-induced inhibition that we have previously reported. Here we solved the binary and ternary crystal structures of 17β-HSD1 in complex with estrone (E1) and cofactor analog NADP+ , demonstrating critical enzyme-substrate-cofactor interactions. These complexes revealed a reversely bound E1 in 17β-HSD1 that provides the basis of the substrate inhibition, never demonstrated in estradiol complexes. Structural analysis showed that His221 is the key residue responsible for the reorganization and stabilization of the reversely bound E1, leading to the formation of a dead-end complex, which exists widely in NADP(H)-preferred enzymes for the regulation of their enzymatic activity. Further, a new inhibitor is proposed that may inhibit 17β-HSD1 through the formation of a dead-end complex. This finding indicates a simple mechanism of enzyme regulation in the physiological background and introduces a pioneer inhibitor of 17β-HSD1 based on the dead-end inhibition model for efficiently targeting EDDs. DATABASES: Coordinates and structure factors of 17β-HSD1-E1 and 17β-HSD1-E1-NADP+ have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank with accession code 6MNC and 6MNE respectively. ENZYMES: 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1) EC 1.1.1.62.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Li
- Axe Molecular Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU de Québec Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Preyesh Stephen
- Axe Molecular Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU de Québec Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Dao-Wei Zhu
- Axe Molecular Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU de Québec Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Rong Shi
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, IBIS et PROTEO, Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène Marchand, Québec, Canada
| | - Sheng-Xiang Lin
- Axe Molecular Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU de Québec Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
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11
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Manenda MS, Hamel CJ, Masselot-Joubert L, Picard MÈ, Shi R. Androgen-metabolizing enzymes: A structural perspective. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 161:54-72. [PMID: 26924584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Androgen-metabolizing enzymes convert cholesterol, a relatively inert molecule, into some of the most potent chemical messengers in vertebrates. This conversion involves thermodynamically challenging reactions catalyzed by P450 enzymes and redox reactions catalyzed by Aldo-Keto Reductases (AKRs). This review covers the structures of these enzymes with a focus on active site interactions and proposed mechanisms. Due to their role in a number of diseases, particularly in cancer, androgen-metabolizing enzymes have been targets of drug design. Hence we will also highlight how existing knowledge of structure is being used to this end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahder Seifu Manenda
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Charles Jérémie Hamel
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Loreleï Masselot-Joubert
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Picard
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rong Shi
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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12
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Petersen J, Lanig H, Munkert J, Bauer P, Müller-Uri F, Kreis W. Progesterone 5β-reductases/iridoid synthases (PRISE): gatekeeper role of highly conserved phenylalanines in substrate preference and trapping is supported by molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 34:1667-80. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1088797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Petersen
- Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Lanig
- ZISC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstr. 5a, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Munkert
- Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Bauer
- Bionorica SE, Kerschensterinerstr. 11-15, D-92318 Neumarkt, Germany
| | - Frieder Müller-Uri
- Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kreis
- Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Abstract
Many steroid hormones contain a Δ(4)-3-ketosteroid functionality that undergoes sequential reduction by 5α- or 5β- steroid reductases to produce 5α- or 5β-dihydrosteroids; and a subsequent 3-keto-reduction to produce a series of isomeric tetrahydrosteroids. Apart from steroid 5α-reductase all the remaining enzymes involved in the two step reduction process in humans belong to the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily. The enzymes involved in 3-ketosteroid reduction are AKR1C1-AKR1C4. These enzymes are promiscuous and also catalyze 20-keto- and 17-keto-steroid reduction. Interest in these reactions exist since they regulate steroid hormone metabolism in the liver, and in steroid target tissues, they may regulate steroid hormone receptor occupancy. In addition many of the dihydrosteroids are not biologically inert. The same enzymes are also involved in the metabolism of synthetic steroids e.g., hormone replacement therapeutics, contraceptive agents and inhaled glucocorticoids, and may regulate drug efficacy at their cognate receptors. This article reviews these reactions and the structural basis for substrate diversity in AKR1C1-AKR1C4, ketosteroid reductases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Steroid/Sterol signaling'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA.
