1
|
Ishii C, Takizawa N, Akita T, Mita M, Ide T, Konno R, Hamase K. Off-line two-dimensional LC-MS/MS determination of tryptophan enantiomers in mammalian urine and alteration of their amounts in d-amino acid oxidase deficient mice. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 219:114919. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
2
|
Lee CJ, Qiu TA, Sweedler JV. d-Alanine: Distribution, origin, physiological relevance, and implications in disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140482. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
3
|
KOGA R, YOSHIDA H, NOHTA H, HAMASE K. Multi-Dimensional HPLC Analysis of Metabolic Related Chiral Amino Acids -Method Development and Biological/Clinical Applications-. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2019. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2019.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko KOGA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | | | - Hitoshi NOHTA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | - Kenji HAMASE
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Toyo'oka T. DL-Amino Acid Analysis Based on Labeling with Light and Heavy Isotopic Reagents Followed by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2030:293-306. [PMID: 31347126 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9639-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
L-Pyroglutamic acid succinimidyl ester (L-PGA-OSu) and its isotopic variant (L-PGA[d5]-OSu) were synthesized and used as the chiral labeling reagents for the enantioseparation of amino acids by reversed-phase UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The enantiomers of amino acids were labeled with the reagents at 60 °C for 10 min in an alkaline medium. The resulting diastereomers were well separated by the reversed-phase chromatography using an ODS column, packed with small particles (1.7 μm) (Rs = 1.95-8.05). A highly sensitive detection at a low-fmol level (0.5-3.2 fmol) was obtained from the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) chromatograms. An isotope labeling strategy using light and heavy variants for the differential analysis of the DL-amino acids in different sample groups is also presented in this paper. The ratios of D/L-alanine in different yogurt products were successfully determined by the proposed method. The D/L ratios were almost comparable to those obtained from only using light reagent (i.e., L-PGA-OSu). Therefore, the proposed strategy seems to be useful for the differential analysis of DL-amino acids, not only in food products but also in biological samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Toyo'oka T. Chiral Metabolomics Using Triazine-Based Chiral Labeling Reagents by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1985:57-79. [PMID: 31069729 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9438-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The determination of enantiomers of biological molecules is an important issue because a significant difference in the activity of the enantiomers is generally observed in biological systems. Chiral separations can be carried out by direct resolution using a chiral stationary column or by indirect resolution based on the derivatization with a chiral reagent. Many chiral-labeling reagents for ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence detections have been developed for various functional groups, such as amine and carboxylic acid. However, there are hardly any labeling reagents for LC-MS-specific detection. Based on this observation, we have developed several chiral-labeling reagents for LC-MS/MS analysis.This chapter describes methodologies and applications for the indirect LC-MS/MS determination of biological chiral molecules using triazine-based chiral-labeling reagents, i.e., (S and R)-1-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)pyrrolidin-3-amine (DMT-3(S and R)-Apy) for carboxylic acids and (S and R)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl-1-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylate (DMT-(S and R)-Pro-OSu) for amines and amino acids. A reliable method for the non-targeted chiral metabolomics is also described in this chapter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Koga R, Miyoshi Y, Sato Y, Mita M, Konno R, Lindner W, Hamase K. Enantioselective determination of citrulline and ornithine in the urine of d -amino acid oxidase deficient mice using a two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatographic system. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:312-317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
7
|
KOGA R, MIYOSHI Y, SATO Y, MITA M, KONNO R, LINDNER W, HAMASE K. Enantioselective Determination of Phenylalanine, Tyrosine and 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine in the Urine of D-Amino Acid Oxidase Deficient Mice Using Two-Dimensional High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2016. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2015.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko KOGA
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Yurika MIYOSHI
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Yu SATO
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | | | - Ryuichi KONNO
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare
| | | | - Kenji HAMASE
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Genome-wide association study of NMDA receptor coagonists in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1557-64. [PMID: 25666758 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) coagonists glycine, D-serine and L-proline play crucial roles in NMDAR-dependent neurotransmission and are associated with a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. We conducted the first genome-wide association study of concentrations of these coagonists and their enantiomers in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of human subjects from the general population (N=414). Genetic variants at chromosome 22q11.2, located in and near PRODH (proline dehydrogenase), were associated with L-proline in plasma (β=0.29; P=6.38 × 10(-10)). The missense variant rs17279437 in the proline transporter SLC6A20 was associated with L-proline in CSF (β=0.28; P=9.68 × 10(-9)). Suggestive evidence of association was found for the D-serine plasma-CSF ratio at the D-amino-acid oxidase (DAO) gene (β=-0.28; P=9.08 × 10(-8)), whereas a variant in SRR (that encodes serine racemase and is associated with schizophrenia) constituted the most strongly associated locus for the L-serine to D-serine ratio in CSF. All these genes are highly expressed in rodent meninges and choroid plexus, anatomical regions relevant to CSF physiology. The enzymes and transporters they encode may be targeted to further construe the nature of NMDAR coagonist involvement in NMDAR gating. Furthermore, the highlighted genetic variants may be followed up in clinical populations, for example, schizophrenia and 22q11 deletion syndrome. Overall, this targeted metabolomics approach furthers the understanding of NMDAR coagonist concentration variability and sets the stage for non-targeted CSF metabolomics projects.
