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Schwarz M, Hübner I, Sieber SA. Tailored phenyl esters inhibit ClpXP and attenuate Staphylococcus aureus α-hemolysin secretion. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200253. [PMID: 35713329 PMCID: PMC9544270 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Novel strategies against multidrug‐resistant bacteria are urgently needed in order to overcome the current silent pandemic. Manipulation of toxin production in pathogenic species serves as a promising approach to attenuate virulence and prevent infections. In many bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or Listeria monocyotgenes, serine protease ClpXP is a key contributor to virulence and thus represents a prime target for antimicrobial drug discovery. The limited stability of previous electrophilic warheads has prevented a sustained effect of virulence attenuation in bacterial culture. Here, we systematically tailor the stability and inhibitory potency of phenyl ester ClpXP inhibitors by steric shielding of the ester bond and fine‐tuning the phenol leaving group. Out of 17 derivatives, two (MAS‐19 and MAS‐30) inhibited S. aureus ClpP peptidase and ClpXP protease activities by >60 % at 1 μM. Furthermore, the novel inhibitors did not exhibit pronounced cytotoxicity against human and bacterial cells. Unlike the first generation phenylester AV170, these molecules attenuated S. aureus virulence markedly and displayed increased stability in aqueous buffer compared to the previous benchmark AV170.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schwarz
- Technical University Munich: Technische Universitat Munchen, Chemistry, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8, 85748, Garching bei München, GERMANY
| | - Ines Hübner
- Technical University of Munich: Technische Universitat Munchen, Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Stephan Axel Sieber
- Technische Universitat Munchen, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, GERMANY
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2
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Felix J, Weinhäupl K, Chipot C, Dehez F, Hessel A, Gauto DF, Morlot C, Abian O, Gutsche I, Velazquez-Campoy A, Schanda P, Fraga H. Mechanism of the allosteric activation of the ClpP protease machinery by substrates and active-site inhibitors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw3818. [PMID: 31517045 PMCID: PMC6726451 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw3818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Coordinated conformational transitions in oligomeric enzymatic complexes modulate function in response to substrates and play a crucial role in enzyme inhibition and activation. Caseinolytic protease (ClpP) is a tetradecameric complex, which has emerged as a drug target against multiple pathogenic bacteria. Activation of different ClpPs by inhibitors has been independently reported from drug development efforts, but no rationale for inhibitor-induced activation has been hitherto proposed. Using an integrated approach that includes x-ray crystallography, solid- and solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance, molecular dynamics simulations, and isothermal titration calorimetry, we show that the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib binds to the ClpP active-site serine, mimicking a peptide substrate, and induces a concerted allosteric activation of the complex. The bortezomib-activated conformation also exhibits a higher affinity for its cognate unfoldase ClpX. We propose a universal allosteric mechanism, where substrate binding to a single subunit locks ClpP into an active conformation optimized for chaperone association and protein processive degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Felix
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Katharina Weinhäupl
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Chipot
- LPCT, UMR 7019 Université de Lorraine CNRS, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy F-54500, France
- Laboratoire International Associé CNRS and University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy F-54506, France
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - François Dehez
- LPCT, UMR 7019 Université de Lorraine CNRS, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy F-54500, France
- Laboratoire International Associé CNRS and University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy F-54506, France
| | - Audrey Hessel
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Diego F. Gauto
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Cecile Morlot
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Olga Abian
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Joint Units IQFR-CSIC-BIFI and GBsC-CSIC-BIFI, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre for Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
- Aragon Health Sciences Institute (IACS), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Irina Gutsche
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Adrian Velazquez-Campoy
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Joint Units IQFR-CSIC-BIFI and GBsC-CSIC-BIFI, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre for Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
- Fundacion ARAID, Government of Aragon, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paul Schanda
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38044 Grenoble, France
- Corresponding author. (H.F.); (P.S.)
| | - Hugo Fraga
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38044 Grenoble, France
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Corresponding author. (H.F.); (P.S.)
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3
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Li M, Kandror O, Akopian T, Dharkar P, Wlodawer A, Maurizi MR, Goldberg AL. Structure and Functional Properties of the Active Form of the Proteolytic Complex, ClpP1P2, from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7465-76. [PMID: 26858247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.700344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ClpP protease complex and its regulatory ATPases, ClpC1 and ClpX, inMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) are essential and, therefore, promising drug targets. TheMtbClpP protease consists of two heptameric rings, one composed of ClpP1 and the other of ClpP2 subunits. Formation of the enzymatically active ClpP1P2 complex requires binding of N-blocked dipeptide activators. We have found a new potent activator, benzoyl-leucine-leucine (Bz-LL), that binds with higher affinity and promotes 3-4-fold higher peptidase activity than previous activators. Bz-LL-activated ClpP1P2 specifically stimulates the ATPase activity ofMtbClpC1 and ClpX. The ClpC1P1P2 and ClpXP1P2 complexes exhibit 2-3-fold enhanced ATPase activity, peptide cleavage, and ATP-dependent protein degradation. The crystal structure of ClpP1P2 with bound Bz-LL was determined at a resolution of 3.07 Å and with benzyloxycarbonyl-Leu-Leu (Z-LL) bound at 2.9 Å. Bz-LL was present in all 14 active sites, whereas Z-LL density was not resolved. Surprisingly, Bz-LL adopts opposite orientations in ClpP1 and ClpP2. In ClpP1, Bz-LL binds with the C-terminal leucine side chain in the S1 pocket. One C-terminal oxygen is close to the catalytic serine, whereas the other contacts backbone amides in the oxyanion hole. In ClpP2, Bz-LL binds with the benzoyl group in the S1 pocket, and the peptide hydrogen bonded between parallel β-strands. The ClpP2 axial loops are extended, forming an open axial channel as has been observed with bound ADEP antibiotics. Thus occupancy of the active sites of ClpP allosterically alters sites on the surfaces thereby affecting the association of ClpP1 and ClpP2 rings, interactions with regulatory ATPases, and entry of protein substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Li
- From the Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, NCI, National Institutes of Health and Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Olga Kandror
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Tatos Akopian
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Poorva Dharkar
- the Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- From the Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, NCI, National Institutes of Health and
| | - Michael R Maurizi
- the Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Alfred L Goldberg
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
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4
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Chaperone-assisted protein aggregate reactivation: Different solutions for the same problem. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 580:121-34. [PMID: 26159839 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The oligomeric AAA+ chaperones Hsp104 in yeast and ClpB in bacteria are responsible for the reactivation of aggregated proteins, an activity essential for cell survival during severe stress. The protein disaggregase activity of these members of the Hsp100 family is linked to the activity of chaperones from the Hsp70 and Hsp40 families. The precise mechanism by which these proteins untangle protein aggregates remains unclear. Strikingly, Hsp100 proteins are not present in metazoans. This does not mean that animal cells do not have a disaggregase activity, but that this activity is performed by the Hsp70 system and a representative of the Hsp110 family instead of a Hsp100 protein. This review describes the actual view of Hsp100-mediated aggregate reactivation, including the ATP-induced conformational changes associated with their disaggregase activity, the dynamics of the oligomeric assembly that is regulated by its ATPase cycle and the DnaK system, and the tight allosteric coupling between the ATPase domains within the hexameric ring complexes. The lack of homologs of these disaggregases in metazoans has suggested that they might be used as potential targets to develop antimicrobials. The current knowledge of the human disaggregase machinery and the role of Hsp110 are also discussed.
