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Agback P, Woestenenk E, Agback T. Probing contacts of inhibitor locked in transition states in the catalytic triad of DENV2 type serine protease and its mutants by 1H, 19F and 15 N NMR spectroscopy. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:38. [PMID: 32450796 PMCID: PMC7249419 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Detailed structural knowledge of enzyme-inhibitor complexes trapped in intermediate state is the key for a fundamental understanding of reaction mechanisms taking place in enzymes and is indispensable as a structure-guided drug design tool. Solution state NMR uniquely allows the study of active sites of enzymes in equilibrium between different tautomeric forms. In this study 1H, 19F and 15 N NMR spectroscopy has been used to probe the interaction contacts of inhibitors locked in transition states of the catalytic triad of a serine protease. It was demonstrated on the serotype II Dengue virus NS2B:NS3pro serine protease and its mutants, H51N and S135A, in complex with high-affinity ligands containing trifluoromethyl ketone (tfk) and boronic groups in the C-terminal of tetra-peptides. Results Monitoring 19F resonances, shows that only one of the two isomers of the tfk tetra-peptide binds with NS2B:NS3pro and that access to the bulk of the active site is limited. Moreover, there were no bound water found in proximity of the active site for any of the ligands manifesting in a favorable condition for formation of low barrier hydrogen bonds (LBHB) in the catalytic triad. Based on this data we were able to identify a locked conformation of the protein active site. The data also indicates that the different parts of the binding site most likely act independently of each other. Conclusions Our reported findings increases the knowledge of the detailed function of the catalytic triad in serine proteases and could facilitate the development of rational structure based inhibitors that can selectively target the NS3 protease of Dengue type II (DENV2) virus. In addition the results shows the usefulness of probing active sites using 19F NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Agback
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Esmeralda Woestenenk
- Protein Expression and Characterization Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tatiana Agback
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Uchański T, Zögg T, Yin J, Yuan D, Wohlkönig A, Fischer B, Rosenbaum DM, Kobilka BK, Pardon E, Steyaert J. An improved yeast surface display platform for the screening of nanobody immune libraries. Sci Rep 2019; 9:382. [PMID: 30674983 PMCID: PMC6344588 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusions to the C-terminal end of the Aga2p mating adhesion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been used in many studies for the selection of affinity reagents by yeast display followed by flow cytometric analysis. Here we present an improved yeast display system for the screening of Nanobody immune libraries where we fused the Nanobody to the N-terminal end of Aga2p to avoid steric hindrance between the fused Nanobody and the antigen. Moreover, the display level of a cloned Nanobody on the surface of an individual yeast cell can be monitored through a covalent fluorophore that is attached in a single enzymatic step to an orthogonal acyl carrier protein (ACP). Additionally, the displayed Nanobody can be easily released from the yeast surface and immobilised on solid surfaces for rapid analysis. To prove the generic nature of this novel Nanobody discovery platform, we conveniently selected Nanobodies against three different antigens, including two membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Uchański
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Zögg
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Daopeng Yuan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Alexandre Wohlkönig
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Baptiste Fischer
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel M Rosenbaum
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Brian K Kobilka
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Els Pardon
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Steyaert
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium.
