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Ruszkowski M, Forlani G. Deciphering the Structure of Arabidopsis thaliana 5-enol-Pyruvyl-Shikimate-3-Phosphate Synthase: an Essential Step toward the Discovery of Novel Inhibitors to Supersede Glyphosate. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:1494-1505. [PMID: 35422967 PMCID: PMC8983318 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate interferes with plant aromatic metabolism through the inhibition of 5-enol-pyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase [EPSPS, EC 2.5.1.19]. For this reason, EPSPS has been extensively studied in a vast array of organisms. This notwithstanding, up to date, the crystal structure of the protein has been solved exclusively in a few prokaryotes, while that of the plant enzyme has been only deduced in silico by similarity. This study aimed at determining the structure of EPSPS from the plant model species Arabidopsis thaliana, which has been cloned, heterologously expressed and affinity-purified. The kinetic properties of the enzyme have been determined, as well as its susceptibility to the inhibition brought about by glyphosate. The crystal structure of the protein has been resolved at high resolution (1.4 Å), showing open conformation of the enzyme, which is the state ready for substrate/inhibitor binding. This provides a framework for the structure-based design of novel EPSPS inhibitors. Surface regions near the active-site cleft entrance or at the interdomain hinge appear promising for inhibitor selectivity, while bound chloride near the active site is a potential placeholder for anionic moieties of future herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milosz Ruszkowski
- Department of Structural Biology of Eukaryotes, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Section of MCL, National Cancer Institute, Argonne, IL, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Structural Biology of Eukaryotes, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Giuseppe Forlani
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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2
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Ouyang C, Liu W, Chen S, Zhao H, Chen X, Jin X, Li X, Wu Y, Zeng X, Huang P, He X, An B. The Naturally Evolved EPSPS From Goosegrass Confers High Glyphosate Resistance to Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:756116. [PMID: 34777434 PMCID: PMC8586540 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.756116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-resistant crops developed by the CP4-EPSPS gene from Agrobacterium have been planted on a massive scale globally, which benefits from the high efficiency and broad spectrum of glyphosate in weed control. Some glyphosate-resistant (GR) genes from microbes have been reported, which might raise biosafety concerns. Most of them were obtained through a hygromycin-HPT transformation system. Here we reported the plant source with 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene from goosegrass endowed rice with high resistance to glyphosate. The integrations and inheritability of the transgenes in the rice genome were investigated within two generations. The EiEPSPS transgenic plants displayed similar growth and development to wild type under no glyphosate selection pressure but better reproductive performance under lower glyphosate selection pressure. Furthermore, we reconstructed a binary vector pCEiEPSPS and established the whole stage glyphosate selection using the vector. The Glyphosate-pCEiEPSPS selection system showed a significantly higher transformation efficiency compared with the hygromycin-HPT transformation system. Our results provided a promising alternative gene resource to the development of GR plants and also extended the plant transformation toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ouyang
- Hainan Bolian Rice Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Silan Chen
- Hainan Bolian Rice Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Hainan Bolian Rice Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
| | - Xinyan Chen
- Hainan Bolian Rice Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
| | - Xiongxia Jin
- Hainan Bolian Rice Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
| | - Xinpeng Li
- Hainan Bolian Rice Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
| | - Yongzhong Wu
- Hainan Bolian Rice Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Hainan Bolian Rice Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
| | - Peijin Huang
- Hainan Bolian Rice Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
| | - Xiuying He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoguang An
- Hainan Bolian Rice Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
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3
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Yushchenko DY, Khlebnikova TB, Pai ZP, Bukhtiyarov VI. Glyphosate: Methods of Synthesis. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158421030113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Duke SO. Glyphosate: Uses Other Than in Glyphosate-Resistant Crops, Mode of Action, Degradation in Plants, and Effects on Non-target Plants and Agricultural Microbes. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 255:1-65. [PMID: 33895876 DOI: 10.1007/398_2020_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most used herbicide globally. It is a unique non-selective herbicide with a mode of action that is ideal for vegetation management in both agricultural and non-agricultural settings. Its use was more than doubled by the introduction of transgenic, glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops. All of its phytotoxic effects are the result of inhibition of only 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), but inhibition of this single enzyme of the shikimate pathway results in multiple phytotoxicity effects, both upstream and downstream from EPSPS, including loss of plant defenses against pathogens. Degradation of glyphosate in plants and microbes is predominantly by a glyphosate oxidoreductase to produce aminomethylphosphonic acid and glyoxylate and to a lesser extent by a C-P lyase to produce sarcosine and phosphate. Its effects on non-target plant species are generally less than that of many other herbicides, as it is not volatile and is generally sprayed in larger droplet sizes with a relatively low propensity to drift and is inactivated by tight binding to most soils. Some microbes, including fungal plant pathogens, have glyphosate-sensitive EPSPS. Thus, glyphosate can benefit GR crops by its activity on some plant pathogens. On the other hand, glyphosate can adversely affect some microbes that are beneficial to agriculture, such as Bradyrhizobium species, although GR crop yield data indicate that such an effect has been minor. Effects of glyphosate on microbes of agricultural soils are generally minor and transient, with other agricultural practices having much stronger effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O Duke
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.