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5
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ClpB dynamics is driven by its ATPase cycle and regulated by the DnaK system and substrate proteins. Biochem J 2015; 466:561-70. [PMID: 25558912 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The hexameric AAA+ (ATPase associated with various cellular activities) chaperone ClpB reactivates protein aggregates in collaboration with the DnaK system. An intriguing aspect of ClpB function is that the active hexamer is unstable and therefore questions how this chaperone uses multiple rounds of ATP hydrolysis to translocate substrates through its central channel. In the present paper, we report the use of biochemical and fluorescence tools to explore ClpB dynamics under different experimental conditions. The analysis of the chaperone activity and the kinetics of subunit exchange between protein hexamers labelled at different protein domains indicates, in contrast with the current view, that (i) ATP favours assembly and ADP dissociation of the hexameric assembly, (ii) subunit exchange kinetics is at least one order of magnitude slower than the ATP hydrolysis rate, (iii) ClpB dynamics and activity are related processes, and (iv) DnaK and substrate proteins regulate the ATPase activity and dynamics of ClpB. These data suggest that ClpB hexamers remain associated during several ATP hydrolysis events required to partially or completely translocate substrates through the protein central channel, and that ClpB dynamics is tuned by DnaK and substrate proteins.
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6
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Liu K, Ologbenla A, Houry WA. Dynamics of the ClpP serine protease: a model for self-compartmentalized proteases. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:400-12. [PMID: 24915503 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.925421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ClpP is a highly conserved serine protease present in most bacterial species and in the mitochondria of mammalian cells. It forms a cylindrical tetradecameric complex arranged into two stacked heptamers. The two heptameric rings of ClpP enclose a roughly spherical proteolytic chamber of about 51 Å in diameter with 14 Ser-His-Asp proteolytic active sites. ClpP typically forms complexes with unfoldase chaperones of the AAA+ superfamily. Chaperones dock on one or both ends of the ClpP double ring cylindrical structure. Dynamics in the ClpP structure is critical for its function. Polypeptides targeted for degradation by ClpP are initially recognized by the AAA+ chaperones. Polypeptides are unfolded by the chaperones and then translocated through the ClpP axial pores, present on both ends of the ClpP cylinder, into the ClpP catalytic chamber. The axial pores of ClpP are gated by dynamic axial loops that restrict or allow substrate entry. As a processive protease, ClpP degrades substrates to generate peptides of about 7-8 residues. Based on structural, biochemical and theoretical studies, the exit of these polypeptides from the proteolytic chamber is proposed to be mediated by the dynamics of the ClpP oligomer. The ClpP cylinder has been found to exist in at least three conformations, extended, compact and compressed, that seem to represent different states of ClpP during its proteolytic functional cycle. In this review, we discuss the link between ClpP dynamics and its activity. We propose that such dynamics also exist in other cylindrical proteases such as HslV and the proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
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7
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Lundqvist J, Braumann I, Kurowska M, Müller AH, Hansson M. Catalytic turnover triggers exchange of subunits of the magnesium chelatase AAA+ motor unit. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24012-9. [PMID: 23836887 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.480012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-dependent insertion of Mg(2+) into protoporphyrin IX is the first committed step in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway. The reaction is catalyzed by magnesium chelatase, which consists of three gene products: BchI, BchD, and BchH. The BchI and BchD subunits belong to the family of AAA+ proteins (ATPases associated with various cellular activities) and form a two-ring complex with six BchI subunits in one layer and six BchD subunits in the other layer. This BchID complex is a two-layered trimer of dimers with the ATP binding site located at the interface between two neighboring BchI subunits. ATP hydrolysis by the BchID motor unit fuels the insertion of Mg(2+) into the porphyrin by the BchH subunit. In the present study, we explored mutations that were originally identified in semidominant barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mutants. The resulting recombinant BchI proteins have marginal ATPase activity and cannot contribute to magnesium chelatase activity although they apparently form structurally correct complexes with BchD. Mixing experiments with modified and wild-type BchI in various combinations showed that an exchange of BchI subunits in magnesium chelatase occurs during the catalytic cycle, which indicates that dissociation of the complex may be part of the reaction mechanism related to product release. Mixing experiments also showed that more than three functional interfaces in the BchI ring structure are required for magnesium chelatase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Lundqvist
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
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8
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Too PHM, Erales J, Simen JD, Marjanovic A, Coffino P. Slippery substrates impair function of a bacterial protease ATPase by unbalancing translocation versus exit. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13243-57. [PMID: 23530043 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.452524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATP-dependent proteases translocate and unfold their substrates. RESULTS A human virus sequence with only Gly and Ala residues causes similar dysfunctions of eukaryotic and prokaryotic protease motors: unfolding failure. CONCLUSION Sequences with amino acids of simple shape and small size impair unfolding of contiguous stable domains. SIGNIFICANCE Compartmented ATP-dependent proteases of diverse origin share conserved principles of interaction between translocase/effector and substrate/recipient. ATP-dependent proteases engage, translocate, and unfold substrate proteins. A sequence with only Gly and Ala residues (glycine-alanine repeat; GAr) encoded by the Epstein-Barr virus of humans inhibits eukaryotic proteasome activity. It causes the ATPase translocase to slip on its protein track, stalling unfolding and interrupting degradation. The bacterial protease ClpXP is structurally simpler than the proteasome but has related elements: a regulatory ATPase complex (ClpX) and associated proteolytic chamber (ClpP). In this study, GAr sequences were found to impair ClpXP function much as in proteasomes. Stalling depended on interaction between a GAr and a suitably spaced and positioned folded domain resistant to mechanical unfolding. Persistent unfolding failure results in the interruption of degradation and the production of partial degradation products that include the resistant domain. The capacity of various sequences to cause unfolding failure was investigated. Among those tested, a GAr was most effective, implying that viral selection had optimized processivity failure. More generally, amino acids of simple shape and small size promoted unfolding failure. The ClpX ATPase is a homohexamer. Partial degradation products could exit the complex through transient gaps between the ClpX monomers or, alternatively, by backing out. Production of intermediates by diverse topological forms of the hexamer was shown to be similar, excluding lateral escape. In principle, a GAr could interrupt degradation because 1) the translocase thrusts forward less effectively or because 2) the translocase retains substrate less well when resetting between forward strokes. Kinetic analysis showed that the predominant effect was through the second of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Hiu-Mei Too
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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9
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Alexopoulos JA, Guarné A, Ortega J. ClpP: a structurally dynamic protease regulated by AAA+ proteins. J Struct Biol 2012; 179:202-10. [PMID: 22595189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis is an important process for many aspects of bacterial physiology. Clp proteases carry out a large proportion of protein degradation in bacteria. These enzymes assemble in complexes that combine the protease ClpP and the unfoldase, ClpA or ClpX. ClpP oligomerizes as two stacked heptameric rings enclosing a central chamber containing the proteolytic sites. ClpX and ClpA assemble into hexameric rings that bind both axial surfaces of the ClpP tetradecamer forming a barrel-like complex. ClpP requires association with ClpA or ClpX to unfold and thread protein substrates through the axial pore into the inner chamber where degradation occurs. A gating mechanism regulated by the ATPase exists at the entry of the ClpP axial pore and involves the N-terminal regions of the ClpP protomers. These gating motifs are located at the axial regions of the tetradecamer but in most crystal structures they are not visible. We also lack structural information about the ClpAP or ClpXP complexes. Therefore, the structural details of how the axial gate in ClpP is regulated by the ATPases are unknown. Here, we review our current understanding of the conformational changes that ClpA or ClpX induce in ClpP to open the axial gate and increase substrate accessibility into the degradation chamber. Most of this knowledge comes from the recent crystal structures of ClpP in complex with acyldepsipeptides (ADEP) antibiotics. These small molecules are providing new insights into the gating mechanism of this protease because they imitate the interaction of ClpA/ClpX with ClpP and activate its protease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Alexopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
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10
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Thomas SN, Wan Y, Liao Z, Hanson PI, Yang AJ. Stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture based mass spectrometry approach to detect transient protein interactions using substrate trapping. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5511-8. [PMID: 21619060 DOI: 10.1021/ac200950k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of protein interactors in protein complexes can yield important insight into protein function and signal transduction. Thus, a reliable approach to distinguish true interactors from nonspecific interacting proteins is of utmost importance for accurate data interpretation. Although stringent purification methods are critical, challenges still remain in the selection of criteria that will permit the objective differentiation of true members of the protein complex from nonspecific background proteins. To address these challenges, we have developed a quantitative proteomic strategy combining stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), affinity substrate trapping, and gel electrophoresis followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (geLC-MS/MS) protein quantitation. ATP hydrolysis-deficient vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4B (Vps4B) was used as the "bait" protein which served as a substrate trap since its lack of ATP hydrolysis enzymatic activity allows the stabilization of its transiently associated interacting proteins. A significant advantage of our approach is the use of our new in-house-developed software program for SILAC-based mass spectrometry quantitation, which further facilitates the differentiation between the bait protein, endogenous bait-interacting proteins, and nonspecific binding proteins based on their protein ratios. The strategy presented herein is applicable to the analysis of other protein complexes whose compositions are dependent upon the ATP hydrolysis activity of the bait protein used in affinity purification studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefani N Thomas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.