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3
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Agback P, Agback T. Direct evidence of a low barrier hydrogen bond in the catalytic triad of a Serine protease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10078. [PMID: 29973622 PMCID: PMC6031666 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28441-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases are one of the largest groups of enzymes, found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and are responsible for many different functions. The detailed information about the hydrogen-bonds in the catalytic triad (Asp…His…Ser) of these enzymes is of importance in order to fully understand the mechanism of action. The aspartate of the triad is hydrogen bonded to the histidine but the exact nature of this bond has been under discussion for some time. It is either a common short ionic hydrogen bond (SIHB) or a delocalized low barrier hydrogen bond (LBHB) were the hydrogen bond is shorter. So far, the evidence for LBHB in proteins have not been conclusive. Here we show clear NMR evidence that LBHB does exist in NS3, a serine protease from Dengue. The one bond coupling constant between the hydrogen and nitrogen was shown to be only 52 Hz instead of the usual 90 Hz. This together with a 1H chemical shift of 19.93 ppm is evidence that the hydrogen bond distance between His and Asp is shorter than for SIHB. Our result clearly shows the existence of LBHB and will help in understanding the mechanism of the catalytic triad in the important group of serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Agback
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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4
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Synthesis method for thiosulfonate and report of its insecticidal activity in Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203122 PMCID: PMC3509638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131115241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect pests have caused economic losses valued at billions of dollars in agricultural production. Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller), the Mediterranean flour moth, is of major economic importance as a flour and grain feeder and is often a severe pest in flourmills. This study provides a suitable route for the direct preparation of thiosulfonates 2 and 3 from thiols, under mild conditions, with good yields; these thiosulfonates were tested for their regulatory effect on insect growth. The chronic ingestion of thiosulfonates resulted in a significant reduction in larval survival and weight. In addition, the tryptic activity of larvae was sensitive to these thiosulfonates. Results suggest that thiosulfonates 2 and 3 have a potential antimetabolic effect when ingested by A. kuehniella. The use of AgNO3/BF3·OEt2 and Al(H2PO4)3/HNO3 provides a suitable route for the direct preparation of thiosulfonates from thiols under mild conditions with good yields. These thiosulfonates were toxic for A. kuehniella larvae, suggesting their potential as biotechnological tools.
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5
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Everill P, Sudmeier JL, Bachovchin WW. Direct NMR Observation and pKa Determination of the Asp102 Side Chain in a Serine Protease. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:2348-54. [PMID: 22229736 DOI: 10.1021/ja210091q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Everill
- Department of Biochemistry,
Sackler School of Graduate
Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University,
136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | - James L. Sudmeier
- Department of Biochemistry,
Sackler School of Graduate
Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University,
136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | - William W. Bachovchin
- Department of Biochemistry,
Sackler School of Graduate
Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University,
136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
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6
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ABIRAM A, KOLANDAIVEL P. INTERACTION OF THE TAUTOMERIC STATES OF HISTIDINE WITH Cu AND Zn METAL IONS – A THEORETICAL STUDY. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s021963360900499x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A density functional study on the interaction of Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ metal ions at the predominant positions of N τ– H and N π– H histidine tautomers has been performed. The fully optimized energy of the isolated histidine tautomers at B3LYP/6-311++G** level of theory depicts N τ– H tautomer to be much stable compared to that of the N π– H tautomer. The interaction of metal ions forms bidentate and tridentate complexes with N τ– H tautomer, while it is absent in the case of N π– H tautomer emphasizing the role of former in structural determination of liganated proteins. The Zn 2+ ion induces a barrier-free proton transfer when interacted at the carbonyl position of N τ– H histidine tautomer necessitating the tautomer to be in the zwitterionic form for complexation. The thermodynamical analysis predicts a blue shift in the NH and CO stretching vibrational frequencies and suggests N τ– H tautomer to be best suitable for Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ ion interactions. The topological and charge transfer studies in concert with frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis confirm the covalent interaction, validating the findings based on the geometrical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. ABIRAM
- Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046, India
| | - P. KOLANDAIVEL
- Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046, India
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7