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5
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Döring J, Rettke D, Rödel G, Pompe T, Ostermann K. Surface Functionalization by Hydrophobin-EPSPS Fusion Protein Allows for the Fast and Simple Detection of Glyphosate. BIOSENSORS 2019; 9:E104. [PMID: 31470576 PMCID: PMC6784374 DOI: 10.3390/bios9030104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate, the most widely used pesticide worldwide, is under debate due to its potentially cancerogenic effects and harmful influence on biodiversity and environment. Therefore, the detection of glyphosate in water, food or environmental probes is of high interest. Currently detection of glyphosate usually requires specialized, costly instruments, is labor intensive and time consuming. Here we present a fast and simple method to detect glyphosate in the nanomolar range based on the surface immobilization of glyphosate's target enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) via fusion to the hydrophobin Ccg2 and determination of enzyme activity with a malachite green assay, which is a common photometric technique to measure inorganic phosphate (Pi). The assay demonstrates a new approach for a fast and simple detection of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Döring
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany.
| | - David Rettke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rödel
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tilo Pompe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kai Ostermann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany
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6
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Candeias NR, Assoah B, Simeonov SP. Production and Synthetic Modifications of Shikimic Acid. Chem Rev 2018; 118:10458-10550. [PMID: 30350584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Shikimic acid is a natural product of industrial importance utilized as a precursor of the antiviral Tamiflu. It is nowadays produced in multihundred ton amounts from the extraction of star anise ( Illicium verum) or by fermentation processes. Apart from the production of Tamiflu, shikimic acid has gathered particular notoriety as its useful carbon backbone and inherent chirality provide extensive use as a versatile chiral precursor in organic synthesis. This review provides an overview of the main synthetic and microbial methods for production of shikimic acid and highlights selected methods for isolation from available plant sources. Furthermore, we have attempted to demonstrate the synthetic utility of shikimic acid by covering the most important synthetic modifications and related applications, namely, synthesis of Tamiflu and derivatives, synthetic manipulations of the main functional groups, and its use as biorenewable material and in total synthesis. Given its rich chemistry and availability, shikimic acid is undoubtedly a promising platform molecule for further exploration. Therefore, in the end, we outline some challenges and promising future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno R Candeias
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Tampere University of Technology , Korkeakoulunkatu 8 , 33101 Tampere , Finland
| | - Benedicta Assoah
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Tampere University of Technology , Korkeakoulunkatu 8 , 33101 Tampere , Finland
| | - Svilen P Simeonov
- Laboratory Organic Synthesis and Stereochemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry , Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , Acad. G. Bontchev str. Bl. 9 , 1113 Sofia , Bulgaria
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7
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Herbicides: History, Classification and Genetic Manipulation of Plants for Herbicide Resistance. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09132-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Peng RH, Tian YS, Xiong AS, Zhao W, Fu XY, Han HJ, Chen C, Jin XF, Yao QH. A novel 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase from Rahnella aquatilis with significantly reduced glyphosate sensitivity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39579. [PMID: 22870190 PMCID: PMC3411725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS; EC 2.5.1.19) is a key enzyme in the shikimate pathway for the production of aromatic amino acids and chorismate-derived secondary metabolites in plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It is also the target of the broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate. Natural glyphosate resistance is generally thought to occur within microorganisms in a strong selective pressure condition. Rahnella aquatilis strain GR20, an antagonist against pathogenic agrobacterial strains of grape crown gall, was isolated from the rhizosphere of grape in glyphosate-contaminated vineyards. A novel gene encoding EPSPS was identified from the isolated bacterium by complementation of an Escherichia coli auxotrophic aroA mutant. The EPSPS, named AroA(R. aquatilis), was expressed and purified from E. coli, and key kinetic values were determined. The full-length enzyme exhibited higher tolerance to glyphosate than the E. coli EPSPS (AroA(E. coli)), while retaining high affinity for the substrate phosphoenolpyruvate. Transgenic plants of AroA(R. aquatilis) were also observed to be more resistant to glyphosate at a concentration of 5 mM than that of AroA(E. coli). To probe the sites contributing to increased tolerance to glyphosate, mutant R. aquatilis EPSPS enzymes were produced with the c-strand of subdomain 3 and the f-strand of subdomain 5 (Thr38Lys, Arg40Val, Arg222Gln, Ser224Val, Ile225Val, and Gln226Lys) substituted by the corresponding region of the E. coli EPSPS. The mutant enzyme exhibited greater sensitivity to glyphosate than the wild type R. aquatilis EPSPS with little change of affinity for its first substrate, shikimate-3-phosphate (S3P) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). The effect of the residues on subdomain 5 on glyphosate resistance was more obvious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri-He Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Sheng Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Juan Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Fen Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan-Hong Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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9
