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Özcan GG, Lim S, Canning T, Tirathdas L, Donnelly J, Kundu T, Rihel J. Genetic and chemical disruption of amyloid precursor protein processing impairs zebrafish sleep maintenance. iScience 2024; 27:108870. [PMID: 38318375 PMCID: PMC10839650 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a brain-rich, single pass transmembrane protein that is proteolytically processed into multiple products, including amyloid-beta (Aβ), a major driver of Alzheimer disease (AD). Although both overexpression of APP and exogenously delivered Aβ lead to changes in sleep, whether APP processing plays an endogenous role in regulating sleep is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that APP processing into Aβ40 and Aβ42 is conserved in zebrafish and then describe sleep/wake phenotypes in loss-of-function appa and appb mutants. Larvae with mutations in appa had reduced waking activity, whereas larvae that lacked appb had shortened sleep bout durations at night. Treatment with the γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT also shortened night sleep bouts, whereas the BACE-1 inhibitor lanabecestat lengthened sleep bouts. Intraventricular injection of P3 also shortened night sleep bouts, suggesting that the proper balance of Appb proteolytic processing is required for normal sleep maintenance in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güliz Gürel Özcan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sumi Lim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Canning
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Lavitasha Tirathdas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joshua Donnelly
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tanushree Kundu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jason Rihel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
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Unraveling Presenilin 2 Functions in a Knockout Zebrafish Line to Shed Light into Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030376. [PMID: 36766721 PMCID: PMC9913325 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in presenilin 2 (PS2) have been causally linked to the development of inherited Alzheimer's disease (AD). Besides its role as part of the γ-secretase complex, mammalian PS2 is also involved, as an individual protein, in a growing number of cell processes, which result altered in AD. To gain more insight into PS2 (dys)functions, we have generated a presenilin2 (psen2) knockout zebrafish line. We found that the absence of the protein does not markedly influence Notch signaling at early developmental stages, suggesting a Psen2 dispensable role in the γ-secretase-mediated Notch processing. Instead, loss of Psen2 induces an exaggerated locomotor response to stimulation in fish larvae, a reduced number of ER-mitochondria contacts in zebrafish neurons, and an increased basal autophagy. Moreover, the protein is involved in mitochondrial axonal transport, since its acute downregulation reduces in vivo organelle flux in zebrafish sensory neurons. Importantly, the expression of a human AD-linked mutant of the protein increases this vital process. Overall, our results confirm zebrafish as a good model organism for investigating PS2 functions in vivo, representing an alternative tool for the characterization of new AD-linked defective cell pathways and the testing of possible correcting drugs.
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Mhalhel K, Sicari M, Pansera L, Chen J, Levanti M, Diotel N, Rastegar S, Germanà A, Montalbano G. Zebrafish: A Model Deciphering the Impact of Flavonoids on Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020252. [PMID: 36672187 PMCID: PMC9856690 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past century, advances in biotechnology, biochemistry, and pharmacognosy have spotlighted flavonoids, polyphenolic secondary metabolites that have the ability to modulate many pathways involved in various biological mechanisms, including those involved in neuronal plasticity, learning, and memory. Moreover, flavonoids are known to impact the biological processes involved in developing neurodegenerative diseases, namely oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, several flavonoids could be used as adjuvants to prevent and counteract neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Zebrafish is an interesting model organism that can offer new opportunities to study the beneficial effects of flavonoids on neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, the high genome homology of 70% to humans, the brain organization largely similar to the human brain as well as the similar neuroanatomical and neurochemical processes, and the high neurogenic activity maintained in the adult brain makes zebrafish a valuable model for the study of human neurodegenerative diseases and deciphering the impact of flavonoids on those disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Mhalhel
- Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab., Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Mirea Sicari
- Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab., Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Lidia Pansera
- Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab., Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Jincan Chen
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Maria Levanti
- Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab., Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Nicolas Diotel
- Université de la Réunion, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Plateforme CYROI, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France
| | - Sepand Rastegar
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (G.M.); Tel.: +49-721-608-22507 (S.R.); +39-090-6766822 (G.M.)
| | - Antonino Germanà
- Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab., Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montalbano
- Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab., Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (G.M.); Tel.: +49-721-608-22507 (S.R.); +39-090-6766822 (G.M.)
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Chia K, Klingseisen A, Sieger D, Priller J. Zebrafish as a model organism for neurodegenerative disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:940484. [PMID: 36311026 PMCID: PMC9606821 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.940484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish is increasingly recognized as a model organism for translational research into human neuropathology. The zebrafish brain exhibits fundamental resemblance with human neuroanatomical and neurochemical pathways, and hallmarks of human brain pathology such as protein aggregation, neuronal degeneration and activation of glial cells, for example, can be modeled and recapitulated in the fish central nervous system. Genetic manipulation, imaging, and drug screening are areas where zebrafish excel with the ease of introducing mutations and transgenes, the expression of fluorescent markers that can be detected in vivo in the transparent larval stages overtime, and simple treatment of large numbers of fish larvae at once followed by automated screening and imaging. In this review, we summarize how zebrafish have successfully been employed to model human neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington’s disease. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of choosing zebrafish as a model for these neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelda Chia
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Klingseisen
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Sieger
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Dirk Sieger,
| | - Josef Priller
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, DZNE, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Josef Priller,
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Bashirzade AA, Zabegalov KN, Volgin AD, Belova AS, Demin KA, de Abreu MS, Babchenko VY, Bashirzade KA, Yenkoyan KB, Tikhonova MA, Amstislavskaya TG, Kalueff AV. Modeling neurodegenerative disorders in zebrafish. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 138:104679. [PMID: 35490912 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a major cause of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, multiple and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, pontocerebellar hypoplasia, dementia and other related brain disorders. Their complex pathogenesis commonly includes genetic and neurochemical deficits, misfolded protein toxicity, demyelination, apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunctions. Albeit differing in specific underlying mechanisms, neurodegenerative disorders typically display evolutionarily conserved mechanisms across taxa. Here, we review the role of zebrafish models in recapitulating major human and rodent neurodegenerative conditions, demonstrating this species as a highly relevant experimental model for research on neurodegenerative diseases, and discussing how these fish models can further clarify the underlying genetic, neurochemical, neuroanatomical and behavioral pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alim A Bashirzade
- Novosibirsk State University, Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk, Russia; Scientific Research Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Andrey D Volgin
- Novosibirsk State University, Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk, Russia; Scientific Research Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alisa S Belova
- Novosibirsk State University, Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk, Russia; Scientific Research Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Konstantin A Demin
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Granov Scientific Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, St. Petersburg, Russia; Almazov Medical Research Center, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Vladislav Ya Babchenko
- Novosibirsk State University, Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk, Russia; Scientific Research Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kseniya A Bashirzade
- Novosibirsk State University, Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Konstantin B Yenkoyan
- Neuroscience Laboratory, COBRAIN Center, M Heratsi Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia; COBRAIN Center - Scientific Educational Center for Fundamental Brain Research, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Maria A Tikhonova
- Novosibirsk State University, Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk, Russia; Scientific Research Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tamara G Amstislavskaya
- Novosibirsk State University, Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk, Russia; Scientific Research Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia; COBRAIN Center - Scientific Educational Center for Fundamental Brain Research, Yerevan, Armenia.