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Kovach IM, Kelley P, Eddy C, Jordan F, Baykal A. Proton bridging in the interactions of thrombin with small inhibitors. Biochemistry 2009; 48:7296-304. [PMID: 19530705 PMCID: PMC2800789 DOI: 10.1021/bi900098s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin is the pivotal serine protease enzyme in the blood cascade system. Phe-Pro-Arg-chloromethylketone (PPACK), phosphate, and phosphonate ester inhibitors form a covalent bond with the active-site Ser of thrombin. PPACK, a mechanism-based inhibitor, and the phosphate/phosphonate esters form adducts that mimic intermediates formed in reactions catalyzed by thrombin. Therefore, the dependence of the inhibition of human alpha-thrombin on the concentration of these inhibitors, pH, and temperature was investigated. The second-order rate constant (ki/Ki) and the inhibition constant (Ki) for inhibition of human alpha-thrombin by PPACK are (1.1 +/- 0.2) x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1) and (2.4 +/- 1.3) x 10(-8) M, respectively, at pH 7.00 in 0.05 M phosphate buffer and 0.15 M NaCl at 25.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C, in good agreement with previous reports. The activation parameters at pH 7.00 in 0.05 M phosphate buffer and 0.15 M NaCl are as follows: DeltaH = 10.6 +/- 0.7 kcal/mol, and DeltaS = 9 +/- 2 cal mol(-1) degrees C(-1). The pH dependence of the second-order rate constants of inhibition is bell-shaped. Values of pKa1 and pKa2 are 7.3 +/- 0.2 and 8.8 +/- 0.3, respectively, at 25.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C. A phosphate and a phosphonate ester inhibitor gave higher values, 7.8 and 8.0 for pKa1 and 9.3 and 8.6 for pKa2, respectively. They inhibit thrombin more than 6 orders of magnitude less efficiently than PPACK does. The deuterium solvent isotope effect for the second-order rate constant at pH 7.0 and 8.3 at 25.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C is unity within experimental error in all three cases, indicating the absence of proton transfer in the rate-determining step for the association of thrombin with the inhibitors, but in a 600 MHz 1H NMR spectrum of the inhibition adduct at pH 6.7 and 30 degrees C, a peak at 18.10 ppm with respect to TSP appears with PPACK, which is absent in the 1H NMR spectrum of a solution of the enzyme between pH 5.3 and 8.5. The peak at low field is an indication of the presence of a short-strong hydrogen bond (SSHB) at the active site in the adduct. The deuterium isotope effect on this hydrogen bridge is 2.2 +/- 0.2 (phi = 0.45). The presence of an SSHB is also established with a signal at 17.34 ppm for a dealkylated phosphate adduct of thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko M Kovach
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. 20064, USA.
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8
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Hwang S, Lee BS, Chi YS, Kwak J, Choi IS, Lee SG. Faradaic impedance titration and control of electron transfer of 1-(12-mercaptododecyl)imidazole monolayer on a gold electrode. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Leman LJ, Weinberger DA, Huang ZZ, Wilcoxen KM, Ghadiri MR. Functional and mechanistic analyses of biomimetic aminoacyl transfer reactions in de novo designed coiled coil peptides via rational active site engineering. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:2959-66. [PMID: 17302417 PMCID: PMC2453064 DOI: 10.1021/ja068052x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomes and nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) carry out instructed peptide synthesis through a series of directed intermodular aminoacyl transfer reactions. We recently reported the design of coiled-coil assemblies that could functionally mimic the elementary aminoacyl loading and intermodular aminoacyl transfer steps of NRPSs. These peptides were designed initially to accelerate aminoacyl transfer mainly through catalysis by approximation by closely juxtaposing four active site moieties, two each from adjacent noncovalently associated helical modules. In our designs peptide self-assembly positions a cysteine residue that is used to covalently capture substrates from solution via transthiolesterification (substrate loading step to generate the aminoacyl donor site) adjacent to an aminoacyl acceptor site provided by a covalently tethered amino acid or modeled by the epsilon-amine of an active site lysine. However, through systematic functional analyses of 48 rationally designed peptide sequences, we have now determined that the substrate loading and intermodular aminoacyl transfer steps can be significantly influenced (up to approximately 103-fold) by engineering changes in the active site microenvironment through amino acid substitutions and variations in the inter-residue distances and geometry. Mechanistic studies based on 15N NMR and kinetic analysis further indicate that certain active site constellations furnish an unexpectedly large pK(a) depression (1.5 pH units) of the aminoacyl-acceptor moiety, helping to explain the observed high rates of aminoacyl transfer in those constructs. Taken together, our studies demonstrate the feasibility of engineering efficient de novo peptide sequences possessing active sites and functions reminiscent of those in natural enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Leman
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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10
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Montoneri E, Gallazzi MC, Bertarelli C, Gobetto R, Salassa L. 1,10-(1-H-IMIDAZOL-5-YL)DECANEPHOSPHONIC ACID: A NEW COMPOUND WITH BASIC AND ACIDIC SITES TO FABRICATE PROTON-CONDUCTING SOLID ELECTROLYTES. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500490466355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Shokhen M, Albeck A. Is there a weak H-bond → LBHB transition on tetrahedral complex formation in serine proteases? Proteins 2003; 54:468-77. [PMID: 14747995 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of a weak hydrogen bond in the free enzyme into a low-barrier hydrogen bond (LBHB) in the tetrahedral intermediate has been suggested as an important factor facilitating catalysis in serine proteases. In this work, we examine the structure of the H-bond in the Asp102-His57 diad of serine proteases in the free enzyme and in a covalent tetrahedral complex (TC) with a trifluoromethylketone inhibitor. We apply ab initio quantum mechanical calculations to models consisting of a large molecular fragment of the enzyme active site, and the combined effect of the rest of the protein body and the solvation by surrounding bulk water was simulated by a self-consistent reaction field method in our novel QM/SCRF(VS) approach. Potential profiles of adiabatic proton transfer in the Asp102-His57 diad in these model systems were calculated. We conclude that the hydrogen bond in both the free enzyme and in the enzyme-inhibitor TC is a strong ionic asymmetric one-well hydrogen bond, in contrast to a previous suggestion that it is a weak H-bond in the former and a double-well LBHB in the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Shokhen