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11
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Li DHS, Chung YS, Gloyd M, Joseph E, Ghirlando R, Wright GD, Cheng YQ, Maurizi MR, Guarné A, Ortega J. Acyldepsipeptide antibiotics induce the formation of a structured axial channel in ClpP: A model for the ClpX/ClpA-bound state of ClpP. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2010; 17:959-69. [PMID: 20851345 PMCID: PMC2955292 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 06/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In ClpXP and ClpAP complexes, ClpA and ClpX use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to unfold proteins and translocate them into the self-compartmentalized ClpP protease. ClpP requires the ATPases to degrade folded or unfolded substrates, but binding of acyldepsipeptide antibiotics (ADEPs) to ClpP bypasses this requirement with unfolded proteins. We present the crystal structure of Escherichia coli ClpP bound to ADEP1 and report the structural changes underlying ClpP activation. ADEP1 binds in the hydrophobic groove that serves as the primary docking site for ClpP ATPases. Binding of ADEP1 locks the N-terminal loops of ClpP in a β-hairpin conformation, generating a stable pore through which extended polypeptides can be threaded. This structure serves as a model for ClpP in the holoenzyme ClpAP and ClpXP complexes and provides critical information to further develop this class of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Him Shun Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N3Z5, Canada
- MG. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N3Z5, Canada
| | - Yu Seon Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N3Z5, Canada
| | - Melanie Gloyd
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N3Z5, Canada
| | - Ebenezer Joseph
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Rodolfo Ghirlando
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0540, USA
| | - Gerard D. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N3Z5, Canada
- MG. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N3Z5, Canada
| | - Yi-Qiang Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Michael R. Maurizi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Alba Guarné
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N3Z5, Canada
| | - Joaquin Ortega
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N3Z5, Canada
- MG. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N3Z5, Canada
- Correspondence: Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Health Sciences Centre, Room 4H24, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada. Phone: 1-905-525-9140 Ext 22703 Fax: 1-905-522-9033.
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12
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Kirstein J, Hoffmann A, Lilie H, Schmidt R, Rübsamen-Waigmann H, Brötz-Oesterhelt H, Mogk A, Turgay K. The antibiotic ADEP reprogrammes ClpP, switching it from a regulated to an uncontrolled protease. EMBO Mol Med 2010; 1:37-49. [PMID: 20049702 PMCID: PMC3378108 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.200900002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel class of antibiotic acyldepsipeptides (designated ADEPs) exerts its unique antibacterial activity by targeting the peptidase caseinolytic protease P (ClpP). ClpP forms proteolytic complexes with heat shock proteins (Hsp100) that select and process substrate proteins for ClpP-mediated degradation. Here, we analyse the molecular mechanism of ADEP action and demonstrate that ADEPs abrogate ClpP interaction with cooperating Hsp100 adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases). Consequently, ADEP treated bacteria are affected in ClpP-dependent general and regulatory proteolysis. At the same time, ADEPs also activate ClpP by converting it from a tightly regulated peptidase, which can only degrade short peptides, into a proteolytic machinery that recognizes and degrades unfolded polypeptides. In vivo nascent polypeptide chains represent the putative primary target of ADEP-activated ClpP, providing a rationale for the antibacterial activity of the ADEPs. Thus, ADEPs cause a complete functional reprogramming of the Clp–protease complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Kirstein
- Institut für Biologie-Mikrobiologie, FU Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Koodathingal P, Jaffe NE, Kraut DA, Prakash S, Fishbain S, Herman C, Matouschek A. ATP-dependent proteases differ substantially in their ability to unfold globular proteins. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:18674-84. [PMID: 19383601 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m900783200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-dependent proteases control the concentrations of hundreds of regulatory proteins and remove damaged or misfolded proteins from cells. They select their substrates primarily by recognizing sequence motifs or covalent modifications. Once a substrate is bound to the protease, it has to be unfolded and translocated into the proteolytic chamber to be degraded. Some proteases appear to be promiscuous, degrading substrates with poorly defined targeting signals, which suggests that selectivity may be controlled at additional levels. Here we compare the abilities of representatives from all classes of ATP-dependent proteases to unfold a model substrate protein and find that the unfolding abilities range over more than 2 orders of magnitude. We propose that these differences in unfolding abilities contribute to the fates of substrate proteins and may act as a further layer of selectivity during protein destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Koodathingal
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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14
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Bewley MC, Graziano V, Griffin K, Flanagan JM. Turned on for degradation: ATPase-independent degradation by ClpP. J Struct Biol 2009; 165:118-25. [PMID: 19038348 PMCID: PMC3433037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Clp is a barrel-shaped hetero-oligomeric ATP-dependent protease comprising a hexameric ATPase (ClpX or ClpA) that unfolds protein substrates and translocates them into the central chamber of the tetradecameric proteolytic component (ClpP) where they are degraded processively to short peptides. Chamber access is controlled by the N-terminal 20 residues (for Escherichia coli) in ClpP that prevent entry of large polypeptides in the absence of the ATPase subunits and ATP hydrolysis. Remarkably, removal of 10-17 residues from the mature N-terminus allows processive degradation of a large model unfolded substrate to short peptides without the ATPase subunit or ATP hydrolysis; removal of 14 residues is maximal for activation. Furthermore, since the product size distribution of Delta14-ClpP is identical to ClpAP and ClpXP, the ATPases do not play an essential role in determining this distribution. Comparison of the structures of Delta14-ClpP and Delta17-ClpP with other published structures shows R15 and S16 are labile and that residue 17 can adopt a range of rotomers to ensure protection of a hydrophobic pocket formed by I19, R24 and F49 and maintain a hydrophilic character of the pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Bewley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Vito Graziano
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Kathleen Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - John M. Flanagan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA, Corresponding author. Fax: +1 717 531 7072. (J.M. Flanagan)
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15
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Raschle T, Speziga D, Kress W, Moccand C, Gehrig P, Amrhein N, Weber-Ban E, Fitzpatrick TB. Intersubunit cross-talk in pyridoxal 5'-phosphate synthase, coordinated by the C terminus of the synthase subunit. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:7706-18. [PMID: 19074821 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804728200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B(6) is essential in all organisms, due to its requirement as a cofactor in the form of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) for key metabolic enzymes. It can be synthesized de novo by either of two pathways known as deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate (DXP)-dependent and DXP-independent. The DXP-independent pathway is the predominant pathway and is found in most microorganisms and plants. A glutamine amidotransferase consisting of the synthase Pdx1 and its glutaminase partner, Pdx2, form a complex that directly synthesizes PLP from ribose 5-phosphate, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, and glutamine. The protein complex displays an ornate architecture consisting of 24 subunits, two hexameric rings of 12 Pdx1 subunits to which 12 Pdx2 subunits attach, with the glutaminase and synthase active sites remote from each other. The multiple catalytic ability of Pdx1, the remote glutaminase and synthase active sites, and the elaborate structure suggest regulation of activity on several levels. A missing piece in deciphering this intricate puzzle has been information on the Pdx1 C-terminal region that has thus far eluded structural characterization. Here we use fluorescence spectrophotometry and protein chemistry to demonstrate that the Pdx1 C terminus is indispensable for PLP synthase activity and mediates intersubunit cross-talk within the enzyme complex. We provide evidence that the C terminus can act as a flexible lid, bridging as well as shielding the active site of an adjacent protomer in Pdx1. We show that ribose 5-phosphate binding triggers strong cooperativity in Pdx1, and the affinity for this substrate is substantially enhanced upon interaction with the Michaelis complex of Pdx2 and glutamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Raschle