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Cho Y, Bae HG, Okun E, Arumugam TV, Jo DG. Physiology and pharmacology of amyloid precursor protein. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108122. [PMID: 35114285 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is an evolutionarily conserved transmembrane protein and a well-characterized precursor protein of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides, which accumulate in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related pathologies. Aβ has been extensively investigated since the amyloid hypothesis in AD was proposed. Besides Aβ, previous studies on APP and its proteolytic cleavage products have suggested their diverse pathological and physiological functions. However, their roles still have not been thoroughly understood. In this review, we extensively discuss the evolutionarily-conserved biology of APP, including its structure and processing pathway, as well as recent findings on the physiological roles of APP and its fragments in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. We have also elaborated upon the current status of APP-targeted therapeutic approaches for AD treatment by discussing inhibitors of several proteases participating in APP processing, including α-, β-, and γ-secretases. Finally, we have highlighted the future perspectives pertaining to further research and the potential clinical role of APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsuk Cho
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Han-Gyu Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; The Pauld Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Israel
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea; School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea; Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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7
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Shenoy A, Banerjee M, Upadhya A, Bagwe-Parab S, Kaur G. The Brilliance of the Zebrafish Model: Perception on Behavior and Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:861155. [PMID: 35769627 PMCID: PMC9234549 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.861155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has become increasingly prevalent in the elderly population across the world. It’s pathophysiological markers such as overproduction along with the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) are posing a serious challenge to novel drug development processes. A model which simulates the human neurodegenerative mechanism will be beneficial for rapid screening of potential drug candidates. Due to the comparable neurological network with humans, zebrafish has emerged as a promising AD model. This model has been thoroughly validated through research in aspects of neuronal pathways analogous to the human brain. The cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic pathways, which play a role in the manifested behavior of the zebrafish, are well defined. There are several behavioral models in both adult zebrafish and larvae to establish various aspects of cognitive impairment including spatial memory, associative memory, anxiety, and other such features that are manifested in AD. The zebrafish model eliminates the shortcomings of previously recognized mammalian models, in terms of expense, extensive assessment durations, and the complexity of imaging the brain to test the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. This review highlights the various models that analyze the changes in the normal behavioral patterns of the zebrafish when exposed to AD inducing agents. The mechanistic pathway adopted by drugs and novel therapeutic strategies can be explored via these behavioral models and their efficacy to slow the progression of AD can be evaluated.
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Lachowicz J, Niedziałek K, Rostkowska E, Szopa A, Świąder K, Szponar J, Serefko A. Zebrafish as an Animal Model for Testing Agents with Antidepressant Potential. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080792. [PMID: 34440536 PMCID: PMC8401799 DOI: 10.3390/life11080792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a serious mental disease that, according to statistics, affects 320 million people worldwide. Additionally, a current situation related to the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a significant deterioration of mental health in people around the world. So far, rodents have been treated as basic animal models used in studies on this disease, but in recent years, Danio rerio has emerged as a new organism that might serve well in preclinical experiments. Zebrafish have a lot of advantages, such as a quick reproductive cycle, transparent body during the early developmental stages, high genetic and physiological homology to humans, and low costs of maintenance. Here, we discuss the potential of the zebrafish model to be used in behavioral studies focused on testing agents with antidepressant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Lachowicz
- Student’s Scientific Circle at Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.L.); (K.N.)
| | - Karolina Niedziałek
- Student’s Scientific Circle at Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.L.); (K.N.)
| | | | - Aleksandra Szopa
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Świąder
- Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jarosław Szponar
- Clinical Department of Toxicology and Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
- Toxicology Clinic, Stefan Wyszyński Regional Specialist Hospital in Lublin, Al. Kraśnicka 100, 20-718 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Serefko
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Chair and Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (A.S.)
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Kiper K, Freeman JL. Use of Zebrafish Genetic Models to Study Etiology of the Amyloid-Beta and Neurofibrillary Tangle Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:524-539. [PMID: 34030617 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210524155944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing globally, with an imperative need to identify and expand the availability of pharmaceutical treatment strategies. Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease for which there is no cure or has limited treatments. Rodent models are primarily used in Alzheimer's disease research to investigate causes, pathology, molecular mechanisms, and pharmaceutical therapies. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive understanding of Alzheimer's disease causes, pathogenesis, and optimal treatments due in part to some limitations of using rodents, including higher economic cost, which can influence sample size and ultimately statistical power. It is necessary to expand our animal model toolbox to provide alternative strategies in Alzheimer's disease research. The zebrafish application in neurodegenerative disease research and neuropharmacology is greatly expanding due to several vital strengths spanning lower economic costs, the smaller size of the organism, a sequenced characterized genome, and well described anatomical structures. These characteristics are coupled to the conserved molecular function and disease pathways in humans. The existence of orthologs for genes associated with Alzheimer's disease in zebrafish is also confirmed. While wild-type zebrafish appear to lack some of the neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease, the advent of genetic editing technologies has expanded evaluation of the amyloid and neurofibrillary tangle hypotheses using the zebrafish and exploration of pharmaceutical molecular targets. An overview of how genetic editing technologies are being used with the zebrafish to create models to investigate the causes, pathology, molecular mechanisms, and pharmaceutical targets of Alzheimer's disease is detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keturah Kiper
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - Jennifer L Freeman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
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Dong Y, Newman M, Pederson SM, Barthelson K, Hin N, Lardelli M. Transcriptome analyses of 7-day-old zebrafish larvae possessing a familial Alzheimer's disease-like mutation in psen1 indicate effects on oxidative phosphorylation, ECM and MCM functions, and iron homeostasis. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:211. [PMID: 33761877 PMCID: PMC7992352 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOfAD) is promoted by dominant mutations, enabling the study of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenic mechanisms through generation of EOfAD-like mutations in animal models. In a previous study, we generated an EOfAD-like mutation, psen1Q96_K97del, in zebrafish and performed transcriptome analysis comparing entire brains from 6-month-old wild type and heterozygous mutant fish. We identified predicted effects on mitochondrial function and endolysosomal acidification. Here we aimed to determine whether similar effects occur in 7 day post fertilization (dpf) zebrafish larvae that might be exploited in screening of chemical libraries to find ameliorative drugs. RESULTS We generated clutches of wild type and heterozygous psen1Q96_K97del 7 dpf larvae using a paired-mating strategy to reduce extraneous genetic variation before performing a comparative transcriptome analysis. We identified 228 differentially expressed genes and performed various bioinformatics analyses to predict cellular functions. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses predicted a significant effect on oxidative phosphorylation, consistent with our earlier observations of predicted effects on ATP synthesis in adult heterozygous psen1Q96_K97del brains. The dysregulation of minichromosome maintenance protein complex (MCM) genes strongly contributed to predicted effects on DNA replication and the cell cycle and may explain earlier observations of genome instability due to PSEN1 mutation. The upregulation of crystallin gene expression may be a response to defective activity of mutant Psen1 protein in endolysosomal acidification. Genes related to extracellular matrix (ECM) were downregulated, consistent with previous studies of EOfAD mutant iPSC neurons and postmortem late onset AD brains. Also, changes in expression of genes controlling iron ion transport were observed without identifiable changes in the prevalence of transcripts containing iron responsive elements (IREs) in their 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). These changes may, therefore, predispose to the apparent iron dyshomeostasis previously observed in 6-month-old heterozygous psen1Q96_K97del EOfAD-like mutant brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Dong
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Stephen M Pederson
- Bioinformatics Hub, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Karissa Barthelson
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Nhi Hin
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- Bioinformatics Hub, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
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Caenorhabditis elegans Models to Investigate the Mechanisms Underlying Tau Toxicity in Tauopathies. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110838. [PMID: 33187241 PMCID: PMC7697895 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the genetic, biochemical, and structural determinants underlying tau aggregation is pivotal in the elucidation of the pathogenic process driving tauopathies and the design of effective therapies. Relevant information on the molecular basis of human neurodegeneration in vivo can be obtained using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). To this end, two main approaches can be applied: the overexpression of genes/proteins leading to neuronal dysfunction and death, and studies in which proteins prone to misfolding are exogenously administered to induce a neurotoxic phenotype. Thanks to the easy generation of transgenic strains expressing human disease genes, C. elegans allows the identification of genes and/or proteins specifically associated with pathology and the specific disruptions of cellular processes involved in disease. Several transgenic strains expressing human wild-type or mutated tau have been developed and offer significant information concerning whether transgene expression regulates protein production and aggregation in soluble or insoluble form, onset of the disease, and the degenerative process. C. elegans is able to specifically react to the toxic assemblies of tau, thus developing a neurodegenerative phenotype that, even when exogenously administered, opens up the use of this assay to investigate in vivo the relationship between the tau sequence, its folding, and its proteotoxicity. These approaches can be employed to screen drugs and small molecules that can interact with the biogenesis and dynamics of formation of tau aggregates and to analyze their interactions with other cellular proteins.