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Lou M, Burger SK, Gilpin ME, Gawuga V, Capretta A, Berti PJ. Transition State Analysis of Enolpyruvylshikimate 3-Phosphate (EPSP) Synthase (AroA)-Catalyzed EPSP Hydrolysis. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12958-69. [PMID: 22765279 DOI: 10.1021/ja304339h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Lou
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, and †Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Steven K. Burger
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, and †Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Meghann E. Gilpin
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, and †Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Vivian Gawuga
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, and †Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Alfredo Capretta
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, and †Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Paul J. Berti
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, and †Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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10
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Jiang S, Gilpin ME, Attia M, Ting YL, Berti PJ. Lyme disease enolpyruvyl-UDP-GlcNAc synthase: fosfomycin-resistant MurA from Borrelia burgdorferi, a fosfomycin-sensitive mutant, and the catalytic role of the active site Asp. Biochemistry 2011; 50:2205-12. [PMID: 21294548 DOI: 10.1021/bi1017842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MurAs (enolpyruvyl-UDP-GlcNAc synthases) from pathogenic bacteria such as Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) and tuberculosis are fosfomycin resistant because an Asp-for-Cys substitution prevents them from being alkylated by this epoxide antibiotic. Previous attempts to characterize naturally Asp-containing MurAs have resulted in no protein or no activity. We have expressed and characterized His-tagged Lyme disease MurA (Bb_MurA(H6)). The protein was most soluble at high salt concentrations but maximally active around physiological ionic strength. The steady-state kinetic parameters at pH 7 were k(cat) = 1.07 ± 0.03 s(-1), K(M,PEP) = 89 ± 12 μM, and K(M,UDP-GlcNAc) = 45 ± 7 μM. Mutating the active site Asp to Cys, D116C, caused a 21-fold decrease in k(cat) and rendered the enzyme fosfomycin sensitive. The pH profile of k(cat) was bell-shaped and centered around pH 5.3 for Bb_MurA(H6), with pK(a1) = 3.8 ± 0.2 and pK(a2) = 7.4 ± 0.2. There was little change in pK(a1) with the D116C mutant, 3.5 ± 0.3, but pK(a2) shifted to >11. This demonstrated that the pK(a2) of 7.4 was due to D116, almost 3 pH units above an unperturbed carboxylate, and that it must be protonated for activity. This supports D116's proposed role as a general acid/base catalyst. As fosfomycin does not react with simple thiols, nor most protein thiols, the reactivity of D116C with fosfomycin, combined with the strongly perturbed pK(a2) for D116, strongly implies an unusual active site environment and a chemical role in catalysis for Asp/Cys. There is also good evidence for C115 having a role in product release. Both roles may be operative for both Asp- and Cys-containing MurAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Chemical Biology Graduate Program, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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11
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Kahrizi D, Salmanian AH, Afshari A, Moieni A, Mousavi A. Simultaneous substitution of Gly96 to Ala and Ala183 to Thr in 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene of E. coli (k12) and transformation of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) in order to make tolerance to glyphosate. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2007; 26:95-104. [PMID: 16874527 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-006-0208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2005] [Revised: 06/03/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a non-selective broad-spectrum herbicide that inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). This is a key enzyme in the aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway of microorganisms and plants. The manipulation of bacterial EPSPS gene in order to reduce its affinity for glyphosate, followed by its transfer to plants is one of the most effective approaches for the production of glyphosate-tolerant plants. In this study, we chose to focus on amino acid residues glycine96 and alanine183 of the E. coli (k12) EPSPS enzyme. These two amino acids are important residues for glyphosate binding. We used site directed mutagenesis (SDM) to induce point mutations in the E. coli EPSPS gene, in order to convert glycine96 to alanine (Gly96Ala) and alanine183 to threonine (Ala183Thr). After confirming the mutation by sequencing, the altered EPSPS gene was transferred to rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The transformed explants were screened in shoot induction medium containing 25 mg L-1 kanamycin. Glyphosate tolerance was assayed in putative transgenic plants. Statistical analysis of data showed that there was a significant difference between the transgenic and control plants. It was observed that transgenic plants were resistant to glyphosate at a concentration of 10 mM whereas the non-transformed control plants were unable to survive 1 mM glyphosate. The presence and copy numbers of the transgene were confirmed with PCR