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Bohon J, Jennings LD, Phillips CM, Licht S, Chance MR. Synchrotron protein footprinting supports substrate translocation by ClpA via ATP-induced movements of the D2 loop. Structure 2008; 16:1157-65. [PMID: 18682217 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2008.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Synchrotron X-ray protein footprinting is used to study structural changes upon formation of the ClpA hexamer. Comparative solvent accessibilities between ClpA monomer and ClpA hexamer samples are in agreement throughout most of the sequence, with calculations based on two previously proposed hexameric models. The data differ substantially from the proposed models in two parts of the structure: the D1 sensor 1 domain and the D2 loop region. The results suggest that these two regions can access alternate conformations in which their solvent protection is greater than that in the structural models based on crystallographic data. In combination with previously reported structural data, the footprinting data provide support for a revised model in which the D2 loop contacts the D1 sensor 1 domain in the ATP-bound form of the complex. These data provide the first direct experimental support for the nucleotide-dependent D2 loop conformational change previously proposed to mediate substrate translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen Bohon
- Center for Proteomics and Center for Synchrotron Biosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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17
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Kriegenburg F, Seeger M, Saeki Y, Tanaka K, Lauridsen AMB, Hartmann-Petersen R, Hendil KB. Mammalian 26S Proteasomes Remain Intact during Protein Degradation. Cell 2008; 135:355-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Protein disaggregation by the AAA+ chaperone ClpB involves partial threading of looped polypeptide segments. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2008; 15:641-50. [PMID: 18488042 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ring-forming AAA+ chaperone ClpB cooperates with the DnaK chaperone system to reactivate aggregated proteins. With the assistance of DnaK, ClpB extracts unfolded polypeptides from aggregates via substrate threading through its central channel. Here we analyze the processing of mixed aggregates consisting of protein fusions of misfolded and native domains. ClpB-DnaK reactivated all aggregated fusion proteins with similar efficiency, without unfolding native domains, demonstrating that partial threading of the misfolded moiety is sufficient to solubilize aggregates. Reactivation by ClpB-DnaK occurred even when two stably folded domains flanked the aggregated moiety, indicating threading of internal substrate segments. In contrast with the related AAA+ chaperone ClpC, ClpB lacks a robust unfolding activity, enabling it to sense the conformational state of substrates. ClpB rings are highly unstable, which may facilitate dissociation from trapped substrates during threading.
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19
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Licht S, Lee I. Resolving individual steps in the operation of ATP-dependent proteolytic molecular machines: from conformational changes to substrate translocation and processivity. Biochemistry 2008; 47:3595-605. [PMID: 18311925 DOI: 10.1021/bi800025g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clp, Lon, and FtsH proteases are proteolytic molecular machines that use the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to unfold protein substrates and processively present them to protease active sites. Here we review recent biochemical and structural studies relevant to the mechanism of ATP-dependent processive proteolysis. Despite the significant structural differences among the Clp, Lon, and FtsH proteases, these enzymes share important mechanistic features. In these systems, mechanistic studies have provided evidence for ATP binding and hydrolysis-driven conformational changes that drive translocation of substrates, which has significant implications for the processive mechanism of proteolysis. These studies indicate that the nucleotide (ATP, ADP, or nonhydrolyzable ATP analogues) occupancy of the ATPase binding sites can influence the binding mode and/or binding affinity for protein substrates. A general mechanism is proposed in which the communication between ATPase active sites and protein substrate binding regions coordinates a processive cycle of substrate binding, translocation, proteolysis, and product release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Licht
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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20
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Werbeck ND, Schlee S, Reinstein J. Coupling and dynamics of subunits in the hexameric AAA+ chaperone ClpB. J Mol Biol 2008; 378:178-90. [PMID: 18343405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial AAA+ protein ClpB and its eukaryotic homologue Hsp104 ensure thermotolerance of their respective organisms by reactivating aggregated proteins in cooperation with the Hsp70/Hsp40 chaperone system. Like many members of the AAA+ superfamily, the ClpB protomers form ringlike homohexameric complexes. The mechanical energy necessary to disentangle protein aggregates is provided by ATP hydrolysis at the two nucleotide-binding domains of each monomer. Previous studies on ClpB and Hsp104 show a complex interplay of domains and subunits resulting in homotypic and heterotypic cooperativity. Using mutations in the Walker A and Walker B nucleotide-binding motifs in combination with mixing experiments we investigated the degree of inter-subunit coupling with respect to different aspects of the ClpB working cycle. We find that subunits are tightly coupled with regard to ATPase and chaperone activity, but no coupling can be observed for ADP binding. Comparison of the data with statistical calculations suggests that for double Walker mutants, approximately two in six subunits are sufficient to abolish chaperone and ATPase activity completely. In further experiments, we determined the dynamics of subunit reshuffling. Our results show that ClpB forms a very dynamic complex, reshuffling subunits on a timescale comparable to steady-state ATP hydrolysis. We propose that this could be a protection mechanism to prevent very stable aggregates from becoming suicide inhibitors for ClpB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas D Werbeck
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Jahnstrasse 29 D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Stability of the proteasome can be regulated allosterically through engagement of its proteolytic active sites. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2007; 14:1180-8. [PMID: 18026118 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The 26S proteasome holoenzyme is formed by the association of a 20S core particle (CP) with a 19S regulatory particle (RP). The CP-RP interaction is labile and subject to regulation in vivo, but the factors controlling this association are poorly understood. Here we describe an in vitro proteasome reconstitution assay and a high-resolution, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis system. Using these techniques, we find that a yeast CP-RP complex can contain a substoichiometric amount of tightly bound, essentially non-exchangeable ATP. However, this nucleotide is dispensable for gating of the CP channel, provided that the CP-RP complex is preserved by the Ecm29 protein. Unexpectedly, proteasome inhibitors are potent in stabilizing proteasomes against the dissociation of CP-RP. These data indicate that active sites of the CP communicate with bound RP, despite their spatial separation. We propose that ongoing protein degradation may suppress proteasome disassembly, thereby enhancing the processivity of proteolysis.