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Abstract
γ-Secretase is a membrane-embedded protease complex, with presenilin as the catalytic component containing two transmembrane aspartates in the active site. With more than 90 known substrates, the γ-secretase complex is considered "the proteasome of the membrane", with central roles in biology and medicine. The protease carries out hydrolysis within the lipid bilayer to cleave the transmembrane domain of the substrate multiple times before releasing secreted products. For many years, elucidation of γ-secretase structure and function largely relied on small-molecule probes and mutagenesis. Recently, however, advances in cryo-electron microscopy have led to the first detailed structures of the protease complex. Two new reports of structures of γ-secretase bound to membrane protein substrates provide great insight into the nature of substrate recognition and how Alzheimer's disease-causing mutations in presenilin might alter substrate binding and processing. These new structures offer a powerful platform for elucidating enzyme mechanisms, deciphering effects of disease-causing mutations, and advancing Alzheimer's disease drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Wolfe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
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13
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Zebrafish as an Emerging Model for Bioassay-Guided Natural Product Drug Discovery for Neurological Disorders. MEDICINES 2019; 6:medicines6020061. [PMID: 31151179 PMCID: PMC6631710 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Most neurodegenerative diseases are currently incurable, with large social and economic impacts. Recently, there has been renewed interest in investigating natural products in the modern drug discovery paradigm as novel, bioactive small molecules. Moreover, the discovery of potential therapies for neurological disorders is challenging and involves developing optimized animal models for drug screening. In contemporary biomedicine, the growing need to develop experimental models to obtain a detailed understanding of malady conditions and to portray pioneering treatments has resulted in the application of zebrafish to close the gap between in vitro and in vivo assays. Zebrafish in pharmacogenetics and neuropharmacology are rapidly becoming a widely used organism. Brain function, dysfunction, genetic, and pharmacological modulation considerations are enhanced by both larval and adult zebrafish. Bioassay-guided identification of natural products using zebrafish presents as an attractive strategy for generating new lead compounds. Here, we see evidence that the zebrafish's central nervous system is suitable for modeling human neurological disease and we review and evaluate natural product research using zebrafish as a vertebrate model platform to systematically identify bioactive natural products. Finally, we review recently developed zebrafish models of neurological disorders that have the potential to be applied in this field of research.
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Jiang H, Newman M, Lardelli M. The zebrafish orthologue of familial Alzheimer's disease gene PRESENILIN 2 is required for normal adult melanotic skin pigmentation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206155. [PMID: 30359395 PMCID: PMC6201934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of age-related dementia. At least 15 mutations in the human gene PRESENILIN 2 (PSEN2) have been found to cause familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD). Zebrafish possess an orthologous gene, psen2, and present opportunities for investigation of PRESENILIN function related to Alzheimer's disease. The most prevalent and best characterized fAD mutation in PSEN2 is N141I. The equivalent codon in zebrafish psen2 is N140. We used genome editing technology in zebrafish to target generation of mutations to the N140 codon. We isolated two mutations: psen2N140fs, (hereafter "N140fs"), causing truncation of the coding sequence, and psen2T141_L142delinsMISLISV, (hereafter "T141_L142delinsMISLISV"), that deletes the two codons immediately downstream of N140 and replaces them with seven codons coding for amino acid residues MISLISV. Thus, like almost every fAD mutation in the PRESENILIN genes, this latter mutation does not truncate the gene's open reading frame. Both mutations are homozygous viable although N140fs transcripts are subject to nonsense-mediated decay and lack any possibility of coding for an active γ-secretase enzyme. N140fs homozygous larvae initially show grossly normal melanotic skin pigmentation but subsequently lose this as they grow while retaining pigmentation in the retinal pigmented epithelium. T141_L142delinsMISLISV homozygotes retain faint skin melanotic pigmentation as adults, most likely indicating that the protein encoded by this allele retains weak γ-secretase activity. Null mutations in the human PRESENILIN genes do not cause Alzheimer's disease so these two mutations may be useful for future investigation of the differential effects of null and fAD-like PRESENILIN mutations on brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Jiang
- University of Adelaide, School of Biological Sciences, Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Laboratory, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- University of Adelaide, School of Biological Sciences, Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Laboratory, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- University of Adelaide, School of Biological Sciences, Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Laboratory, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Zebrafish: an emerging real-time model system to study Alzheimer's disease and neurospecific drug discovery. Cell Death Discov 2018; 4:45. [PMID: 30302279 PMCID: PMC6170431 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is emerging as an increasingly successful model for translational research on human neurological disorders. In this review, we appraise the high degree of neurological and behavioural resemblance of zebrafish with humans. It is highly validated as a powerful vertebrate model for investigating human neurodegenerative diseases. The neuroanatomic and neurochemical pathways of zebrafish brain exhibit a profound resemblance with the human brain. Physiological, emotional and social behavioural pattern similarities between them have also been well established. Interestingly, zebrafish models have been used successfully to simulate the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as well as Tauopathy. Their relatively simple nervous system and the optical transparency of the embryos permit real-time neurological imaging. Here, we further elaborate on the use of recent real-time imaging techniques to obtain vital insights into the neurodegeneration that occurs in AD. Zebrafish is adeptly suitable for Ca2+ imaging, which provides a better understanding of neuronal activity and axonal dystrophy in a non-invasive manner. Three-dimensional imaging in zebrafish is a rapidly evolving technique, which allows the visualisation of the whole organism for an elaborate in vivo functional and neurophysiological analysis in disease condition. Suitability to high-throughput screening and similarity with humans makes zebrafish an excellent model for screening neurospecific compounds. Thus, the zebrafish model can be pivotal in bridging the gap from the bench to the bedside. This fish is becoming an increasingly successful model to understand AD with further scope for investigation in neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration, which promises exciting research opportunities in the future.
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Abstract
With the ever-growing geriatric population, research on brain diseases such as dementia is more imperative now than ever. The most prevalent of all dementias is Alzheimer's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that presents with deficits in memory, cognition, motor skills, and a general decline in the quality of life. The social and economic burden associated with Alzheimer's disease is tremendous and is projected to grow even greater over the coming years. There is a specific need to elucidate and improve the treatments available, not only to alleviate the symptoms related to dementias such as Alzheimer's but also to prevent the formation of the disease. This is an effort that can be expedited and made more efficient by utilizing an animal model such as the zebrafish. This paper reviews the utility of zebrafish in Alzheimer's research by examining research on a sampling of the treatments available for the disease, specifically donepezil, memantine, and methylene blue. The human model and the shortcomings of the rodent model are also discussed.