| | - Mo Chen
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Yi Jin
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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14
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Jin Y, Chen M, Penning TM. Rate of steroid double-bond reduction catalysed by the human steroid 5β-reductase (AKR1D1) is sensitive to steroid structure: implications for steroid metabolism and bile acid synthesis. Biochem J 2014; 462:163-71. [PMID: 24894951 DOI: 10.1042/BJ20140220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human AKR1D1 (steroid 5β-reductase/aldo-keto reductase 1D1) catalyses the stereospecific reduction of double bonds in Δ4-3-oxosteroids, a unique reaction that introduces a 90° bend at the A/B ring fusion to yield 5β-dihydrosteroids. AKR1D1 is the only enzyme capable of steroid 5β-reduction in humans and plays critical physiological roles. In steroid hormone metabolism, AKR1D1 serves mainly to inactivate the major classes of steroid hormones. AKR1D1 also catalyses key steps of the biosynthetic pathway of bile acids, which regulate lipid emulsification and cholesterol homoeostasis. Interestingly, AKR1D1 displayed a 20-fold variation in the kcat values, with steroid hormone substrates (e.g. aldosterone, testosterone and cortisone) having significantly higher kcat values than steroids with longer side chains (e.g. 7α-hydroxycholestenone, a bile acid precursor). Transient kinetic analysis revealed striking variations up to two orders of magnitude in the rate of the chemistry step (kchem), which resulted in different rate determining steps for the fast and slow substrates. By contrast, similar Kd values were observed for representative fast and slow substrates, suggesting similar rates of release for different steroid products. The release of NADP+ was shown to control the overall turnover for fast substrates, but not for slow substrates. Despite having high kchem values with steroid hormones, the kinetic control of AKR1D1 is consistent with the enzyme catalysing the slowest step in the catabolic sequence of steroid hormone transformation in the liver. The inherent slowness of the conversion of the bile acid precursor by AKR1D1 is also indicative of a regulatory role in bile acid synthesis.
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15
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Abstract
5β-Reduced steroids are non-planar steroids that have a 90° bend in their structure to create an A/B cis-ring junction. This novel property is required for bile-acids to act as emulsifiers, but in addition 5β-reduced steroids have remarkable physiology and may act as potent tocolytic agents, endogenous cardiac glycosides, neurosteroids, and can act as ligands for orphan and membrane bound receptors. In humans there is only a single 5β-reductase gene AKR1D1, which encodes Δ(4)-3-ketosteroid-5β-reductase (AKR1D1). This enzyme is a member of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily, but possesses an altered catalytic tetrad, in which Glu120 replaces the conserved His residue. This predominant liver enzyme generates all 5β-dihydrosteroids in the C19-C27 steroid series. Mutations exist in the AKR1D1 gene, which result in loss of protein stability and are causative in bile-acid deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, United States
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, United States.
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16
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Abstract
Reduction of C = C bonds by reductases, found in a variety of microorganisms (e.g. yeasts, bacteria, and lower fungi), animals, and plants has applications in the production of metabolites that include pharmacologically active drugs and other chemicals. Therefore, the reductase enzymes that mediate this transformation have become important therapeutic targets and biotechnological tools. These reductases are broad-spectrum, in that, they can act on isolation/conjugation C = C-bond compounds, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids, acid derivatives, and nitro compounds. In addition, several mutations in the reductase gene have been identified, some associated with diseases. Several of these reductases have been cloned and/or purified, and studies to further characterize them and determine their structure in order to identify potential industrial biocatalysts are still in progress. In this study, crucial reductases for bioreduction of C = C bonds have been reviewed with emphasis on their principal substrates and effective inhibitors, their distribution, genetic polymorphisms, and implications in human disease and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China and
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17
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Ramachary DB, Sakthidevi R, Reddy PS. Direct organocatalytic stereoselective transfer hydrogenation of conjugated olefins of steroids. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41519h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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18