and Southern blotting analysis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Kahrizi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Ali MMN, Kaliannan P, Venuvanalingam P. Ab initio Computational Modeling of Glyphosate Analogs: Conformational Perspective. Struct Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10224-005-4615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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KALIANNAN P, NASEER ALI MMOHAMED, VENUVANALINGAM P. Ab initiocomputational studies on molecular conformation of N-methyl-glyphosate. Mol Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970310001620186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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He M, Nie YF, Xu P. A T42M substitution in bacterial 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) generates enzymes with increased resistance to glyphosate. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2003; 67:1405-9. [PMID: 12843673 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.67.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mutants of class I enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) with resistance to glyphosate were produced in a previous study using the staggered extension process with aroA genes from S. typhimurium and E. coli. Two of these mutants shared a common amino acid substitution, T42M, near the hinge region between the large globular domains of EPSPS. Using site-directed mutagenisis, we produced the T42M mutants without the other amino acid changes of the original mutants. The T42M substitution alone produced enzymes with a 9- to 25-fold decreased K(m)[PEP] and a 21- to 26-fold increased K(i)[glyphosate] compared to the wild-type enzymes. These results provide more testimony for the powerful approach for protein engineering by the combination of directed evolution and rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming He
- Biotechnology Research Center, The Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, The People's Republic of China
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15
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Kaliannan P, Mohamed Naseer Ali M, Seethalakshmi T, Venuvanalingam P. Electronic structure and conformation of glyphosate: an ab initio MO study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(02)00467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Roberts CW, Roberts F, Lyons RE, Kirisits MJ, Mui EJ, Finnerty J, Johnson JJ, Ferguson DJP, Coggins JR, Krell T, Coombs GH, Milhous WK, Kyle DE, Tzipori S, Barnwell J, Dame JB, Carlton J, McLeod R. The shikimate pathway and its branches in apicomplexan parasites. J Infect Dis 2002; 185 Suppl 1:S25-36. [PMID: 11865437 DOI: 10.1086/338004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The shikimate pathway is essential for production of a plethora of aromatic compounds in plants, bacteria, and fungi. Seven enzymes of the shikimate pathway catalyze sequential conversion of erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenol pyruvate to chorismate. Chorismate is then used as a substrate for other pathways that culminate in production of folates, ubiquinone, napthoquinones, and the aromatic amino acids tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. The shikimate pathway is absent from animals and present in the apicomplexan parasites Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Inhibition of the pathway by glyphosate is effective in controlling growth of these parasites. These findings emphasize the potential benefits of developing additional effective inhibitors of the shikimate pathway. Such inhibitors may function as broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents that are effective against bacterial and fungal pathogens and apicomplexan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W Roberts
- Department of Immunology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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17
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He M, Yang ZY, Nie YF, Wang J, Xu P. A new type of class I bacterial 5-enopyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase mutants with enhanced tolerance to glyphosate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1568:1-6. [PMID: 11731078 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(01)00181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate or Roundup is the most extensively used herbicide for broad-spectrum control of weeds. Glyphosate inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), a key enzyme in the aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathway in microorganisms and plants. Applying the staggered extension process, we randomly mutated and recombined the aroA genes of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli to obtain four variants that exhibit significantly enhanced tolerance to glyphosate. All four mutants are chimeras of the two parental genes and, in addition, three of them carry one or more de novo point mutations. None of the amino acid substitutions in the mutants was in a position previously known to be important for catalysis or substrate binding. Kinetic analysis of EPSPS activity from these mutants indicated that the tolerance was attributed to a 2-10-fold increased specific activity, 0.4-8-fold reduced affinity to glyphosate, and 2.5-19-fold decreased K(m) for phosphoenolpyruvate. Such mutants will be instrumental for the structural and function study of the enzyme and for the generation of transgenic crops resistant to the herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M He
- The Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of Education Ministry, Zongshan University, Guangzhou, PR China
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18