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Sharma N, Khurana N, Muthuraman A. Lower vertebrate and invertebrate models of Alzheimer's disease - A review. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:312-323. [PMID: 28943103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder which is characterized by the presence of beta- amyloid protein and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. Till now, various higher vertebrate models have been in use to study the pathophysiology of this disease. But, these models possess some limitations like ethical restrictions, high cost, difficult maintenance of large quantity and lesser reproducibility. Besides, various lower chordate animals like Danio rerio, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans and Ciona intestinalis have been proved to be an important model for the in vivo determination of targets of drugs with least limitations. In this article, we reviewed different studies conducted on theses models for the better understanding of the pathophysiology of AD and their subsequent application as a potential tool in the preclinical evaluation of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Navneet Khurana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Arunachalam Muthuraman
- Department of Pharmacology, Akal College of Pharmacy and Technical Education, Mastuana Sahib, Sangrur, Punjab, India; Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara University, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
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Newman M, Halter L, Lim A, Lardelli M. Mitochondrion to endoplasmic reticulum apposition length in zebrafish embryo spinal progenitors is unchanged in response to perturbations associated with Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28636676 PMCID: PMC5479591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the human genes PRESENILIN1 (PSEN1), PRESENILIN2 (PSEN2) and AMYLOID BETA A4 PRECURSOR PROTEIN (APP) have been identified in familial Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The length of mitochondrion-endoplasmic reticulum (M-ER) appositions is increased in Psen1-/-/Psen2-/- double knockout murine embryonic fibroblasts and in fibroblasts from AD-affected individuals. Development of an easily accessible, genetically manipulable, in vivo system for studying M-ER appositions would be valuable so we attempted to manipulate M-ER apposition length in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. We injected fertilized zebrafish eggs with antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) that inhibit expression of zebrafish familial AD gene orthologues psen1 and psen2. Furthermore, we treated zebrafish embryos with DAPT (a highly specific γ-secretase inhibitor) or with sodium azide (to mimic partially hypoxic conditions). We then analyzed M-ER apposition in an identified, presumably proliferative neural cell type using electron microscopy. Our analysis showed no significant differences in M-ER apposition lengths at 48 hours post fertilization (hpf) between psen1 & psen2 MO co-injected embryos, embryos treated with DAPT, or sodium azide, and control embryos. Instead, the distribution of M-ER apposition lengths into different length classes was close to identical. However, this indicates that it is feasible to reproducibly measure M-ER size distributions in zebrafish embryos. While our observations differ from those of murine and human studies, this may be due to differences in cellular differentiation and metabolic state, cell age, or species-specific responses. In particular, by focusing on a presumably proliferative embryonic cell type, we may have selected a cell heavily already reliant on anaerobic glycolysis and less responsive to factors affecting M-ER apposition. Future examination of more differentiated, more secretory cell types may reveal measurable responses of M-ER apposition to environmental and genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Newman
- Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail: (MN); (ML)
| | - Lena Halter
- Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anne Lim
- Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail: (MN); (ML)
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Regeneration, Plasticity, and Induced Molecular Programs in Adult Zebrafish Brain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:769763. [PMID: 26417601 PMCID: PMC4568348 DOI: 10.1155/2015/769763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative capacity of the brain is a variable trait within animals. Aquatic vertebrates such as zebrafish have widespread ability to renew their brains upon damage, while mammals have—if not none—very limited overall regenerative competence. Underlying cause of such a disparity is not fully evident; however, one of the reasons could be activation of peculiar molecular programs, which might have specific roles after injury or damage, by the organisms that regenerate. If this hypothesis is correct, then there must be genes and pathways that (a) are expressed only after injury or damage in tissues, (b) are biologically and functionally relevant to restoration of neural tissue, and (c) are not detected in regenerating organisms. Presence of such programs might circumvent the initial detrimental effects of the damage and subsequently set up the stage for tissue redevelopment to take place by modulating the plasticity of the neural stem/progenitor cells. Additionally, if transferable, those “molecular mechanisms of regeneration” could open up new avenues for regenerative therapies of humans in clinical settings. This review focuses on the recent studies addressing injury/damage-induced molecular programs in zebrafish brain, underscoring the possibility of the presence of genes that could be used as biomarkers of neural plasticity and regeneration.
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Lim A, Moussavi Nik SH, Ebrahimie E, Lardelli M. Analysis of nicastrin gene phylogeny and expression in zebrafish. Dev Genes Evol 2015; 225:171-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00427-015-0500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Moussavi Nik SH, Newman M, Wilson L, Ebrahimie E, Wells S, Musgrave I, Verdile G, Martins RN, Lardelli M. Alzheimer's disease-related peptide PS2V plays ancient, conserved roles in suppression of the unfolded protein response under hypoxia and stimulation of γ-secretase activity. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3662-78. [PMID: 25814654 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The PRESENILIN1 and PRESENILIN2 genes encode structurally related proteases essential for γ-secretase activity. Of nearly 200 PRESENILIN mutations causing early onset, familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) only the K115Efx10 mutation of PSEN2 causes truncation of the open reading frame. If translated, the truncated product would resemble a naturally occurring isoform of PSEN2 named PS2V that is induced by hypoxia and found at elevated levels in late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. The function of PS2V is largely unexplored. We show that zebrafish possess a PS2V-like isoform, PS1IV, produced from the fish's PSEN1 rather than PSEN2 orthologous gene. The molecular mechanism controlling formation of PS2V/PS1IV was probably present in the ancient common ancestor of the PSEN1 and PSEN2 genes. Human PS2V and zebrafish PS1IV have highly divergent structures but conserved abilities to stimulate γ-secretase activity and to suppress the unfolded protein response (UPR) under hypoxia. The putative protein truncation caused by K115Efx10 resembles PS2V in its ability to increase γ-secretase activity and suppress the UPR. This supports increased Aβ levels as a common link between K115Efx10 early onset AD and sporadic, late onset AD. The ability of mutant variants of PS2V to stimulate γ-secretase activity partially correlates with their ability to suppress the UPR. The cytosolic, transmembrane and luminal domains of PS2V are all critical to its γ-secretase and UPR-suppression activities. Our data support a model in which chronic hypoxia in aged brains promotes excessive Notch signalling and accumulation of Aβ that contribute to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgan Newman
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences
| | - Lachlan Wilson
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences
| | | | - Simon Wells
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences
| | - Ian Musgrave
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia, Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences,
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Moussavi Nik SH, Newman M, Ganesan S, Chen M, Martins R, Verdile G, Lardelli M. Hypoxia alters expression of zebrafish microtubule-associated protein tau (mapta, maptb) gene transcripts. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:767. [PMID: 25359609 PMCID: PMC4236441 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) is abundant in neurons and functions in assembly and stabilization of microtubules to maintain cytoskeletal structure. Human MAPT transcripts undergo alternative splicing to produce 3R and 4R isoforms normally present at approximately equal levels in the adult brain. Imbalance of the 3R-4R isoform ratio can affect microtubule binding and assembly and may promote tau hyperphosphorylation and neurofibrillary tangle formation as seen in neurodegenerative diseases such as frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Conditions involving hypoxia such as cerebral ischemia and stroke can promote similar tau pathology but whether hypoxic conditions cause changes in MAPT isoform formation has not been widely explored. We previously identified two paralogues (co-orthologues) of MAPT in zebrafish, mapta and maptb. RESULTS In this study we assess the splicing of transcripts of these genes in adult zebrafish brain under hypoxic conditions. We find hypoxia causes increases in particular mapta and maptb transcript isoforms, particularly the 6R and 4R isoforms of mapta and maptb respectively. Expression of the zebrafish orthologue of human TRA2B, tra2b, that encodes a protein binding to MAPT transcripts and regulating splicing, was reduced under hypoxic conditions, similar to observations in AD brain. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings indicate that hypoxia can alter splicing of zebrafish MAPT co-orthologues promoting formation of longer transcripts and possibly generating Mapt proteins more prone to hyperphosphorylation. This supports the use of zebrafish to provide insight into the mechanisms regulating MAPT transcript splicing under conditions that promote neuronal dysfunction and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Hani Moussavi Nik
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005 Adelaide, Australia.