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22
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García-Fruitós E, Martínez-Alonso M, Gonzàlez-Montalbán N, Valli M, Mattanovich D, Villaverde A. Divergent genetic control of protein solubility and conformational quality in Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 2007; 374:195-205. [PMID: 17920630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In bacteria, protein overproduction results in the formation of inclusion bodies, sized protein aggregates showing amyloid-like properties such as seeding-driven formation, amyloid-tropic dye binding, intermolecular beta-sheet architecture and cytotoxicity on mammalian cells. During protein deposition, exposed hydrophobic patches force intermolecular clustering and aggregation but these aggregation determinants coexist with properly folded stretches, exhibiting native-like secondary structure. Several reports indicate that inclusion bodies formed by different enzymes or fluorescent proteins show detectable biological activity. By using an engineered green fluorescent protein as reporter we have examined how the cell quality control distributes such active but misfolded protein species between the soluble and insoluble cell fractions and how aggregation determinants act in cells deficient in quality control functions. Most of the tested genetic deficiencies in different cytosolic chaperones and proteases (affecting DnaK, GroEL, GroES, ClpB, ClpP and Lon at different extents) resulted in much less soluble but unexpectedly more fluorescent polypeptides. The enrichment of aggregates with fluorescent species results from a dramatic inhibition of ClpP and Lon-mediated, DnaK-surveyed green fluorescent protein degradation, and it does not perturb the amyloid-like architecture of inclusion bodies. Therefore, the Escherichia coli quality control system promotes protein solubility instead of conformational quality through an overcommitted proteolysis of aggregation-prone polypeptides, irrespective of their global conformational status and biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena García-Fruitós
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Department of Genetics and Microbiology and CIBER-BBN Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Szyk A, Maurizi MR. Crystal structure at 1.9Å of E. coli ClpP with a peptide covalently bound at the active site. J Struct Biol 2006; 156:165-74. [PMID: 16682229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Revised: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
ClpP, the proteolytic component of the ATP-dependent ClpAP and ClpXP chaperone/protease complexes, has 14 identical subunits organized in two stacked heptameric rings. The active sites are in an interior aqueous chamber accessible through axial channels. We have determined a 1.9 A crystal structure of Escherichia coli ClpP with benzyloxycarbonyl-leucyltyrosine chloromethyl ketone (Z-LY-CMK) bound at each active site. The complex mimics a tetrahedral intermediate during peptide cleavage, with the inhibitor covalently linked to the active site residues, Ser97 and His122. Binding is further stabilized by six hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms of the peptide and ClpP as well as by hydrophobic binding of the phenolic ring of tyrosine in the S1 pocket. The peptide portion of Z-LY-CMK displaces three water molecules in the native enzyme resulting in little change in the conformation of the peptide binding groove. The heptameric rings of ClpP-CMK are slightly more compact than in native ClpP, but overall structural changes were minimal (rmsd approximately 0.5 A). The side chain of Ser97 is rotated approximately 90 degrees in forming the covalent adduct with Z-LY-CMK, indicating that rearrangement of the active site residues to a active configuration occurs upon substrate binding. The N-terminal peptide of ClpP-CMK is stabilized in a beta-hairpin conformation with the proximal N-terminal residues lining the axial channel and the loop extending beyond the apical surface of the heptameric ring. The lack of major substrate-induced conformational changes suggests that changes in ClpP structure needed to facilitate substrate entry or product release must be limited to rigid body motions affecting subunit packing or contacts between ClpP rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Szyk
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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24
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Djuranovic S, Rockel B, Lupas AN, Martin J. Characterization of AMA, a new AAA protein from Archaeoglobus and methanogenic archaea. J Struct Biol 2006; 156:130-8. [PMID: 16730457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2006.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported a new group of AAA proteins, which is only found in Archaeoglobus and methanogenic archaea (AMA). The proteins are phylogenetically basal to the metalloprotease clade and their N-terminal domain is homologous to the beta-clam part of the N-domain of CDC48-like proteins. Here we report the biochemical and biophysical characterization of Archaeoglobus fulgidus AMA, and of its isolated N-terminal (AMA-N) and ATPase (AMA-DeltaN) domains. AfAMA forms hexameric complexes, as does AMA-N, while AMA-DeltaN only forms dimers. The ability to hexamerize is dependent on the integrity of a GYPL motif in AMA-N, which resembles the pore motif of FtsH and HslU. While the physiological function of AMA is unknown, we show that it has ATP-dependent chaperone activity and can prevent the thermal aggregation of proteins in vitro. The ability to interact with non-native proteins resides in the N-domain and is energy-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Djuranovic
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 35, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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25
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Bewley MC, Graziano V, Griffin K, Flanagan JM. The asymmetry in the mature amino-terminus of ClpP facilitates a local symmetry match in ClpAP and ClpXP complexes. J Struct Biol 2006; 153:113-28. [PMID: 16406682 PMCID: PMC4377234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2005.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ClpP is a self-compartmentalized proteolytic assembly comprised of two, stacked, heptameric rings that, when associated with its cognate hexameric ATPase (ClpA or ClpX), form the ClpAP and ClpXP ATP-dependent protease, respectively. The symmetry mismatch is an absolute feature of this large energy-dependent protease and also of the proteasome, which shares a similar barrel-shaped architecture, but how it is accommodated within the complex has yet to be understood, despite recent structural investigations, due in part to the conformational lability of the N-termini. We present the structures of Escherichia coli ClpP to 1.9A and an inactive variant that provide some clues for how this might be achieved. In the wild type protein, the highly conserved N-terminal 20 residues can be grouped into two major structural classes. In the first, a loop formed by residues 10-15 protrudes out of the central access channel extending approximately 12-15A from the surface of the oligomer resulting in the closing of the access channel observed in one ring. Similar loops are implied to be exclusively observed in human ClpP and a variant of ClpP from Streptococcus pneumoniae. In the other ring, a second class of loop is visible in the structure of wt ClpP from E. coli that forms closer to residue 16 and faces toward the interior of the molecule creating an open conformation of the access channel. In both classes, residues 18-20 provide a conserved interaction surface. In the inactive variant, a third class of N-terminal conformation is observed, which arises from a conformational change in the position of F17. We have performed a detailed functional analysis on each of the first 20 amino acid residues of ClpP. Residues that extend beyond the plane of the molecule (10-15) have a lesser effect on ATPase interaction than those lining the pore (1-7 and 16-20). Based upon our structure-function analysis, we present a model to explain the widely disparate effects of individual residues on ClpP-ATPase complex formation and also a possible functional reason for this mismatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Bewley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, P.O. Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Vito Graziano
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Kathleen Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, P.O. Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - John M. Flanagan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, P.O. Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Corresponding author. (J.M. Flanagan)
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26
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Hinnerwisch J, Reid BG, Fenton WA, Horwich AL. Roles of the N-domains of the ClpA Unfoldase in Binding Substrate Proteins and in Stable Complex Formation with the ClpP Protease. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:40838-44. [PMID: 16207718 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507879200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The hexameric cylindrical Hsp100 chaperone ClpA mediates ATP-dependent unfolding and translocation of recognized substrate proteins into the coaxially associated serine protease ClpP. Each subunit of ClpA is composed of an N-terminal domain of approximately 150 amino acids at the top of the cylinder followed by two AAA+ domains. In earlier studies, deletion of the N-domain was shown to have no effect on the rate of unfolding of substrate proteins bearing a C-terminal ssrA tag, but it did reduce the rate of degradation of these proteins (Lo, J. H., Baker, T. A., and Sauer, R. T. (2001) Protein Sci. 10, 551-559; Singh, S. K., Rozycki, J., Ortega, J., Ishikawa, T., Lo, J., Steven, A. C., and Maurizi, M. R. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 29420-29429). Here we demonstrate, using both fluorescence resonance energy transfer to measure the arrival of substrate at ClpP and competition between wild-type and an inactive mutant form of ClpP, that this effect on degradation is caused by diminished stability of the ClpA-ClpP complex during translocation and proteolysis, effectively disrupting the targeting of unfolded substrates to the protease. We have also examined two larger ssrA-tagged substrates, CFP-GFP-ssrA and luciferase-ssrA, and observed different behaviors. CFP-GFP-ssrA is not efficiently unfolded by the truncated chaperone whereas luciferase-ssrA is, suggesting that the former requires interaction with the N-domains, likely via the body of the protein, to stabilize its binding. Thus, the N-domains play a key allosteric role in complex formation with ClpP and may also have a critical role in recognizing certain tag elements and binding some substrate proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Hinnerwisch
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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27
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Sprangers R, Gribun A, Hwang PM, Houry WA, Kay LE. Quantitative NMR spectroscopy of supramolecular complexes: dynamic side pores in ClpP are important for product release. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:16678-83. [PMID: 16263929 PMCID: PMC1283831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0507370102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved, 300-kDa cylindrical protease ClpP is an important component of the cellular protein quality machinery. It consists of 14 subunits arranged into two heptameric rings that enclose a large chamber containing the protease active sites. ClpP associates with ClpX and ClpA ATPases that unfold and translocate substrates into the protease catalytic chamber through axial pores located at both ends of the ClpP cylinder. Although the pathway of substrate delivery is well established, the pathway of product release is unknown. Here, we use recently developed transverse relaxation optimized spectroscopy (TROSY) of methyl groups to show that the interface between the heptameric rings exchanges between two structurally distinct conformations. The conformational exchange process has been quantified by magnetization exchange and methyl TROSY relaxation dispersion experiments recorded between 0.5 degrees C and 40 degrees C, so that the thermodynamic properties for the transition could be obtained. Restriction of the observed motional freedom in ClpP through the introduction of a cysteine linkage results in a protease where substrate release becomes significantly slowed relative to the rate observed in the reduced enzyme, suggesting that the observed motions lead to the formation of transient side pores that may play an important role in product release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco Sprangers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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28
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Babbitt SE, Kiss A, Deffenbaugh AE, Chang YH, Bailly E, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Buranda T, Sklar LA, Baumler J, Gogol E, Skowyra D. ATP hydrolysis-dependent disassembly of the 26S proteasome is part of the catalytic cycle. Cell 2005; 121:553-565. [PMID: 15907469 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2004] [Revised: 01/03/2005] [Accepted: 03/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
ATP hydrolysis is required for degradation of polyubiquitinated proteins by the 26S proteasome but is thought to play no role in proteasomal stability during the catalytic cycle. In contrast to this view, we report that ATP hydrolysis triggers rapid dissociation of the 19S regulatory particles from immunopurified 26S complexes in a manner coincident with release of the bulk of proteasome-interacting proteins. Strikingly, this mechanism leads to quantitative disassembly of the 19S into subcomplexes and free Rpn10, the polyubiquitin binding subunit. Biochemical reconstitution with purified Sic1, a prototype substrate of the Cdc34/SCF ubiquitin ligase, suggests that substrate degradation is essential for triggering the ATP hydrolysis-dependent dissociation and disassembly of the 19S and that this mechanism leads to release of degradation products. This is the first demonstration that a controlled dissociation of the 19S regulatory particles from the 26S proteasome is part of the mechanism of protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalon E Babbitt
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Alexi Kiss
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Andrew E Deffenbaugh
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Yie-Hwa Chang
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Eric Bailly
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | | | - Paul Tempst
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021
| | - Tione Buranda
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Larry A Sklar
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Jennifer Baumler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Edward Gogol
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Dorota Skowyra
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104.