Collapse
|
9
|
Simultaneous analysis of d-alanine, d-aspartic acid, and d-serine using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to the rat plasma and tissues. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:123-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
10
|
Takayama T, Mochizuki T, Todoroki K, Min JZ, Mizuno H, Inoue K, Akatsu H, Noge I, Toyo'oka T. A novel approach for LC-MS/MS-based chiral metabolomics fingerprinting and chiral metabolomics extraction using a pair of enantiomers of chiral derivatization reagents. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 898:73-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
11
|
Mochizuki T, Takayama T, Todoroki K, Inoue K, Min JZ, Toyo’oka T. Towards the chiral metabolomics: Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry based dl-amino acid analysis after labeling with a new chiral reagent, (S)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl-1-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylate, and the application to saliva of healthy volunteers. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 875:73-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
12
|
Pritchett D, Hasan S, Tam SKE, Engle SJ, Brandon NJ, Sharp T, Foster RG, Harrison PJ, Bannerman DM, Peirson SN. d-amino acid oxidase knockout (Dao(-/-) ) mice show enhanced short-term memory performance and heightened anxiety, but no sleep or circadian rhythm disruption. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:1167-79. [PMID: 25816902 PMCID: PMC4744680 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
d-amino acid oxidase (DAO, DAAO) is an enzyme that degrades d-serine, the primary endogenous co-agonist of the synaptic N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. Convergent evidence implicates DAO in the pathophysiology and potential treatment of schizophrenia. To better understand the functional role of DAO, we characterized the behaviour of the first genetically engineered Dao knockout (Dao(-/-) ) mouse. Our primary objective was to assess both spatial and non-spatial short-term memory performance. Relative to wildtype (Dao(+/+) ) littermate controls, Dao(-/-) mice demonstrated enhanced spatial recognition memory performance, improved odour recognition memory performance, and enhanced spontaneous alternation in the T-maze. In addition, Dao(-/-) mice displayed increased anxiety-like behaviour in five tests of approach/avoidance conflict: the open field test, elevated plus maze, successive alleys, light/dark box and novelty-suppressed feeding. Despite evidence of a reciprocal relationship between anxiety and sleep and circadian function in rodents, we found no evidence of sleep or circadian rhythm disruption in Dao(-/-) mice. Overall, our observations are consistent with, and extend, findings in the natural mutant ddY/Dao(-) line. These data add to a growing body of preclinical evidence linking the inhibition, inactivation or deletion of DAO with enhanced cognitive performance. Our results have implications for the development of DAO inhibitors as therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Pritchett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mochizuki T, Todoroki K, Inoue K, Min JZ, Toyo’oka T. Isotopic variants of light and heavy l-pyroglutamic acid succinimidyl esters as the derivatization reagents for dl-amino acid chiral metabolomics identification by liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 811:51-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
14
|
Abstract
The potential of flavoproteins as targets of pharmacological treatments is immense. In this review we present an overview of the current research progress on medical interventions based on flavoproteins with a special emphasis on cancer, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Jortzik
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Luykx JJ, Bakker SC, van Boxmeer L, Vinkers CH, Smeenk HE, Visser WF, Verhoeven-Duif NM, Strengman E, Buizer-Voskamp JE, de Groene L, van Dongen EPA, Borgdorff P, Bruins P, de Koning TJ, Kahn RS, Ophoff RA. D-amino acid aberrations in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of smokers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:2019-26. [PMID: 23615666 PMCID: PMC3746686 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The glutamatergic neurotransmission system and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) have been implicated in smoking and alcohol consumption behavior. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that nicotine and ethanol influence NMDAR functionality, which may have a role in tendencies to consume these substances. Nonetheless, little is known about concentrations of NMDAR coagonists in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of individuals who smoke or consume alcohol. Glycine and L- and D-stereoisomers of alanine, serine, and proline were therefore measured using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in 403 healthy subjects. Nicotine and alcohol consumption were quantified using questionnaires. Possible differences in NMDAR coagonist concentrations in plasma and CSF were investigated using ANCOVA with age, body mass index, and storage duration as covariates. The significance threshold was Bonferroni corrected (α=0.00625). Compared with non-smokers, smokers displayed lower levels of D-proline in plasma (p=0.0027, Cohen's d=-0.41) and D-proline in CSF (p=0.0026, Cohen's d=-0.43). D-Serine in CSF was higher in smokers than in non-smokers (p=0.0052, Cohen's d=0.41). After subdividing participants based on smoking quantity, dose-dependent decreases were demonstrated in smokers for D-proline in plasma (F=5.65, p=0.0039) and D-proline in CSF (F=5.20, p=0.0060). No differences in NMDAR coagonist levels between alcohol consumption groups were detected. To our knowledge, this is the first report to implicate D-amino acids in smoking behavior of humans. Whether such concentration differences lie at the root of or result from smoking habits may be addressed in prospective studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jurjen J Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, the Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen (ZNA), Stuivenberg campus, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven C Bakker