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Newman M, Ebrahimie E, Lardelli M. Using the zebrafish model for Alzheimer's disease research. Front Genet 2014; 5:189. [PMID: 25071820 PMCID: PMC4075077 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent models have been extensively used to investigate the cause and mechanisms behind Alzheimer’s disease. Despite many years of intensive research using these models we still lack a detailed understanding of the molecular events that lead to neurodegeneration. Although zebrafish lack the complexity of advanced cognitive behaviors evident in rodent models they have proven to be a very informative model for the study of human diseases. In this review we give an overview of how the zebrafish has been used to study Alzheimer’s disease. Zebrafish possess genes orthologous to those mutated in familial Alzheimer’s disease and research using zebrafish has revealed unique characteristics of these genes that have been difficult to observe in rodent models. The zebrafish is becoming an increasingly popular model for the investigation of Alzheimer’s disease and will complement studies using other models to help complete our understanding of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Newman
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide SA, Australia
| | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide SA, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide SA, Australia
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Baycin Hizal D, Wolozny D, Colao J, Jacobson E, Tian Y, Krag SS, Betenbaugh MJ, Zhang H. Glycoproteomic and glycomic databases. Clin Proteomics 2014; 11:15. [PMID: 24725457 PMCID: PMC3996109 DOI: 10.1186/1559-0275-11-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation serves critical roles in the cellular and biological processes of many organisms. Aberrant glycosylation has been associated with many illnesses such as hereditary and chronic diseases like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, and immunological disorders. Emerging mass spectrometry (MS) technologies that enable the high-throughput identification of glycoproteins and glycans have accelerated the analysis and made possible the creation of dynamic and expanding databases. Although glycosylation-related databases have been established by many laboratories and institutions, they are not yet widely known in the community. Our study reviews 15 different publicly available databases and identifies their key elements so that users can identify the most applicable platform for their analytical needs. These databases include biological information on the experimentally identified glycans and glycopeptides from various cells and organisms such as human, rat, mouse, fly and zebrafish. The features of these databases - 7 for glycoproteomic data, 6 for glycomic data, and 2 for glycan binding proteins are summarized including the enrichment techniques that are used for glycoproteome and glycan identification. Furthermore databases such as Unipep, GlycoFly, GlycoFish recently established by our group are introduced. The unique features of each database, such as the analytical methods used and bioinformatical tools available are summarized. This information will be a valuable resource for the glycobiology community as it presents the analytical methods and glycosylation related databases together in one compendium. It will also represent a step towards the desired long term goal of integrating the different databases of glycosylation in order to characterize and categorize glycoproteins and glycans better for biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Baycin Hizal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Wolozny
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Colao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elena Jacobson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sharon S Krag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Zebrafish as a model for investigating developmental lead (Pb) neurotoxicity as a risk factor in adult neurodegenerative disease: a mini-review. Neurotoxicology 2014; 43:57-64. [PMID: 24698670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) exposure has long been recognized to cause neurological alterations in both adults and children. While most of the studies in adults are related to higher dose exposure, epidemiological studies indicate cognitive decline and neurobehavioral alterations in children associated with lower dose environmental Pb exposure (a blood Pb level of 10μg/dL and below). Recent animal studies also now report that an early-life Pb exposure results in pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease later in life. While previous studies evaluating higher Pb exposures in adult animal models and higher occupational Pb exposures in humans have suggested a link between higher dose Pb exposure during adulthood and neurodegenerative disease, these newer studies now indicate a link between an early-life Pb exposure and adult neurodegenerative disease. These studies are supporting the "fetal/developmental origin of adult disease" hypothesis and present a new challenge in our understanding of Pb neurotoxicity. There is a need to expand research in this area and additional model systems are needed. The zebrafish presents as a complementary vertebrate model system with numerous strengths including high genetic homology. Several zebrafish genes orthologous to human genes associated with neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are identified and this model is starting to be applied in neurodegenerative disease research. Moreover, the zebrafish is being used in developmental Pb neurotoxicity studies to define genetic mechanisms of toxicity and associated neurobehavioral alterations. While these studies are in their infancy, the genetic and functional conservation of genes associated with neurodegenerative diseases and application in developmental Pb neurotoxicity studies supports the potential for this in vivo model to further investigate the link between developmental Pb exposure and adult neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis. In this review, the major factors influencing the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, Pb neurotoxicity, the developmental origin of adult disease paradigm, and the zebrafish as a model system to investigate the developmental origin of low-dose Pb-induced neurodegenerative diseases is discussed.
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Basu S, Sachidanandan C. Zebrafish: a multifaceted tool for chemical biologists. Chem Rev 2013; 113:7952-80. [PMID: 23819893 DOI: 10.1021/cr4000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Basu
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) , South Campus, New Delhi 110025, India
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27
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Presenilin1 regulates histamine neuron development and behavior in zebrafish, danio rerio. J Neurosci 2013; 33:1589-97. [PMID: 23345232 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1802-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulatory neurotransmitters, including the histaminergic system, are essential in mediating cognitive functions affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The roles of disease genes associated with AD, most importantly the presenilin1 gene (psen1), are poorly understood. We studied the role of psen1 in plasticity of the brain histaminergic system using a novel psen1 mutant zebrafish, Danio rerio. We found that in psen1(-/-) zebrafish, the histaminergic system is altered throughout life. At 7 d postfertilization (dpf) the histamine neuron number was reduced in psen1(-/-) compared with wild-type (WT) fish; at 2 months of age the histamine neuron number was at the same level as that in WT fish. In 1-year-old zebrafish, the histamine neuron number was significantly increased in psen1(-/-) fish compared with WT fish. These changes in histamine neuron number were accompanied by changes in histamine-driven behaviors. Treatment with DAPT, a γ-secretase inhibitor, similarly interfered with the development of the histaminergic neurons. We also assessed the expression of γ-secretase-regulated Notch1a mRNA and β-catenin at different time points. Notch1a mRNA level was reduced in psen1(-/-) compared with WT fish, whereas β-catenin was slightly upregulated in the hypothalamus of psen1(-/-) compared with WT fish at 7 dpf. The results reveal a life-long brain plasticity in both the structure of the histaminergic system and its functions induced by altered Notch1a activity as a consequence of psen1 mutation. The new histaminergic neurons in aging zebrafish brain may arise as a result of phenotypic plasticity or represent newly differentiated stem cells.
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Di Carlo M. Simple model systems: a challenge for Alzheimer's disease. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2012; 9:3. [PMID: 22507659 PMCID: PMC3388466 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-9-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The success of biomedical researches has led to improvement in human health and increased life expectancy. An unexpected consequence has been an increase of age-related diseases and, in particular, neurodegenerative diseases. These disorders are generally late onset and exhibit complex pathologies including memory loss, cognitive defects, movement disorders and death. Here, it is described as the use of simple animal models such as worms, fishes, flies, Ascidians and sea urchins, have facilitated the understanding of several biochemical mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most diffuse neurodegenerative pathologies. The discovery of specific genes and proteins associated with AD, and the development of new technologies for the production of transgenic animals, has helped researchers to overcome the lack of natural models. Moreover, simple model systems of AD have been utilized to obtain key information for evaluating potential therapeutic interventions and for testing efficacy of putative neuroprotective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Di Carlo
- Istituto di Biomedicina ed Immunologia Molecolare (IBIM) Alberto Monroy CNR, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
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29
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Van Dam D, De Deyn PP. Animal models in the drug discovery pipeline for Alzheimer's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1285-300. [PMID: 21371009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing feasibility of predicting conversion of mild cognitive impairment to dementia based on biomarker profiling, the urgent need for efficacious disease-modifying compounds has become even more critical. Despite intensive research, underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain insufficiently documented for purposeful target discovery. Translational research based on valid animal models may aid in alleviating some of the unmet needs in the current Alzheimer's disease pharmaceutical market, which includes disease-modification, increased efficacy and safety, reduction of the number of treatment unresponsive patients and patient compliance. The development and phenotyping of animal models is indeed essential in Alzheimer's disease-related research as valid models enable the appraisal of early pathological processes - which are often not accessible in patients, and subsequent target discovery and evaluation. This review paper summarizes and critically evaluates currently available animal models, and discusses their value to the Alzheimer drug discovery pipeline. Models dealt with include spontaneous models in various species, including senescence-accelerated mice, chemical and lesion-induced rodent models, and genetically modified models developed in Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, Danio rerio and rodents. Although highly valid animal models exist, none of the currently available models recapitulates all aspects of human Alzheimer's disease, and one should always be aware of the potential dangers of uncritical extrapolating from model organisms to a human condition that takes decades to develop and mainly involves higher cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby Van Dam
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry & Behaviour, Institute Born-Bunge, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium.
