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Stepanov YK, Herrmann C, Stöckl JB, Köhn FM, Pickl U, Trottmann M, Fröhlich T, Mayerhofer A, Welter H. Prolonged exposure to dexamethasone alters the proteome and cellular phenotype of human testicular peritubular cells. Proteomics 2024:e2300616. [PMID: 38419139 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Human testicular peritubular cells (HTPCs) are smooth muscle cells, which in the testis form a small compartment surrounding the seminiferous tubules. Contractions of HTPCs are responsible for sperm transport, HTPCs contribute to spermatogenesis, have immunological roles and are a site of glucocorticoid receptor expression. Importantly, HTPCs maintain their characteristics in vitro, and thus can serve as an experimental window into the male gonad. Previously we reported consequences of 3-day treatment with Dexamethasone (Dex), a synthetic glucocorticoid and multi-purpose anti-inflammatory drug. However, as glucocorticoid therapies in man often last longer, we now studied consequences of a prolonged 7-day exposure to 1 µM Dex. Combining live cell imaging with quantative proteomics of samples taken from men, we confirmed our recent findings but more importantly, found numerous novel proteomic alterations induced by prolonged Dex treatment. The comparison of the 7-day treatment with the 3-day treatment dataset revealed that extracellular matrix- and focal adhesion-related proteins become more prominent after 7 days of treatment. In contrast, extended stimulation is, for example, associated with a decrease of proteins related to cholesterol and steroid metabolism. Our dataset, which describes phenotypic and proteomic alterations, is a valuable resource for further research projects investigating effects of Dex on human testicular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youli K Stepanov
- Gene Center Munich, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carola Herrmann
- Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Faculty of Medicine, AG Mayerhofer, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jan B Stöckl
- Gene Center Munich, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Gene Center Munich, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Artur Mayerhofer
- Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Faculty of Medicine, AG Mayerhofer, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Harald Welter
- Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Faculty of Medicine, AG Mayerhofer, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Kędzierski J, Allard JA, Odermatt A, Smieško M. Assessment of the inhibitory potential of anabolic steroids towards human AKR1D1 by computational methods and in vitro evaluation. Toxicol Lett 2023; 384:1-13. [PMID: 37451653 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to xenobiotics can adversely affect biochemical reactions, including hepatic bile acid synthesis. Bile acids are essential for dissolving lipophilic compounds in the hydrophilic environment of the gastrointestinal tract. The critical micellar concentration of bile acids depends on the Δ4-reduction stereochemistry, with the 3-oxo-5β-steroid-Δ4-dehydrogenase (AKR1D1) introducing the cis ring A/B conformation. Loss-of-function mutations in AKR1D1 cause hepatic cholestasis, which, if left untreated can progress into steatosis and liver cirrhosis. Furthermore, AKR1D1 is involved in clearing steroids with an A-ring Δ4-double bond. Here, we tested whether anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), often taken off-label at high doses, might inhibit AKR1D1, thereby potentially causing hepatotoxicity. A computational molecular model was established and used for virtual screening of the DrugBank database consisting of 2740 molecules, yielding mainly steroidal hits. Fourteen AAS were selected for in vitro evaluation, as such compounds can reach high hepatic concentrations in an abuse situation. Nandrolone, clostebol, methasterone, drostanolone, and methenolone inhibited to various extent the AKR1D1-mediated reduction of testosterone. Molecular modeling suggests that 9 out of 14 investigated AAS are competitive inhibitors. Moreover quantum mechanical calculations show that nadrolone and clostebol are substrates of AKR1D1 with different activation energy barriers for the hydrogen transfer from cofactor to the C5 position affecting their turnover. In this multidisciplinary approach, we established a molecular model of AKR1D1, identified several AAS as inhibitors, and described their binding mode. This approach may be applied to study other classes of inhibitors including non-steroidal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Kędzierski
- Computational Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel 4056, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Human Applied Toxicology, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, Basel 4055, Switzerland
| | - Julien A Allard
- Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel 4056, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Human Applied Toxicology, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, Basel 4055, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel 4056, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Human Applied Toxicology, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, Basel 4055, Switzerland
| | - Martin Smieško
- Computational Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel 4056, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Human Applied Toxicology, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, Basel 4055, Switzerland.
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