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Faucher F, Jia Z. High-resolution structure of AKR1a4 in the apo form and its interaction with ligands. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:1271-4. [PMID: 23143230 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112037128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase 1a4 (AKR1a4; EC 1.1.1.2) is the mouse orthologue of human aldehyde reductase (AKR1a1), the founding member of the AKR family. As an NADPH-dependent enzyme, AKR1a4 catalyses the conversion of D-glucuronate to L-gulonate. AKR1a4 is involved in ascorbate biosynthesis in mice, but has also recently been found to interact with SMAR1, providing a novel mechanism of ROS regulation by ATM. Here, the crystal structure of AKR1a4 in its apo form at 1.64 Å resolution as well as the characterization of the binding of AKR1a4 to NADPH and P44, a peptide derived from SMAR1, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérick Faucher
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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19
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Abstract
In men, the level of testosterone decreases with age. At the skin level, the result is observed as a decrease in density and in a lower elasticity. Identifying compounds that are able to increase the level of testosterone appears to be an attractive strategy to develop new antiaging bioactive ingredients for men. Reverse pharmacognosy was successfully applied to identify new natural compounds able to modulate testosterone levels. Among several in silico hits, honokiol was retained as a candidate as it has the greatest potential to become an active ingredient. This result was then validated in vitro on aromatase and 5-alpha-reductase type 1 and 2, which are two types of enzymes implicated in the degradation of free testosterone. Indeed, honokiol was identified as an inhibitor of aromatase, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of about 50 μM. In addition, honokiol was shown to be an inhibitor of 5-alpha-reductase type 1, with an IC(50) of about 75 μM. Taken together, these data indicate that honokiol modulates testosterone levels, and its structure has the potential to serve as a lead for future designs of highly selective inhibitors of 5-alpha-reductase type 1.
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20
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Bauer P, Rudolph K, Müller-Uri F, Kreis W. Vein Patterning 1-encoded progesterone 5β-reductase: activity-guided improvement of catalytic efficiency. Phytochemistry 2012; 77:53-9. [PMID: 22357344 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone 5β-reductases (P5βR; EC 1.3.99.6) encoded by Vein Patterning 1 (VEP1) genes are capable of reducing the CC double-bond of a variety of enones enantioselectively. Sequence and activity data of orthologous P5βRs were used to define a set of residues possibly responsible for the large differences in enzyme activity seen between rAtSt5βR and rDlP5βR, recombinant forms of P5βRs from Arabidopsis thaliana and Digitalis lanata, respectively. Tyrosine-156, asparagine-205 and serine-248 were identified as hot spots in the rDlP5βR responsible for its low catalytic efficiency. These positions were individually substituted for amino acids found in the strong rAtSt5βR in the corresponding sites. Kinetic constants were determined for rDlP5βR and its mutants as well as for rAtSt5βR using progesterone and 2-cyclohexen-1-one as substrates. Enzyme mutants in which asparagine-205 was substituted for methionine or alanine showed considerably lower km and higher K(cat)/k(m) values than the wild-type DlP5βR, approaching the catalytic efficiency of strong P5βRs. The introduced mutations not only lead to an improved capability to reduce progesterone but also to altered substrate preference. Our findings provided structural insights into the differences seen among the natural P5βRs with regard to their substrate preferences and catalytic efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bauer
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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21
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Abstract
A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying parturition would provide an important step toward improving therapies for the prevention of preterm labor. Aldo–keto reductases (AKR) from the 1D, 1C, and 1B subfamilies likely contribute to determining the timing of parturition through metabolism of progesterone and prostaglandins. Placental AKR1D1 (human 5β reductase) likely contributes to the maintenance of pregnancy through the formation of 5β-dihydroprogesterone (DHP). AKR1C1, AKR1C2, and AKR1C3 catalyze the 20-ketosteroid and 3-ketosteroid reduction of progestins. They could therefore eliminate tocolytic progestins at term. Activation of the F prostanoid receptor by its ligands also plays a critical role in initiation of labor. AKR1C3 and AKR1B1 have prostaglandin (PG) F synthase activities that likely contribute to the initiation of labor. AKR1C3 converts PGH2 to PGF2α and PGD2 to 9α,11β-PGF2. AKR1B1 also reduces PGH2 to PGF2α, but does not form 9α,11β-PGF2. Consistent with the potential role for AKR1C3 in the initiation of parturition, indomethacin, which is a potent and isoform selective inhibitor of AKR1C3, has long been used for tocolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Byrns