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29
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Kang SG, Maurizi MR, Thompson M, Mueser T, Ahvazi B. Crystallography and mutagenesis point to an essential role for the N-terminus of human mitochondrial ClpP. J Struct Biol 2005; 148:338-52. [PMID: 15522782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2004.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2004] [Revised: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have determined a 2.1 A crystal structure for human mitochondrial ClpP (hClpP), the proteolytic component of the ATP-dependent ClpXP protease. HClpP has a structure similar to that of the bacterial enzyme, with the proteolytic active sites sequestered within an aqueous chamber formed by face-to-face assembly of the two heptameric rings. The hydrophobic N-terminal peptides of the subunits are bound within the narrow (12 A) axial channel, positioned to interact with unfolded substrates translocated there by the associated ClpX chaperone. Mutation or deletion of these residues causes a drastic decrease in ClpX-mediated protein and peptide degradation. Residues 8-16 form a mobile loop that extends above the ring surface and is also required for activity. The 28 amino acid C-terminal domain, a unique feature of mammalian ClpP proteins, lies on the periphery of the ring, with its proximal portion forming a loop that extends out from the ring surface. Residues at the start of the C-terminal domain impinge on subunit interfaces within the ring and affect heptamer assembly and stability. We propose that the N-terminal peptide of ClpP is a structural component of the substrate translocation channel and may play an important functional role as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Gyun Kang
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
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30
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Gribun A, Kimber MS, Ching R, Sprangers R, Fiebig KM, Houry WA. The ClpP double ring tetradecameric protease exhibits plastic ring-ring interactions, and the N termini of its subunits form flexible loops that are essential for ClpXP and ClpAP complex formation. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:16185-96. [PMID: 15701650 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m414124200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ClpP is a conserved serine-protease with two heptameric rings that enclose a large chamber containing the protease active sites. Each ClpP subunit can be divided into a handle region, which mediates ring-ring interactions, and a head domain. ClpP associates with the hexameric ATPases ClpX and ClpA, which can unfold and translocate substrate proteins through the ClpP axial pores into the protease lumen for degradation. We have determined the x-ray structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae ClpP(A153P) at 2.5 A resolution. The structure revealed two novel features of ClpP which are essential for ClpXP and ClpAP functional activities. First, the Ala --> Pro mutation disrupts the handle region, resulting in an altered ring-ring dimerization interface, which, in conjunction with biochemical data, demonstrates the unusual plasticity of this region. Second, the structure shows the existence of a flexible N-terminal loop in each ClpP subunit. The loops line the axial pores in the ClpP tetradecamer and then protrude from the protease apical surface. The sequence of the N-terminal loop is highly conserved in ClpP across all kingdoms of life. These loops are essential determinants for complex formation between ClpP and ClpX/ClpA. Mutation of several amino acid residues in this loop or the truncation of the loop impairs ClpXP and ClpAP complex formation and prevents the coupling between ClpX/ClpA and ClpP activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gribun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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31
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Piszczek G, Rozycki J, Singh SK, Ginsburg A, Maurizi MR. The molecular chaperone, ClpA, has a single high affinity peptide binding site per hexamer. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:12221-30. [PMID: 15657062 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411733200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Substrate recognition by Clp chaperones is dependent on interactions with motifs composed of specific peptide sequences. We studied the binding of short motif-bearing peptides to ClpA, the chaperone component of the ATP-dependent ClpAP protease of Escherichia coli in the presence of ATPgammaS and Mg2+ at pH 7.5. Binding was measured by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) using the peptide, AANDENYALAA, which corresponds to the SsrA degradation motif found at the C terminus of abnormal nascent polypeptides in vivo. One SsrA peptide was bound per hexamer of ClpA with an association constant (K(A)) of 5 x 10(6) m(-1). Binding was also assayed by changes in fluorescence of an N-terminal dansylated SsrA peptide, which bound with the same stoichiometry of one per ClpA hexamer (K(A) approximately 1 x 10(7) m(-1)). Similar results were obtained when ATP was substituted for ATPgammaS at 6 degrees C. Two additional peptides, derived from the phage P1 RepA protein and the E. coli HemA protein, which bear different substrate motifs, were competitive inhibitors of SsrA binding and bound to ClpA hexamers with K(A)' > 3 x 10(7) m(-1). DNS-SsrA bound with only slightly reduced affinity to deletion mutants of ClpA missing either the N-terminal domain or the C-terminal nucleotide-binding domain, indicating that the binding site for SsrA lies within the N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain. Because only one protein at a time can be unfolded and translocated by ClpA hexamers, restricting the number of peptides initially bound should avoid nonproductive binding of substrates and aggregation of partially processed proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Piszczek
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8012, USA.