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Metabolism of Aromatic Compounds and Nucleic Acid Bases. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jiang S, Singh G, Boam DJ, Coggins JR. Synthesis of 3-deoxy-3,3-difluoroshikimic acid and its 4-epimer from quinic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(99)00447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Roberts F, Roberts CW, Johnson JJ, Kyle DE, Krell T, Coggins JR, Coombs GH, Milhous WK, Tzipori S, Ferguson DJ, Chakrabarti D, McLeod R. Evidence for the shikimate pathway in apicomplexan parasites. Nature 1998; 393:801-5. [PMID: 9655396 DOI: 10.1038/31723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa cause substantial morbidity, mortality and economic losses, and new medicines to treat them are needed urgently. The shikimate pathway is an attractive target for herbicides and antimicrobial agents because it is essential in algae, higher plants, bacteria and fungi, but absent from mammals. Here we present biochemical, genetic and chemotherapeutic evidence for the presence of enzymes of the shikimate pathway in apicomplexan parasites. In vitro growth of Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum (malaria) and Cryptosporidium parvum was inhibited by the herbicide glyphosate, a well-characterized inhibitor of the shikimate pathway enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate 3-phosphate synthase. This effect on T. gondii and P. falciparum was reversed by treatment with p-aminobenzoate, which suggests that the shikimate pathway supplies folate precursors for their growth. Glyphosate in combination with pyrimethamine limited T. gondii infection in mice. Four shikimate pathway enzymes were detected in extracts of T. gondii and glyphosate inhibited 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate 3-phosphate synthase activity. Genes encoding chorismate synthase, the final shikimate pathway enzyme, were cloned from T. gondii and P. falciparum. This discovery of a functional shikimate pathway in apicomplexan parasites provides several targets for the development of new antiparasite agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Roberts
- Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Dewick
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
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22
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Du S, Plat D, Belakhov V, Baasov T. First Nonenzymatic Synthesis of Kdo8P through a Mechanism Similar to That Suggested for the Enzyme Kdo8P Synthase. J Org Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jo961929y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shoucheng Du
- Department of Chemistry, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32,000, Israel
| | - Dorit Plat
- Department of Chemistry, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32,000, Israel
| | - Valery Belakhov
- Department of Chemistry, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32,000, Israel
| | - Timor Baasov
- Department of Chemistry, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32,000, Israel
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23
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Doyle ML. Characterization of binding interactions by isothermal titration calorimetry. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1997; 8:31-5. [PMID: 9013658 DOI: 10.1016/s0958-1669(97)80154-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Isothermal titration calorimetry is a high-accuracy method for measuring binding affinities. Titration calorimetry is a universal method that has broad impact throughout biotechnology. In recent years, microcalorimeters that are capable of characterizing binding interactions of biological macromolecules have become commercially available. Results from these studies are providing new insight into the molecular nature of macromolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- ML Doyle
- Macromolecular Sciences Department, UE-0447-B SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals 709 Swedeland Road King of Prussia PA 19406-0939 USA
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24
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Shah A, Font JL, Miller MJ, Ream JE, Walker MC, Sikorski JA. New aromatic inhibitors of EPSP synthase incorporating hydroxymalonates as novel 3-phosphate replacements. Bioorg Med Chem 1997; 5:323-34. [PMID: 9061197 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(96)00239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A new, aromatic analogue of the EPSP synthase enzyme reaction intermediate 1 has been identified, which contains a 3-hydroxymalonate moiety in place of the usual 3-phosphate group. This simplified inhibitor was readily prepared in five steps from ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate. The resulting tetrahedral intermediate mimic 9 is an effective, competitive inhibitor versus S3P with an apparent Ki of 0.57 +/- 0.06 microM. This result demonstrates that 3-hydroxymalonates exhibit potencies comparable to aromatic inhibitors containing the previously identified 3-malonate ether replacements and can thus function as suitable 3-phosphate mimics in this system. These new compounds provide another example in which a simple benzene ring can be used effectively in place of the more complex shikimate ring in the design of EPSP synthase inhibitors. Furthermore, the greater potency of 9 versus the glycolate derivative 10 and the 5-deoxy-analog 11, again confirms the requirement for multiple anionic charges at the dihydroxybenzoate 5-position in order to attain effective inhibition of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shah
- Ceregen Corporate Research, Unit of Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO 63198, USA
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25
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Sikorski JA, Gruys KJ. Understanding Glyphosate's Molecular Mode of Action with EPSP Synthase: Evidence Favoring an Allosteric Inhibitor Model. Acc Chem Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ar950122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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