- Department of Health Sciences, Illinois State University Normal, IL, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Human steroid 5β-reductase (aldo-keto reductase 1D1) catalyzes the stereospecific NADPH-dependent reduction of the C4-C5 double bond of Δ(4)-ketosteroids to yield an A/B cis-ring junction. This cis-configuration is crucial for bile acid biosynthesis and plays important roles in steroid metabolism. The biochemical properties of the enzyme have not been thoroughly studied and conflicting data have been reported, partially due to the lack of highly homogeneous protein. In the present study, we systematically determined the substrate specificity of homogeneous human recombinant AKR1D1 using C18, C19, C21, and C27 Δ(4)-ketosteroids and assessed the pH-rate dependence of the enzyme. Our results show that AKR1D1 proficiently reduced all the steroids tested at physiological pH, indicating AKR1D1 is the only enzyme necessary for all the 5β-steroid metabolites present in humans. Substrate inhibition was observed with C18 to C21 steroids provided that the C11 position was unsubstituted. This structure activity relationship can be explained by the existence of a small alternative substrate binding pocket revealed by the AKR1D1 crystal structure. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which are potent inhibitors of the related AKR1C enzymes do not inhibit AKR1D1. By contrast chenodeoxycholate and ursodeoxycholate were found to be potent non-competitive inhibitors suggesting that bile-acids may regulate their own synthesis at the level of AKR1D1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6084, USA
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23
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Langlois VS, Zhang D, Cooke GM, Trudeau VL. Evolution of steroid-5alpha-reductases and comparison of their function with 5beta-reductase. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 166:489-97. [PMID: 19686747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Revised: 08/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Steroid-5alpha-reductases (SRD5alpha) and steroid-5beta-reductase (SRD5beta) represent a convergence in evolution: they share similar biological functions, but do not have a common ancestor. In vertebrates, SRD5alpha and SRD5beta are involved in C-19 and C-21 steroid biosynthesis, bile acid biosynthesis and erythropoiesis. We compare and contrast the history, evolution, tissue distribution, enzyme characteristics and biological functions of SRD5alpha and SRD5beta and suggest possible future directions for research efforts. Both, the unique and overlapping roles that SRD5alpha and SRD5beta play in steroid hormone metabolism, are indicated. We also present the phylogeny of the SRD5alpha. The main SRD5alpha subfamilies obtained include, not only the well-known SRD5alpha type 1, type 2 and type 3, but also the synaptic glycoprotein (GPSN2)/trans-2,3-enoly-CoA reductase group. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that a eukaryotic ancestor likely underwent duplication events to generate these three subfamilies (type 1/2, type 3 and GPSN2 ancestors); both SRD5alpha type 1/2 and GPSN2 subfamilies may have evolved by ancient duplication events at the early stage of vertebrate and chordate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie S Langlois
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1N 6N5
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Drury JE, Di Costanzo L, Penning TM, Christianson DW. Inhibition of human steroid 5beta-reductase (AKR1D1) by finasteride and structure of the enzyme-inhibitor complex. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:19786-90. [PMID: 19515843 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c109.016931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Delta(4)-3-ketosteroid functionality is present in nearly all steroid hormones apart from estrogens. The first step in functionalization of the A-ring is mediated in humans by steroid 5alpha- or 5beta-reductase. Finasteride is a mechanism-based inactivator of 5alpha-reductase type 2 with subnanomolar affinity and is widely used as a therapeutic for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. It is also used for androgen deprivation in hormone-dependent prostate carcinoma, and it has been examined as a chemopreventive agent in prostate cancer. The effect of finasteride on steroid 5beta-reductase (AKR1D1) has not been previously reported. We show that finasteride competitively inhibits AKR1D1 with low micromolar affinity but does not act as a mechanism-based inactivator. The structure of the AKR1D1.NADP(+)*finasteride complex determined at 1.7 A resolution shows that it is not possible for NADPH to reduce the Delta(1-2)-ene of finasteride because the cofactor and steroid are not proximal to each other. The C3-ketone of finasteride accepts hydrogen bonds from the catalytic residues Tyr-58 and Glu-120 in the active site of AKR1D1, providing an explanation for the competitive inhibition observed. This is the first reported structure of finasteride bound to an enzyme involved in steroid hormone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Drury
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084, USA
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