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32
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Ortega J, Lee HS, Maurizi MR, Steven AC. ClpA and ClpX ATPases bind simultaneously to opposite ends of ClpP peptidase to form active hybrid complexes. J Struct Biol 2004; 146:217-26. [PMID: 15037252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2003.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2003] [Revised: 10/30/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The Escherichia coli ATP-dependent ClpAP and ClpXP proteases are composed of a single proteolytic component, ClpP, complexed with either of the two related chaperones, ClpA or ClpX. ClpXP and ClpAP complexes interact with different specific substrates and catalyze ATP-dependent protein unfolding and degradation. In vitro in the presence of ATP or ATPgammaS, ClpA and ClpX form homomeric rings of six subunits, which bind to one or both ends of the double heptameric rings of ClpP. We have observed that, when equimolar amounts of ClpA and ClpX hexamers are added to ClpP in vitro in the presence of ATP or ATPgammaS, hybrid complexes in which ClpX and ClpA are bound to opposite ends of the same ClpP are readily formed. The distribution of homomeric and heteromeric complexes was consistent with random binding of ClpA and ClpX to the ends of ClpP. Direct demonstration of the functionality of the heteromeric complexes was obtained by electron microscopy, which allowed us to visualize substrate translocation into proteolytically inactive ClpP chambers. Starting with hybrid complexes to which protein substrates specific to ClpX or ClpA were bound, translocation of both types of substrates was shown to occur without significant redistribution of ClpA or ClpX. The stoichiometric ratios of the ClpA, ClpX, and ClpP oligomeric complexes in vivo are consistent with the predominance of heteromeric complexes in growing cells. Thus, ClpXAP is a bifunctional protease whose two ends can independently target different classes of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Ortega
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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33
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Joshi SA, Hersch GL, Baker TA, Sauer RT. Communication between ClpX and ClpP during substrate processing and degradation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2004; 11:404-11. [PMID: 15064753 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2003] [Accepted: 03/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the ClpXP compartmental protease, ring hexamers of the AAA(+) ClpX ATPase bind, denature and then translocate protein substrates into the degradation chamber of the double-ring ClpP(14) peptidase. A key question is the extent to which functional communication between ClpX and ClpP occurs and is regulated during substrate processing. Here, we show that ClpX-ClpP affinity varies with the protein-processing task of ClpX and with the catalytic engagement of the active sites of ClpP. Functional communication between symmetry-mismatched ClpXP rings depends on the ATPase activity of ClpX and seems to be transmitted through structural changes in its IGF loops, which contact ClpP. A conserved arginine in the sensor II helix of ClpX links the nucleotide state of ClpX to the binding of ClpP and protein substrates. A simple model explains the observed relationships between ATP binding, ATP hydrolysis and functional interactions between ClpX, protein substrates and ClpP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa A Joshi
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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34
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Goodchild RE, Dauer WT. Mislocalization to the nuclear envelope: an effect of the dystonia-causing torsinA mutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:847-52. [PMID: 14711988 PMCID: PMC321769 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0304375101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary dystonia is a disease characterized by involuntary twisting movements caused by CNS dysfunction without underlying histopathology. DYT1 dystonia is a form of primary dystonia caused by an in-frame GAG deletion (DeltaE302/3) in the TOR1A gene that encodes the endoplasmic reticulum luminal protein torsinA. We show that torsinA is also present in the nuclear envelope (NE), where it appears to interact with substrate, and that the DeltaE302/3 mutation causes a striking redistribution of torsinA from the endoplasmic reticulum to the NE. In addition, DeltaE302/3-torsinA recruits WT torsinA to the NE, potentially providing insight into an understanding of the dominant inheritance of the disease. DYT1 dystonia appears to be a previously uncharacterized NE disease and the first, to our knowledge, to selectively affect CNS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose E Goodchild
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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35
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Abstract
The rapid discovery of new drugs is greatly facilitated when a family of related proteins is targeted with a similar approach in chemistry. Few protein families have so far been investigated using this kind of 'family-based' approach. Therefore, to increase the size of our Pharmacopeia and to cure human diseases more efficiently, new druggable protein families must be identified. It is shown in this review that ATPases are very good candidates for a family-based approach. The human proteome contains many ATPases, which are involved in several diseases. All the ATPases contain a nucleotide-binding site, and it is therefore possible to target all of them with a single strategy in chemistry; the design of competitive ATP inhibitors. Moreover, because a similar approach has been conducted with the protein kinases, the compound libraries and the knowledge developed in the kinase field can be directly applied to the ATPases.
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36
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Burton BM, Baker TA. Mu transpososome architecture ensures that unfolding by ClpX or proteolysis by ClpXP remodels but does not destroy the complex. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2003; 10:463-72. [PMID: 12770828 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(03)00102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Clp/Hsp100 ATPases are protein unfoldases that both alter protein conformation and target proteins for degradation. An unresolved question has been how such seemingly destructive enzymes can "remodel" some protein substrates rather than destroy them. Here, we investigate the products of ClpX-mediated remodeling of a hyper-stable protein-DNA complex, the Mu transpososome. We find that although an oligomeric complex is maintained, release of some subunits accompanies ClpX action. Replacement of transposase's endogenous ClpX-recognition sequence with an exogenous signal reveals that the mechanism of remodeling is independent of both the recognition signal and the identity of the unfoldase. Finally, examination of the transposase-DNA contacts reveals only a localized region that is altered during remodeling. These results provide a framework for protein remodeling, wherein the physical attributes of a complex can limit the unfolding activity of its remodeler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana M Burton
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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37
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Burton RE, Baker TA, Sauer RT. Energy-dependent degradation: Linkage between ClpX-catalyzed nucleotide hydrolysis and protein-substrate processing. Protein Sci 2003; 12:893-902. [PMID: 12717012 PMCID: PMC2323860 DOI: 10.1110/ps.0237603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
ClpX requires ATP to unfold protein substrates and translocate them into the proteolytic chamber of ClpP for degradation. The steady-state parameters for hydrolysis of ATP and ATPgammaS by ClpX were measured with different protein partners and the kinetics of degradation of ssrA-tagged substrates were determined with both nucleotides. ClpX hydrolyzed ATPgammaS to ADP and thiophosphate at a rate (6/min) significantly slower than ATP hydrolysis (140/min), but the hydrolysis of both nucleotides was increased by ssrA-tagged substrates and decreased by ClpP. K(M) and k(cat) for hydrolysis of ATP and ATPgammaS were linearly correlated over a 200-fold range, suggesting that protein partners largely affect k(cat) rather than nucleotide binding, indicating that most bound ATP leaves the enzyme by hydrolysis rather than dissociation, and placing an upper limit of approximately 15 micro M on K(D) for both nucleotides. Competition studies with ClpX and fluorescently labeled ADP gave inhibition constants for ATPgammaS ( approximately 2 micro M) and ADP ( approximately 3 micro M) under the reaction conditions used for steady-state kinetics. In the absence of Mg(2+), where hydrolysis does not occur, the inhibition constant for ATP ( approximately 55 micro M) was weaker but very similar to the value for ATPgammaS ( approximately 45 micro M). Compared with ATP, ATPgammaS supported slow but roughly comparable rates of ClpXP degradation for two Arc-ssrA substrates and denatured GFP-ssrA, but not of native GFP-ssrA. These results show that the processing of protein substrates by ClpX is closely coupled to the maximum rate of nucleotide hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall E Burton
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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38
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Flanagan JM, Bewley MC. Protein quality control in bacterial cells: integrated networks of chaperones and ATP-dependent proteases. GENETIC ENGINEERING 2003; 24:17-47. [PMID: 12416299 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0721-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John M Flanagan
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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39
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Ortega J, Lee HS, Maurizi MR, Steven AC. Alternating translocation of protein substrates from both ends of ClpXP protease. EMBO J 2002; 21:4938-49. [PMID: 12234933 PMCID: PMC126282 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdf483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In ClpXP protease complexes, hexameric rings of the ATP-dependent ClpX chaperone stack on one or both faces of the double-heptameric rings of ClpP. We used electron microscopy to record the initial binding of protein substrates to ClpXP and their accumulation inside proteolytically inactive ClpP. Proteins with N- or C-terminal recognition motifs bound to complexes at the distal surface of ClpX and, upon addition of ATP, were translocated to ClpP. With a partially translocated substrate, the non-translocated portion remained on the surface of ClpX, aligned with the central axis of the complex, confirming that translocation proceeds through the axial channel of ClpXP. Starting with substrate bound on both ends, most complexes translocated substrate from only one end, and rarely (<5%) from both ends. We propose that translocation from one side is favored for two reasons: initiation of translocation is infrequent, making the probability of simultaneous initiation low; and, further, the presence of protein within the cis side translocation channel or within ClpP generates an inhibitory signal blocking translocation from the trans side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Ortega
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Hyun Sook Lee
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Michael R. Maurizi
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Alasdair C. Steven
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
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40
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Leroux MR. Protein folding and molecular chaperones in archaea. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2002; 50:219-77. [PMID: 11677685 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(01)50007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M R Leroux
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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41
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Gómez EB, Catlett MG, Forsburg SL. Different phenotypes in vivo are associated with ATPase motif mutations in Schizosaccharomyces pombe minichromosome maintenance proteins. Genetics 2002; 160:1305-18. [PMID: 11973289 PMCID: PMC1462049 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/160.4.1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The six conserved MCM proteins are essential for normal DNA replication. They share a central core of homology that contains sequences related to DNA-dependent and AAA(+) ATPases. It has been suggested that the MCMs form a replicative helicase because a hexameric subcomplex formed by MCM4, -6, and -7 proteins has in vitro DNA helicase activity. To test whether ATPase and helicase activities are required for MCM protein function in vivo, we mutated conserved residues in the Walker A and Walker B motifs of MCM4, -6, and -7 and determined that equivalent mutations in these three proteins have different in vivo effects in fission yeast. Some mutations reported to abolish the in vitro helicase activity of the mouse MCM4/6/7 subcomplex do not affect the in vivo function of fission yeast MCM complex. Mutations of consensus CDK sites in Mcm4p and Mcm7p also have no phenotypic consequences. Co-immunoprecipitation analyses and in situ chromatin-binding experiments were used to study the ability of the mutant Mcm4ps to associate with the other MCMs, localize to the nucleus, and bind to chromatin. We conclude that the role of ATP binding and hydrolysis is different for different MCM subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana B Gómez
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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42
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Abstract
Most proteins in eukaryotic cells are degraded by 26-S proteasomes, usually after being conjugated to ubiquitin. In the absence of ATP, 26-S proteasomes fall apart into their two sub-complexes, 20-S proteasomes and PA700, which reassemble upon addition of ATP. Conceivably, 26-S proteasomes dissociate and reassemble during initiation of protein degradation in a ternary complex with the substrate, as in the dissociation-reassembly cycles found for ribosomes and the chaperonin GroEL/GroES. Here we followed disassembly and assembly of 26-S proteasomes in cell extracts as the exchange of PA700 subunits between mouse and human 26-S proteasomes. Compared to the rate of proteolysis in the same extract, the disassembly-reassembly cycle was much too slow to present an obligatory step in a degradation cycle. It has been suggested that subunit S5a (Mcb1, Rpn10), which binds poly-ubiquitin substrates, shuttles between a free state and the 26-S proteasome, bringing substrate to the complex. However, S5a was not found in the free state in HeLa cells. Besides, all subunits in PA700, including S5a, exchanged at similar low rates. It therefore seems that 26-S proteasomes function as stable entities during degradation of proteins.