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Hedskog L, Petersen CAH, Svensson AI, Welander H, Tjernberg LO, Karlström H, Ankarcrona M. γ-Secretase complexes containing caspase-cleaved presenilin-1 increase intracellular Aβ(42) /Aβ(40) ratio. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 15:2150-63. [PMID: 21054783 PMCID: PMC4394225 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Markers for caspase activation and apoptosis have been shown in brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and AD-mouse models. In neurons, caspase activation is associated with elevated amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) production. Caspases cleave numerous substrates including presenilin-1 (PS1). The cleavage takes place in the large cytosolic loop of PS1-C-terminal fragment (PS1CTF), generating a truncated PS1CTF lacking half of the loop domain (caspCTF). The loop has been shown to possess important regulatory functions with regard to Aβ(40) and Aβ(42) production. Previously, we have demonstrated that γ-secretase complexes are active during apoptosis regardless of caspase cleavage in the PS1CTF-loop. Here, a PS1/PS2-knockout mouse blastocyst-derived cell line was used to establish stable or transient cell lines expressing either caspCTF or full-length CTF (wtCTF). We show that caspCTF restores γ-secretase activity and forms active γ-secretase complexes together with Nicastrin, Pen-2, Aph-1 and PS1-N-terminal fragment. Further, caspCTF containing γ-secretase complexes have a sustained capacity to cleave amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch, generating APP and Notch intracellular domain, respectively. However, when compared to wtCTF cells, caspCTF cells exhibit increased intracellular production of Aβ(42) accompanied by increased intracellular Aβ(42) /Aβ(40) ratio without changing the Aβ secretion pattern. Similarly, induction of apoptosis in wtCTF cells generate a similar shift in intracellular Aβ pattern with increased Aβ(42) /Aβ(40) ratio. In summary, we show that caspase cleavage of PS1 generates a γ-secretase complex that increases the intracellular Aβ(42) /Aβ(40) ratio. This can have implications for AD pathogenesis and suggests caspase inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Hedskog
- KI-Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Stockholm, Sweden
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Singh SK, Saxena S, Meena Lakshmi MG, Saxena P, Idris MM. Proteome Profile of Zebrafish Danio rerio Olfactory Bulb Based on Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization MS/MS Analysis. Zebrafish 2011; 8:183-9. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2011.0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin K. Singh
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sandeep Saxena
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Priyanka Saxena
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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32
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Abstract
The zebrafish, Danio rerio, has been established as an excellent vertebrate model for the study of developmental biology and gene function. It also has proven to be a valuable model to study human diseases. Here, we reviewed recent publications using zebrafish to study the pathology of human neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's, Huntington's, and Alzheimer's. These studies indicate that zebrafish genes and their human homologues have conserved functions with respect to the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases. The characteristics of the zebrafish and the experimental approaches to which it is amenable make this species a useful complement to other animal models for the study of pathologic mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases and for the screening of compounds with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Xi
- Department of Biology, Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N6N5, Canada
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Baycin-Hizal D, Tian Y, Akan I, Jacobson E, Clark D, Wu A, Jampol R, Palter K, Betenbaugh M, Zhang H. GlycoFish: a database of zebrafish N-linked glycoproteins identified using SPEG method coupled with LC/MS. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5296-303. [PMID: 21591763 DOI: 10.1021/ac200726q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a model organism that is used to study the mechanisms and pathways of human disorders. Many dysfunctions in neurological, development, and neuromuscular systems are due to glycosylation deficiencies, but the glycoproteins involved in zebrafish embryonic development have not been established. In this study, a mass spectrometry-based glycoproteomic characterization of zebrafish embryos was performed to identify the N-linked glycoproteins and N-linked glycosylation sites. To increase the number of glycopeptides, proteins from zebrafish were digested with two different proteases--chymotrypsin and trypsin--into peptides of different length. The N-glycosylated peptides of zebrafish were then captured by the solid-phase extraction of N-linked glycopeptides (SPEG) method and the peptides were identified with an LTQ OrbiTrap Velos mass spectrometer. From 265 unique glycopeptides, including 269 consensus NXT/S glycosites, we identified 169 different N-glycosylated proteins. The identified glycoproteins were highly abundant in proteins belonging to the transporter, cell adhesion, and ion channel/ion binding categories, which are important to embryonic, organ, and central nervous system development. This proteomics data will expand our knowledge about glycoproteins in zebrafish and may be used to elucidate the role that glycosylation plays in cellular processes and disease. The glycoprotein data are available through the GlycoFish database (http://betenbaugh.jhu.edu/GlycoFish) introduced in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Baycin-Hizal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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Siccardi AJ, Padgett-Vasquez S, Garris HW, Nagy TR, D'Abramo LR, Watts SA. Dietary strontium increases bone mineral density in intact zebrafish (Danio rerio): a potential model system for bone research. Zebrafish 2010; 7:267-73. [PMID: 20874492 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2010.0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) skeletal bone possesses properties similar to human bone, which suggests that they may be used as a model to study mineralization characteristics of the human Haversian system, as well as human bone diseases. One prerequisite for the use of zebrafish as an alternative osteoporotic bone model is to determine whether their bone displays functional plasticity similar to that observed in other bone models. Strontium citrate was supplemented into a laboratory-prepared diet (45% crude protein) to produce dietary strontium levels of 0%, 0.63%, 1.26%, 1.89%, and 2.43% and fed ad libitum twice daily for 12 weeks to 28-day-old intact zebrafish. Length was determined at 4-week intervals, and both weight and length were recorded at 12 weeks. At 12 weeks, seven zebrafish from each dietary level were analyzed for total bone mineral density by microcomputed tomography. Dietary strontium citrate supplementation significantly (p < 0.05) increased zebrafish whole-body and spinal column bone mineral density. In addition, trace amounts of strontium were incorporated into the scale matrix in those zebrafish that consumed strontium-supplemented diets. These findings suggest that zebrafish bone displays plasticity similar to that reported for other bone models (i.e., rat, mouse, and monkey) that received supplements of strontium compounds and zebrafish should be viewed as an increasingly valuable bone model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Siccardi
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama 35295-1170, USA.
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van Tijn P, Kamphuis W, Marlatt MW, Hol EM, Lucassen PJ. Presenilin mouse and zebrafish models for dementia: focus on neurogenesis. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 93:149-64. [PMID: 21056616 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant mutations in the presenilin gene PSEN cause familial Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurological disorder pathologically characterized by intraneuronal accumulation and extracellular deposition of amyloid-β in plaques and intraneuronal, hyperphosphorylated tau aggregation in neurofibrillary tangles. Presenilins (PS/PSENs) are part of the proteolytic γ-secretase complex, which cleaves substrate proteins within the membrane. Cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by γ-secretase releases amyloid-β peptides. Besides its role in the processing of APP and other transmembrane proteins, presenilin plays an important role in neural progenitor cell maintenance and neurogenesis. In this review, we discuss the role of presenilin in relation to neurogenesis and neurodegeneration and review the currently available presenilin animal models. In addition to established mouse models, zebrafish are emerging as an attractive vertebrate model organism to study the role of presenilin during the development of the nervous system and in neurodegenerative disorders involving presenilin. Zebrafish is a suitable model organism for large-scale drug screening, making this a valuable model to identify novel therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula van Tijn
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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36
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Singh SK, Sundaram CS, Shanbhag S, Idris MM. Proteomic profile of zebrafish brain based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization MS/MS analysis. Zebrafish 2010; 7:169-77. [PMID: 20528263 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2010.0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish is one of the most widely studied model organisms for understanding the neurodevelopment and neurological disorders of humans because of its similar brain structure, genome, and proteome. Understanding the zebrafish brain proteome is particularly useful as no data of zebrafish brain proteome are available despite its wide use as an alternative neurological animal model. We have determined the proteome profile of the zebrafish brain based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis covering 161 proteins including 96 protein identities reported to the Swiss-Prot database. The proteins identified in this study were found to be associated with various pathways such as cell death, free radical scavenging, cell signaling, nervous system development, and cell cycle. The identified proteins were also observed to play important roles in various brain-related diseases and genetic disorders, such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia. This article provides the zebrafish brain two-dimensional gel electrophoresis proteome map and the details of the 161 brain tissue-specific proteins. Also we have established the roles of the identified proteins in various neurological functions and diseases based on pathway analysis.