- The Julius Spokojny Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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12
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Lai JH, Zhou Y, Sudmeier JL, Wu W, Sanford DG, Hliang M, Poplawski S, Bachovchin WW. Microscopic acid-base equilibra of alanyl-boroAlanine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 524:333-8. [PMID: 12675255 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47920-6_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack H Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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13
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Metzler DE, Metzler CM, Sauke DJ. Transferring Groups by Displacement Reactions. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Shimba N, Takahashi H, Sakakura M, Fujii I, Shimada I. Determination of Protonation and Deprotonation Forms and Tautomeric States of Histidine Residues in Large Proteins Using Nitrogen−Carbon J Couplings in Imidazole Ring. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja982153g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhisa Shimba
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science The University of Tokyo Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Biomolecular Engineering Research Institute Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Hideo Takahashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science The University of Tokyo Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Biomolecular Engineering Research Institute Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Sakakura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science The University of Tokyo Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Biomolecular Engineering Research Institute Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Ikuo Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science The University of Tokyo Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Biomolecular Engineering Research Institute Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Ichio Shimada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science The University of Tokyo Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Biomolecular Engineering Research Institute Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
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15
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Hopfner KP, Kopetzki E, Kresse GB, Bode W, Huber R, Engh RA. New enzyme lineages by subdomain shuffling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:9813-8. [PMID: 9707558 PMCID: PMC21419 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.17.9813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein functions have evolved in part via domain recombination events. Such events, for example, recombine structurally independent functional domains and shuffle targeting, regulatory, and/or catalytic functions. Domain recombination, however, can generate new functions, as implied by the observation of catalytic sites at interfaces of distinct folding domains. If useful to an evolving organism, such initially rudimentary functions would likely acquire greater efficiency and diversity, whereas the initially distinct folding domains would likely develop into single functional domains. This represents the probable evolution of the S1 serine protease family, whose two homologous beta-barrel subdomains assemble to form the binding sites and the catalytic machinery. Among S1 family members, the contact interface and catalytic residues are highly conserved whereas surrounding surfaces are highly variable. This observation suggests a new strategy to engineer viable proteins with novel properties, by swapping folding subdomains chosen from among protein family members. Such hybrid proteins would retain properties conserved throughout the family, including folding stability as single domain proteins, while providing new surfaces amenable to directed evolution or engineering of specific new properties. We show here that recombining the N-terminal subdomain from coagulation factor X with the C-terminal subdomain from trypsin creates a potent enzyme (fXYa) with novel properties, in particular a broad substrate specificity. As shown by the 2.15-A crystal structure, plasticity at the hydrophobic subdomain interface maintains activity, while surface loops are displaced compared with the parent subdomains. fXYa thus represents a new serine proteinase lineage with hybrid fX, trypsin, and novel properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Hopfner
- Abteilung Strukturforschung, Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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16
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Abstract
Hydrogen bonds are a key feature of chemical structure and reactivity. Recently there has been much interest in a special class of hydrogen bonds called "strong" or "low-barrier" and characterized by great strength, short distances, a low or vanishing barrier to hydrogen transfer, and distinctive features in the NMR spectrum. Although the energy of an ordinary hydrogen bond is ca 5 kcal mol-1, the strength of these hydrogen bonds may be > or = 10 kcal mol-1. The properties of these hydrogen bonds have been investigated by many experimental techniques, as well as by calculation and by correlations among those properties. Although it has been proposed that strong, short, low-barrier hydrogen bonds are important in enzymatic reactions, it is concluded that the evidence for them in small molecules and in biomolecules is inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Perrin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0358, USA.