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43
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Singh SK, Rozycki J, Ortega J, Ishikawa T, Lo J, Steven AC, Maurizi MR. Functional domains of the ClpA and ClpX molecular chaperones identified by limited proteolysis and deletion analysis. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:29420-9. [PMID: 11346657 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m103489200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli ClpA and ClpX are ATP-dependent protein unfoldases that each interact with the protease, ClpP, to promote specific protein degradation. We have used limited proteolysis and deletion analysis to probe the conformations of ClpA and ClpX and their interactions with ClpP and substrates. ATP gamma S binding stabilized ClpA and ClpX such that that cleavage by lysylendopeptidase C occurred at only two sites. Both proteins were cleaved within in a loop preceding an alpha-helix-rich C-terminal domain. Although the loop varies in size and composition in Clp ATPases, cleavage occurred within and around a conserved triad, IG(F/L). Binding of ClpP blocked this cleavage, and prior cleavage at this site rendered both ClpA and ClpX defective in binding and activating ClpP, suggesting that this site is involved in interactions with ClpP. ClpA was also cut at a site near the junction of the two ATPase domains, whereas the second cleavage site in ClpX lay between its N-terminal and ATPase domains. ClpP did not block cleavage at these other sites. The N-terminal domain of ClpX dissociated upon cleavage, and the remaining ClpXDeltaN remained as a hexamer, associated with ClpP, and expressed ATPase, chaperone, and proteolytic activity. A truncated mutant of ClpA lacking its N-terminal 153 amino acids also formed a hexamer, associated with ClpP, and expressed these activities. We propose that the N-terminal domains of ClpX and ClpA lie on the outside ring surface of the holoenzyme complexes where they contribute to substrate binding or perform a gating function affecting substrate access to other binding sites and that a loop on the opposite face of the ATPase rings stabilizes interactions with ClpP and is involved in promoting ClpP proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Singh
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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44
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Ishikawa T, Beuron F, Kessel M, Wickner S, Maurizi MR, Steven AC. Translocation pathway of protein substrates in ClpAP protease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:4328-33. [PMID: 11287666 PMCID: PMC31834 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.081543698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular protein degradation, which must be tightly controlled to protect normal proteins, is carried out by ATP-dependent proteases. These multicomponent enzymes have chaperone-like ATPases that recognize and unfold protein substrates and deliver them to the proteinase components for digestion. In ClpAP, hexameric rings of the ClpA ATPase stack axially on either face of the ClpP proteinase, which consists of two apposed heptameric rings. We have used cryoelectron microscopy to characterize interactions of ClpAP with the model substrate, bacteriophage P1 protein, RepA. In complexes stabilized by ATPgammaS, which bind but do not process substrate, RepA dimers are seen at near-axial sites on the distal surface of ClpA. On ATP addition, RepA is translocated through approximately 150 A into the digestion chamber inside ClpP. Little change is observed in ClpAP, implying that translocation proceeds without major reorganization of the ClpA hexamer. When translocation is observed in complexes containing a ClpP mutant whose digestion chamber is already occupied by unprocessed propeptides, a small increase in density is observed within ClpP, and RepA-associated density is also seen at other axial sites. These sites appear to represent intermediate points on the translocation pathway, at which segments of unfolded RepA subunits transiently accumulate en route to the digestion chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, and Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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45
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Metzler DE, Metzler CM, Sauke DJ. Transferring Groups by Displacement Reactions. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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46
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Ishikawa T, Maurizi MR, Belnap D, Steven AC. Docking of components in a bacterial complex. Nature 2000; 408:667-8. [PMID: 11130060 DOI: 10.1038/35047165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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47
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Ortega J, Singh SK, Ishikawa T, Maurizi MR, Steven AC. Visualization of substrate binding and translocation by the ATP-dependent protease, ClpXP. Mol Cell 2000; 6:1515-21. [PMID: 11163224 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(00)00148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Binding and internalization of a protein substrate by E. coli ClpXP was investigated by electron microscopy. In sideviews of ATP gamma S-stabilized ClpXP complexes, a narrow axial channel was visible in ClpX, surrounded by protrusions on its distal surface. When substrate lambda O protein was added, extra density attached to this surface. Upon addition of ATP, this density disappeared as lambda O was degraded. When ATP was added to proteolytically inactive ClpXP-lambda O complexes, the extra density transferred to the center of ClpP and remained inside ClpP after separation from ClpX. We propose that substrates of ATP-dependent proteases bind to specific sites on the distal surface of the ATPase, and are subsequently unfolded and translocated into the internal chamber of the protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ortega
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal, and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Singh SK, Grimaud R, Hoskins JR, Wickner S, Maurizi MR. Unfolding and internalization of proteins by the ATP-dependent proteases ClpXP and ClpAP. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:8898-903. [PMID: 10922052 PMCID: PMC16793 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.16.8898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ClpX and ClpA are molecular chaperones that interact with specific proteins and, together with ClpP, activate their ATP-dependent degradation. The chaperone activity is thought to convert proteins into an extended conformation that can access the sequestered active sites of ClpP. We now show that ClpX can catalyze unfolding of a green fluorescent protein fused to a ClpX recognition motif (GFP-SsrA). Unfolding of GFP-SsrA depends on ATP hydrolysis. GFP-SsrA unfolded either by ClpX or by treatment with denaturants binds to ClpX in the presence of adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) and is released slowly (t(1/2) approximately 15 min). Unlike ClpA, ClpX cannot trap unfolded proteins in stable complexes unless they also have a high-affinity binding motif. Addition of ATP or ADP accelerates release (t(1/2) approximately 1 min), consistent with a model in which ATP hydrolysis induces a conformation of ClpX with low affinity for unfolded substrates. Proteolytically inactive complexes of ClpXP and ClpAP unfold GFP-SsrA and translocate the protein to ClpP, where it remains unfolded. Complexes of ClpXP with translocated substrate within the ClpP chamber retain the ability to unfold GFP-SsrA. Our results suggest a bipartite mode of interaction between ClpX and substrates. ClpX preferentially targets motifs exposed in specific proteins. As the protein is unfolded by ClpX, additional motifs are exposed that facilitate its retention and favor its translocation to ClpP for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Singh
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Vale
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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