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Newman M, Verdile G, Martins RN, Lardelli M. Zebrafish as a tool in Alzheimer's disease research. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1812:346-52. [PMID: 20920580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent form of neurodegenerative disease. Despite many years of intensive research our understanding of the molecular events leading to this pathology is far from complete. No effective treatments have been defined and questions surround the validity and utility of existing animal models. The zebrafish (and, in particular, its embryos) is a malleable and accessible model possessing a vertebrate neural structure and genome. Zebrafish genes orthologous to those mutated in human familial Alzheimer's disease have been defined. Work in zebrafish has permitted discovery of unique characteristics of these genes that would have been difficult to observe with other models. In this brief review we give an overview of Alzheimer's disease and transgenic animal models before examining the current contribution of zebrafish to this research area. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Zebrafish Models of Neurological Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Newman
- Discipline of Genetics, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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38
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Kabashi E, Brustein E, Champagne N, Drapeau P. Zebrafish models for the functional genomics of neurogenetic disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1812:335-45. [PMID: 20887784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we consider recent work using zebrafish to validate and study the functional consequences of mutations of human genes implicated in a broad range of degenerative and developmental disorders of the brain and spinal cord. Also we present technical considerations for those wishing to study their own genes of interest by taking advantage of this easily manipulated and clinically relevant model organism. Zebrafish permit mutational analyses of genetic function (gain or loss of function) and the rapid validation of human variants as pathological mutations. In particular, neural degeneration can be characterized at genetic, cellular, functional, and behavioral levels. Zebrafish have been used to knock down or express mutations in zebrafish homologs of human genes and to directly express human genes bearing mutations related to neurodegenerative disorders such as spinal muscular atrophy, ataxia, hereditary spastic paraplegia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), epilepsy, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, fronto-temporal dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. More recently, we have been using zebrafish to validate mutations of synaptic genes discovered by large-scale genomic approaches in developmental disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, and non-syndromic mental retardation. Advances in zebrafish genetics such as multigenic analyses and chemical genetics now offer a unique potential for disease research. Thus, zebrafish hold much promise for advancing the functional genomics of human diseases, the understanding of the genetics and cell biology of degenerative and developmental disorders, and the discovery of therapeutics. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Zebrafish Models of Neurological Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edor Kabashi
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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39
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Bai Q, Burton EA. Zebrafish models of Tauopathy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1812:353-63. [PMID: 20849952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tauopathies are a group of incurable neurodegenerative diseases, in which loss of neurons is accompanied by intracellular deposition of fibrillar material composed of hyperphosphorylated forms of the microtubule-associated protein Tau. A zebrafish model of Tauopathy could complement existing murine models by providing a platform for genetic and chemical screens, in order to identify novel therapeutic targets and compounds with disease-modifying potential. In addition, Tauopathy zebrafish would be useful for hypothesis-driven experiments, especially those exploiting the potential to deploy in vivo imaging modalities. Several considerations, including conservation of specialized neuronal and other cellular populations, and biochemical pathways implicated in disease pathogenesis, suggest that the zebrafish brain is an appropriate setting in which to model these complex disorders. Novel transgenic zebrafish lines expressing wild-type and mutant forms of human Tau in CNS neurons have recently been reported. These studies show evidence that human Tau undergoes disease-relevant changes in zebrafish neurons, including somato-dendritic relocalization, hyperphosphorylation and aggregation. In addition, preliminary evidence suggests that Tau transgene expression can precipitate neuronal dysfunction and death. These initial studies are encouraging that the zebrafish holds considerable promise as a model in which to study Tauopathies. Further studies are necessary to clarify the phenotypes of transgenic lines and to develop assays and models suitable for unbiased high-throughput screening approaches. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Zebrafish Models of Neurological Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Bai
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
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40
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In the swim of things: recent insights to neurogenetic disorders from zebrafish. Trends Genet 2010; 26:373-81. [PMID: 20580116 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advantage of zebrafish as a model to study human pathologies lies in the ease of manipulating gene expression in vivo. Here we focus on recent progress in our understanding of motor neuron diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders and discuss how novel technologies will permit further disease models to be developed. Together these advances set the stage for this simple functional model, with particular advantages for transgenesis, multigenic analyses and chemical biology, to become uniquely suited for advancing the functional genomics of neurological and possibly psychiatric diseases - from understanding the genetics and cell biology of degenerative and developmental disorders to the discovery of therapeutics.
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41
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Sager JJ, Bai Q, Burton EA. Transgenic zebrafish models of neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Struct Funct 2010; 214:285-302. [PMID: 20162303 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-009-0237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction of the zebrafish as a model for the study of vertebrate developmental biology, an extensive array of techniques for its experimental manipulation and analysis has been developed. Recently it has become apparent that these powerful methodologies might be deployed in order to elucidate the pathogenesis of human neurodegenerative diseases and to identify candidate therapeutic approaches. In this article, we consider evidence that the zebrafish central nervous system provides an appropriate setting in which to model human neurological disease and we review techniques and resources available for generating transgenic models. We then examine recent publications showing that appropriate phenotypes can be provoked in the zebrafish through transgenic manipulations analogous to genetic abnormalities known to cause human tauopathies, polyglutamine diseases or motor neuron degenerations. These studies show proof of concept that findings in zebrafish models can be applicable to the pathogenic mechanisms underlying human diseases. Consequently, the prospects for providing novel insights into neurodegenerative diseases by exploiting transgenic zebrafish models and discovery-driven approaches seem favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Sager
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 7015 Biomedical Sciences Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
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Wong K, Elegante M, Bartels B, Elkhayat S, Tien D, Roy S, Goodspeed J, Suciu C, Tan J, Grimes C, Chung A, Rosenberg M, Gaikwad S, Denmark A, Jackson A, Kadri F, Chung KM, Stewart A, Gilder T, Beeson E, Zapolsky I, Wu N, Cachat J, Kalueff AV. Analyzing habituation responses to novelty in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Behav Brain Res 2009; 208:450-7. [PMID: 20035794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of habituation is widely used to characterize animal cognitive phenotypes and their modulation. Although zebrafish (Danio rerio) are increasingly utilized in neurobehavioral research, their habituation responses have not been extensively investigated. Utilizing the novel tank test, we examine intra- and inter-session habituation and demonstrate robust habituation responses in adult zebrafish. Analyzing the intra-session habituation to novelty further, we also show that selected anxiogenic drugs (caffeine, pentylenetetrazole), as well as stress-inducing alarm pheromone, attenuated zebrafish habituation. Some acute anxiolytic agents, such as morphine and ethanol, while predictably reducing zebrafish anxiety, had no effects on habituation. Chronic ethanol and fluoxetine treatments improved intra-session habituation in zebrafish. In general, our study parallels literature on rodent habituation responses to novelty, and reconfirms zebrafish as a promising model for cognitive neurobehavioral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University Medical School, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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43
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Guo S. Using zebrafish to assess the impact of drugs on neural development and function. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:715-726. [PMID: 19774094 DOI: 10.1517/17460440902988464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Zebrafish is becoming an increasingly attractive model organism for understanding biology and developing therapeutics, because as a vertebrate, it shares considerable similarity with mammals in both genetic compositions and tissue/organ structures, and yet remains accessible to high throughput phenotype-based genetic and small molecule compound screening. OBJECTIVE/METHOD: The focus of this review is on the nervous system, which is arguably the most complex organ and known to be afflicted by more than six hundred disorders in humans. I discuss the past, present, and future of using zebrafish to assess the impact of small molecule drugs on neural development and function, in light of understanding and treating neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Hungtington's disease, and neural system dysfunctions such as anxiety/depression and addiction. CONCLUSION: These studies hold promise to reveal fundamental mechanisms governing nervous system development and function, and to facilitate small molecule drug discovery for the many types of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Guo
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Programs in Biological Sciences and Human Genetics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143-2811
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44