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Loes van Boxmeer
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Christiaan H Vinkers
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, the Netherlands,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hanne E Smeenk
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter F Visser
- Department of Medical Genetics, UMCU, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Eric Strengman
- Department of Medical Genetics, UMCU, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacobine E Buizer-Voskamp
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lizzy de Groene
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Management, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Eric PA van Dongen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Management, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Borgdorff
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Diakonessenhuis Hospital, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Bruins
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Management, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Tom J de Koning
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, the Netherlands,Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, Tel: +1 310 794 9602, Fax: +1 310 794 9613, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
NMDA-receptor coagonists in serum, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenia patients: A meta-analysis of case–control studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1587-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
17
|
Two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of day–night variation of d-alanine in mammals and factors controlling the circadian changes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8083-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
18
|
Enantioselective two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid and its analogues in mammals and bivalves. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:255-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
19
|
Yamanaka M, Miyoshi Y, Ohide H, Hamase K, Konno R. d-Amino acids in the brain and mutant rodents lacking d-amino-acid oxidase activity. Amino Acids 2012; 43:1811-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
20
|
Han H, Miyoshi Y, Ueno K, Okamura C, Tojo Y, Mita M, Lindner W, Zaitsu K, Hamase K. Simultaneous determination of d-aspartic acid and d-glutamic acid in rat tissues and physiological fluids using a multi-loop two-dimensional HPLC procedure. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3196-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
21
|
Popiolek M, Ross JF, Charych E, Chanda P, Gundelfinger ED, Moss SJ, Brandon NJ, Pausch MH. D-amino acid oxidase activity is inhibited by an interaction with bassoon protein at the presynaptic active zone. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:28867-28875. [PMID: 21700703 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.262063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly heritable neuropsychiatric disorder affecting ∼1% of the world's population. Linkage and association studies have identified multiple candidate schizophrenia susceptibility genes whose functions converge on the glutamatergic neurotransmitter system. One such susceptibility gene encoding D-amino acid oxidase (DAO), an enzyme that metabolizes the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) co-agonist D-serine, has the potential to modulate NMDAR function in the context of schizophrenia. To further investigate its cellular regulation, we sought to identify DAO-interacting proteins that participate in its functional regulation in rat cerebellum, where DAO expression is especially high. Immunoprecipitation with DAO-specific antibodies and subsequent mass spectrometric analysis of co-precipitated proteins yielded 24 putative DAO-interacting proteins. The most robust interactions occurred with known components of the presynaptic active zone, such as bassoon (BSN) and piccolo (PCLO). The interaction of DAO with BSN was confirmed through co-immunoprecipitation assays using DAO- and BSN-specific antibodies. Moreover, DAO and BSN colocalized with one another in cultured cerebellar granule cells and in synaptic junction membrane protein fractions derived from rat cerebellum. The functional consequences of this interaction were studied through enzyme assay experiments, where DAO enzymatic activity was significantly inhibited as a result of its interaction with BSN. Taking these results together, we hypothesize that synaptic D-serine concentrations may be under tight regulation by a BSN-DAO complex. We therefore predict that this mechanism plays a role in the modulation of glutamatergic signaling through NMDARs. It also furthers our understanding of the biology underlying this potential therapeutic entry point for schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Popiolek
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - John F Ross
- Aileron Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Germany
| | - Erik Charych
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Pranab Chanda
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | | | | | - Nicholas J Brandon
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340,.