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17
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O'connell TP, Day RM, Torchilin EV, Bachovchin WW, Malthouse JG. A 13C-NMR study of the role of Asn-155 in stabilizing the oxyanion of a subtilisin tetrahedral adduct. Biochem J 1997; 326 ( Pt 3):861-6. [PMID: 9307038 PMCID: PMC1218743 DOI: 10.1042/bj3260861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
By removing one of the hydrogen-bond donors in the oxyanion hole of subtilisin BPN, we have been able to determine how it affects the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme and the pKa of the oxyanion formed in a choloromethane inhibitor derivative. Variant 8397 of subtilisin BPN contains five mutations which enhance its stability. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to prepare the N155A mutant of this variant. The catalytic efficiencies of wild-type and variant 8397 are similar, but replacing Asn-155 with alanine reduces catalytic efficiency approx. 300-fold. All three forms of subtilisin were alkylated using benzyloxycarbonylglycylglycyl[2-13C]phenylalanylchloromethane++ + and examined by 13C-NMR. A single signal due to the 13C-enriched carbon was detected in all the derivatives and it was assigned to the hemiketal carbon of a tetrahedral adduct formed between the hydroxy group of Ser-221 and the inhibitor. This signal had chemical shifts in the range 98.3-103.6 p.p.m., depending on the pH. The titration shift of 4.7-4.8 p.p.m. was assigned to oxyanion formation. The oxyanion pKa values in the wild-type and 8397 variants were 6.92 and 7.00 respectively. In the N155A mutant of the 8397 variant the oxyanion pKa increased to 8.09. We explain why such a small increase is observed and we conclude that it is the interaction between the oxyanion and the imidazolium cation of the active-site histidine that is the main factor responsible for lowering the oxyanion pKa.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P O'connell
- Department of Biochemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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18
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Singer AU, Forman-Kay JD. pH titration studies of an SH2 domain-phosphopeptide complex: unusual histidine and phosphate pKa values. Protein Sci 1997; 6:1910-9. [PMID: 9300491 PMCID: PMC2143801 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560060912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatic interactions in a complex of the phospholipase C-gamma 1 C-terminal SH2 domain with a high-affinity binding phosphopeptide representing the sequence around Tyr 1021 of the beta platelet-derived growth factor receptor were studied by pKa determination of various titratable groups over the pH range of 5 to 8. A histidine residue that is highly conserved among SH2 domains (His beta D4) and the phosphotyrosine (pTyr) phosphate group show pKa values significantly lower than average for these residue types in proteins. The reduced pKa of these two groups is due to the proximity of the highly positively charged pTyr binding pocket. The unusual pKa of His beta D4 is also due to burial from solvent in a hydrogen-bonding network that appears necessary for the positioning of arginine residues involved in pTyr binding. Mutation of the analogous histidine in other SH2 domains has been shown to abrogate pTyr binding. In addition to these large shifts in pKa values, smaller effects were observed for the titratable groups of a glutamic acid and histidine near the C-terminus of the the second helix due to its helical dipole. Finally, exchange behavior of arginine guanidinium protons with solvent as a function of pH in this SH2 domain-phosphopeptide complex confirms previous descriptions of the roles of different arginines in the structure and function of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A U Singer
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Canada
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