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Grimes AC, Kirby ML. The outflow tract of the heart in fishes: anatomy, genes and evolution. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2009; 74:983-1036. [PMID: 20735616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A large number of congenital heart defects associated with mortality in humans are those that affect the cardiac outflow tract, and this provides a strong imperative to understand its development during embryogenesis. While there is wide phylogenetic variation in adult vertebrate heart morphology, recent work has demonstrated evolutionary conservation in the early processes of cardiogenesis, including that of the outflow tract. This, along with the utility and high reproductive potential of fish species such as Danio rerio, Oryzias latipes etc., suggests that fishes may provide ideal comparative biological models to facilitate a better understanding of this poorly understood region of the heart. In this review, the authors present the current understanding of both phylogeny and ontogeny of the cardiac outflow tract in fishes and examine how new molecular studies are informing the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary trajectories that have been proposed. The authors also attempt to address some of the issues of nomenclature that confuse this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Grimes
- Departamento de Biología del Desarrollo Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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45
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Yang T, Arslanova D, Gu Y, Augelli-Szafran C, Xia W. Quantification of gamma-secretase modulation differentiates inhibitor compound selectivity between two substrates Notch and amyloid precursor protein. Mol Brain 2008; 1:15. [PMID: 18983676 PMCID: PMC2637266 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-1-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deposition of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) is a major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ is generated from γ-secretase cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP). In addition to APP, γ-secretase also cleaves other type I integral membrane proteins, including the Notch receptor, a key molecule involved in embryonic development. Results To explore selective γ-secretase inhibitors, a combination of five methods was used to systematically determine these inhibitors' profiles on the γ-secretase cleavage of APP and Notch. When two potent γ-secretase inhibitors, compound E (cpd E) and DAPT, were used in a conventional in vitro γ-secretase activity assay, cpd E completely blocked Aβ generation from the cleavage of substrate APP C100, but only had a minor effect on Notch cleavage and NICD generation. Next, cpd E and DAPT were applied to HEK293 cells expressing a truncated Notch substrate NotchΔE. Both cpd E and DAPT were more potent in blocking Aβ generation than NICD generation. Third, a reporter construct was created that carried the NICD targeting promoter with three Su(H) binding sequences followed by the luciferase gene. We found that the inhibition of NICD generation by cpd E and DAPT was consistent with the reduced expression of luciferase gene driven by this Notch targeting promoter. Fourth, levels of "Notch-Aβ-like" (Nβ*) peptide derived from two previously reported chimeric APP with its transmembrane domain or the juxtamembrane portion replaced by the Notch sequence were quantified. Measurement of Nβ* peptides by ELISA confirmed that EC50's of cpd E were much higher for Nβ* than Aβ. Finally, the expression levels of Notch target gene her6 in cpd E or DAPT-treated zebrafish were correlated with the degree of tail curvature due to defective somitogenesis, a well characterized Notch phenotype in zebrafish. Conclusion Our ELISA-based quantification of Aβ and Nβ* in combination with the test in zebrafish provides a novel approach for efficient cell-based screening and in vivo validation of APP selective γ-secretase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
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46
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Lee JA, Cole GJ. Generation of Transgenic Zebrafish Expressing Green Fluorescent Protein Under Control of Zebrafish Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene Regulatory Elements. Zebrafish 2007; 4:277-86. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2007.0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Ahng Lee
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gregory J. Cole
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Biology, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina
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47
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Nornes S, Newman M, Verdile G, Wells S, Stoick-Cooper CL, Tucker B, Frederich-Sleptsova I, Martins R, Lardelli M. Interference with splicing of Presenilin transcripts has potent dominant negative effects on Presenilin activity. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 17:402-12. [PMID: 17981814 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations in the PRESENILIN1 (PSEN1) gene frequently underlie familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). Nonsense and most splicing mutations result in the synthesis of truncated peptides, and it has been assumed that truncated PSEN1 protein is functionless so that heterozygotes for these mutations are unaffected. Some FAD mutations affecting PSEN1 mRNA splicing cause loss of exon 8 or 9 sequences while maintaining the reading frame. We attempted to model these exon-loss mutations in zebrafish embryos by injecting morpholino antisense oligonucleotides (morpholinos) directed against splice acceptor sites in zebrafish psen1 transcripts. However, this produced cryptic changes in splicing potentially forming mRNAs encoding truncated presenilin proteins. Aberrant splicing in the region between exons 6 and 8 produces potent dominant negative effects on Psen1 protein activity, including Notch signalling, and causes a hydrocephalus phenotype. Reductions in Psen1 activity feedback positively to increase psen1 transcription through a mechanism apparently independent of gamma-secretase. We present evidence that the dominant negative effects are mediated through production of truncated Psen1 peptides that interfere with the normal activity of both Psen1 and Psen2. Mutations causing such truncations would be dominant lethal in embryo development. Somatic cellular changes in ageing cells that interfere with PSEN1 splicing, or otherwise cause protein truncation, might contribute to sporadic Alzheimer's disease, cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svanhild Nornes
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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48
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Kaether C, Haass C, Steiner H. Assembly, trafficking and function of gamma-secretase. NEURODEGENER DIS 2006; 3:275-83. [PMID: 17047368 DOI: 10.1159/000095267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-secretase catalyzes the final cleavage of the beta-amyloid precursor protein to generate amyloid-beta peptide, the principal component of amyloid plaques in the brains of patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease. Here, we review the identification of gamma-secretase as a protease complex and its assembly and trafficking to its site(s) of cellular function. In reconstitution experiments, gamma-secretase was found to be composed of four integral membrane proteins, presenilin (PS), nicastrin (NCT), PEN-2 and APH-1 that are essential and sufficient for gamma-secretase activity. PS, which serves as a catalytic subunit of gamma-secretase, was identified as a prototypic member of novel aspartyl proteases of the GxGD type. In human cells, gamma-secretase could be further defined as a heterogeneous activity consisting of distinct complexes that are composed of PS1 or PS2 and APH-1a or APH-1b homologues together with NCT and PEN-2. Using green fluorescent protein as a reporter we localized PS and gamma-secretase activity at the plasma membrane and endosomes. Investigation of gamma-secretase complex assembly in knockdown and knockout cells of the individual subunits allowed us to develop a model of complex assembly in which NCT and APH-1 first stabilize PS before PEN-2 assembles as the last component. Furthermore, we could map domains in PS and PEN-2 that govern assembly and trafficking of the complex. Finally, Rer1 was identified as a PEN-2-binding protein that serves a role as an auxiliary factor for gamma-secretase complex assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kaether
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry, Adolf Butenandt Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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49
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Newman M, Musgrave IF, Musgrave FI, Lardelli M. Alzheimer disease: amyloidogenesis, the presenilins and animal models. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1772:285-97. [PMID: 17208417 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent form of dementia. Neuropathogenesis is proposed to be a result of the accumulation of amyloid beta peptides in the brain together with oxidative stress mechanisms and neuroinflammation. The presenilin proteins are central to the gamma-secretase cleavage of the amyloid prescursor protein (APP), releasing the amyloid beta peptide. Point mutations in the presenilin genes lead to cases of familial Alzheimer's disease by increasing APP cleavage resulting in excess amyloid beta formation. This review discusses the molecular mechanism of Alzheimer's disease with a focus on the presenilin genes. Alternative splicing of transcripts from these genes and how these may function in several disease states is discussed. There is an emphasis on the importance of animal models in elucidating the molecular mechanisms behind the development of Alzheimer's disease and how the zebrafish, Danio rerio, can be used as a model organism for analysis of presenilin function and Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Newman
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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50
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Campbell WA, Yang H, Zetterberg H, Baulac S, Sears JA, Liu T, Wong STC, Zhong TP, Xia W. Zebrafish lacking Alzheimer presenilin enhancer 2 (Pen-2) demonstrate excessive p53-dependent apoptosis and neuronal loss. J Neurochem 2006; 96:1423-40. [PMID: 16464238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03648.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-secretase cleavage, mediated by a complex of presenilin, presenilin enhancer (Pen-2), nicastrin, and Aph-1, is the final proteolytic step in generating amyloid beta protein found in brains of Alzheimer's disease patients and Notch intracellular domain critical for proper neuronal development. Here, we employ the zebrafish model to study the role of Pen-2 in neuronal survival. We found that (i) knockdown of Pen-2 using antisense morpholino led to a reduction of islet-1 positive neurons, (ii) Notch signaling was reduced in embryos lacking Pen-2 or other gamma-secretase components, (iii) neuronal loss in Pen-2 knockdown embryos is not as a result of a lack of neuronal precursor cells or cell proliferation, (iv) absence of Pen-2 caused massive apoptosis in the whole animal, which could be suppressed by simultaneous knockdown of the tumor suppressor p53, (v) loss of islet-1 or acetylated tubulin positive neurons in Pen-2 knockdown embryos could be partially rescued by knockdown of p53. Our results demonstrate that knockdown of Pen-2 directly induces a p53-dependent apoptotic pathway that contributes to neuronal loss and suggest that Pen-2 plays an important role in promoting neuronal cell survival and protecting from apoptosis in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Alzheimer Disease
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western/methods
- Body Patterning/drug effects
- Body Patterning/genetics
- Cell Count/methods
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Embryo, Nonmammalian
- Fish Proteins/chemistry
- Fish Proteins/deficiency
- Fish Proteins/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- In Situ Hybridization/methods
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling/methods
- Indoles
- Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Membrane Proteins/deficiency
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Presenilin-2
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Notch/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/chemistry
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Zebrafish
- Zebrafish Proteins/deficiency
- Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Campbell
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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