| | - Mark H Pausch
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340,; Merck, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fuchs SA, Berger R, de Koning TJ. D-serine: the right or wrong isoform? Brain Res 2011; 1401:104-17. [PMID: 21676380 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Only recently, d-amino acids have been identified in mammals. Of these, d-serine has been most extensively studied. d-Serine was found to play an important role as a neurotransmitter in the human central nervous system (CNS) by binding to the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAr), similar to glycine. Therefore, d-serine may well play a role in all physiological and pathological processes in which NMDArs have been implied. In this review, we discuss the findings implying an important role for d-serine in human physiology (CNS development and memory and learning) and pathology (excitotoxicity, perinatal asphyxia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder). We will debate on the relative contribution of d-serine versus glycine and conclude with clinical applications derived from these results and future directions to progress in this field. In general, adequate concentrations of d-serine are required for normal CNS development and function, while both decreased and increased concentrations can lead to CNS pathology. Therefore, d-serine appears to be the right isoform when present in the right concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine A Fuchs
- Department of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) is a flavoenzyme that metabolizes certain D-amino acids, notably the endogenous N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) co-agonist, D-serine. As such, it has the potential to modulate the function of NMDAR and to contribute to the widely hypothesized involvement of NMDAR signalling in schizophrenia. Three lines of evidence now provide support for this possibility: DAO shows genetic associations with the disorder in several, although not all, studies; the expression and activity of DAO are increased in schizophrenia; and DAO inactivation in rodents produces behavioural and biochemical effects, suggestive of potential therapeutic benefits. However, several key issues remain unclear. These include the regional, cellular and subcellular localization of DAO, the physiological importance of DAO and its substrates other than D-serine, as well as the causes and consequences of elevated DAO in schizophrenia. Herein, we critically review the neurobiology of DAO, its involvement in schizophrenia, and the therapeutic value of DAO inhibition. This review also highlights issues that have a broader relevance beyond DAO itself: how should we weigh up convergent and cumulatively impressive, but individually inconclusive, pieces of evidence regarding the role that a given gene may have in the aetiology, pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia?
Collapse
|
24
|
Hamase K, Morikawa A, Etoh S, Tojo Y, Miyoshi Y, Zaitsu K. Analysis of small amounts of D-amino acids and the study of their physiological functions in mammals. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:961-8. [PMID: 19667471 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
D-amino acids, the enantiomers of L-amino acids, are candidates to be novel physiologically active substances and the biomarkers in mammals. However, the amounts of D-amino acids in the tissues and physiological fluids are extremely small in most cases, and sensitive and selective analytical methods are needed for their determination. In the present manuscript, we review the analytical technologies including our recent advances for the determinations of small amounts of D-amino acids in mammals and the applications to clarify their physiological meanings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Miyoshi Y, Hamase K, Tojo Y, Mita M, Konno R, Zaitsu K. Determination of D-serine and D-alanine in the tissues and physiological fluids of mice with various D-amino-acid oxidase activities using two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2506-12. [PMID: 19586804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional-HPLC procedures have been established for the sensitive and selective determination of D-serine (D-Ser) and D-alanine (D-Ala), and their amounts in the tissues and physiological fluids of mice with various D-amino-acid oxidase (DAO) activities have been demonstrated. These two D-amino acids are modulators of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor mediated neurotransmission, and the alterations in their amounts following the changes in the DAO activity are matters of interest. After pre-column derivatization with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F), the D-amino acids were determined by the 2D-HPLC system with fluorescence detectors. As the first dimension, a microbore-monolithic-ODS column (750 mm x 0.53 mm I.D.) was adopted and a self-packed narrowbore-Pirkle type enantioselective column (Sumichiral OA-2500S, 250 mm x 1.5 mm I.D.) was selected for the second dimension. The lower limits of quantitation of D-Ser and D-Ala were 500 amol, and the within-day and day-to-day precisions were less than 6.8%. Using these methods, the amounts of D-Ser and D-Ala in 6 brain tissues, 4 peripheral tissues, serum and urine of mice having various DAO activities were determined; the amounts of these D-amino acids were drastically increased with a lowering of the DAO activity except for the cases of D-Ser in the frontal brain regions. The present micro-2D-HPLC procedures are powerful tools for the determination of small amounts of D-Ser and D-Ala in mammalian samples, and the obtained results would be useful for developing novel drugs that modulate the DAO activity, such as DAO inhibitors, against neuronal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yurika Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tachikawa E, Kudo K, Hasegawa H, Kashimoto T, Sasaki K, Miyazaki M, Taira H, Lindstrom JM. In vitro inhibition of adrenal catecholamine secretion by steroidal metabolites of ginseng saponins. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:2213-21. [PMID: 14609746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously that the protopanaxatriol saponins in Panax ginseng greatly reduce the secretion of catecholamines from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells stimulated by acetylcholine (ACh). However, protopanaxadiol saponins showed only slight inhibitory effects. Recent studies have demonstrated that oligosaccharides connected to the hydroxyl groups of the aglycone in ginseng saponins (ginsenosides) are in turn hydrolyzed in the digestive tract and absorbed into the circulation following oral administration of ginseng. Therefore, the present study was performed to investigate the effects of the major ginsenoside metabolites (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M11, and M12) on catecholamine secretion. All of these metabolites were shown to be potent inhibitors of ACh-evoked secretion, and M4 was the most effective. M4 blocked not only the ACh-induced Na(+) influx into the chromaffin cells but also the ACh-induced inward current into Xenopus oocytes expressing human alpha 3 beta 4 neuronal nicotinic ACh receptors. M4 reduced the secretion induced by high K(+), an activator of voltage-sensitive Ca(2+) channels, to a much lesser extent than that evoked by ACh. M1, M2, M3, M5, and M12 are protopanaxadiol saponin-derived metabolites. Therefore, these results imply that the protopanaxadiol saponins are prodrugs, and they show more potent inhibitory activity following metabolism in the digestive tract. The results further suggest that the metabolites act on nicotinic ACh receptors, blocking Na(+) influx through the receptors, and consequently reduce the catecholamine secretion from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. The inhibitory effect of ginsenoside metabolites is probably one of the mechanisms of action responsible for the pharmacological effects of ginseng.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Tachikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Uchimaru 19-1, Morioka 020-8505, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hamase K, Morikawa A, Zaitsu K. D-Amino acids in mammals and their diagnostic value. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 781:73-91. [PMID: 12450654 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Substantial amounts of D-amino acids are present in mammalian tissues; their function, origin and relationship between pathophysiological processes have been of great interest over the last two decades. In the present article, analytical methods including chromatographic, electrophoretic and enzymatic methods to determine D-amino acids in mammalian tissues are reviewed, and the distribution of these D-amino acids in mammals is discussed. An overview of the function, origin and relationship between the amino acids and pathophysiological processes is also given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Glushakov AV, Dennis DM, Morey TE, Sumners C, Cucchiara RF, Seubert CN, Martynyuk AE. Specific inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function in rat hippocampal neurons by L-phenylalanine at concentrations observed during phenylketonuria. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7:359-67. [PMID: 11986979 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2001] [Revised: 08/08/2001] [Accepted: 08/08/2001] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are thought to be involved in the regulation of memory formation and learning. Investigation of NMDAR function during experimental conditions known to be associated with impaired cognition in vivo may provide new insights into the role of NMDARs in learning and memory. Specifically, the mechanism whereby high concentrations of L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) during phenylketonuria (>1.2 mM) cause mental retardation remains unknown. Therefore, the effects of L-Phe on NMDA-activated currents (I(NMDA)) were studied in cultured hippocampal neurons from newborn rats using the patch-clamp technique. L-Phe specifically and reversibly attenuated I(NMDA) in a concentration-dependent manner (IC(50) = 1.71 +/- 0.24 mM). In contrast, L-tyrosine (L-Tyr), an amino acid synthesized from L-Phe in normal subjects, did not significantly change I(NMDA). Although the L-Phe-I(NMDA) concentration-response relationship was independent of the concentration of NMDA, it was shifted rightward by increasing the concentration of glycine. Consistent with an effect of L-Phe on the NMDAR glycine-binding site, L-Phe (1 mM) did not attenuate I(NMDA) in the presence of D-alanine (10 microM). Furthermore, L-Phe significantly attenuated neither glutamate-activated current in the presence of MK-801, nor current activated by AMPA. The finding that L-Phe inhibits specifically NMDAR current in hippocampal neurons by competing for the glycine-binding site suggests a role for impaired NMDAR function in the development of mental retardation during phenylketonuria and accordingly an important role for NMDARs in memory formation and learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A V Glushakov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL 32610-0254, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|