1
|
Klausmann P, Lilge L, Aschern M, Hennemann K, Henkel M, Hausmann R, Morabbi Heravi K. Influence of B. subtilis 3NA mutations in spo0A and abrB on surfactin production in B. subtilis 168. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:188. [PMID: 34565366 PMCID: PMC8474915 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01679-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacillus subtilis is a well-established host for a variety of bioproduction processes, with much interest focused on the production of biosurfactants such as the cyclic lipopeptide surfactin. Surfactin production is tightly intertwined with quorum sensing and regulatory cell differentiation processes. As previous studies have shown, a non-sporulating B. subtilis strain 3NA encoding a functional sfp locus but mutations in the spo0A and abrB loci, called JABs32, exhibits noticeably increased surfactin production capabilities. In this work, the impacts of introducing JABs32 mutations in the genes spo0A, abrB and abh from 3NA into strain KM1016, a surfactin-forming derivative of B. subtilis 168, was investigated. This study aims to show these mutations are responsible for the surfactin producing performance of strain JABs32 in fed-batch bioreactor cultivations. Results Single and double mutant strains of B. subtilis KM1016 were constructed encoding gene deletions of spo0A, abrB and homologous abh. Furthermore, an elongated abrB version, called abrB*, as described for JABs32 was integrated. Single and combinatory mutant strains were analysed in respect of growth behaviour, native PsrfA promoter expression and surfactin production. Deletion of spo0A led to increased growth rates with lowered surfactin titers, while deletion or elongation of abrB resulted in lowered growth rates and high surfactin yields, compared to KM1016. The double mutant strains B. subtilis KM1036 and KM1020 encoding Δspo0A abrB* and Δspo0A ΔabrB were compared to reference strain JABs32, with KM1036 exhibiting similar production parameters and impeded cell growth and surfactin production for KM1020. Bioreactor fed-batch cultivations comparing a Δspo0A abrB* mutant of KM1016, KM681, with JABs32 showed a decrease of 32% in surfactin concentration. Conclusions The genetic differences of B. subtilis KM1016 and JABs32 give rise to new and improved fermentation methods through high cell density processes. Deletion of the spo0A locus was shown to be the reason for higher biomass concentrations. Only in combination with an elongation of abrB was this strain able to reach high surfactin titers of 18.27 g L−1 in fed-batch cultivations. This work shows, that a B. subtilis strain can be turned into a high cell density surfactin production strain by introduction of two mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Klausmann
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150K), University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lars Lilge
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150K), University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Moritz Aschern
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150K), University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katja Hennemann
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150K), University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marius Henkel
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150K), University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hausmann
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150K), University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kambiz Morabbi Heravi
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150K), University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Low cost and sustainable hyaluronic acid production in a manufacturing platform based on Bacillus subtilis 3NA strain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3075-3086. [PMID: 33818671 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a high value glycosaminoglycan mostly used in health and cosmetic applications. Commercial HA is produced from animal tissues or in toxigenic bacteria of the genus Streptococcus grown in complex media, which are expensive and raise environmental concerns due to the disposal of large amounts of broth with high organic loads. Other microorganisms were proposed as hosts for the heterologous production of HA, but the methods are still costly. The extraordinary capacity of this biopolymer to bind and retain water attracts interest for large-scale applications where biodegradable materials are needed, but its high cost and safety concerns are barriers for its adoption. Bacillus subtilis 3NA strain is prototrophic, amenable for genetic manipulation, GRAS, and can rapidly reach high cell densities in salt-based media. These phenotypic traits were exploited to create a platform for biomolecule production using HA as a proof of concept. First, the 3NA strain was engineered to produce HA; second, a chemically defined medium was formulated using commodity-priced inorganic salts combined at the stoichiometric ratios needed to build the necessary quantities of biomass and HA; and third, a scalable fermentation process, where HA can be produced at the maximum volumetric productivity (VP), was designed. A comparative economic analysis against other methods indicates that the new process may increase the operating profit of a manufacturing plant by more than 100%. The host, the culture medium, and the rationale employed to develop the fermentation process described here, introduce an IP-free platform that could be adaptable for production of other biomolecules. KEY POINTS: • A biomolecule production platform based on B. subtilis 3NA strain and a synthetic medium was tested for hyaluronic acid biosynthesis • A fermentation process with the maximum volumetric productivity was designed • A techno-economic analysis forecasts a significant reduction in the manufacturing cost compared to the current methods.
Collapse
|
3
|
Dai R, Ten AS, Mrksich M. Profiling Protease Activity in Laundry Detergents with Peptide Arrays and SAMDI Mass Spectrometry. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
4
|
ÿztürk S, ÿalık P, ÿzdamar TH. Fed-Batch Biomolecule Production by Bacillus subtilis : A State of the Art Review. Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:329-345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
5
|
Pan Z, Cunningham DS, Zhu T, Ye K, Koepsel RR, Domach MM, Ataai MM. Enhanced recombinant protein production in pyruvate kinase mutant of Bacillus subtilis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:1769-78. [PMID: 19787348 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous work demonstrated that acetate production was substantially lower in pyruvate kinase (pyk) mutant of Bacillus subtilis. The significantly lower acetate production in the pyk mutant is hypothesized to have positive effect on recombinant protein production either by lifting the inhibitory effect of acetate accumulation in the medium or redirecting the metabolic fluxes beneficial to biomass/protein synthesis. In this study, the impact of the pyk mutation on recombinant protein production was investigated. Green fluorescent protein (GFP+) was selected as a model protein and constitutively expressed in both the wild-type strain and a pyk mutant. In batch cultures, the pyk mutant produced 3-fold higher levels of recombinant protein when grown on glucose as carbon source. Experimental measurements and theoretical analysis show that the higher protein yield of the mutant is not due to removal of an acetate-associated inhibition of expression or gene dosage or protein stability but a much lower acetate production in the mutant allows for a greater fraction of carbon intake to be directed to protein synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 1249 Benedum Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Käppler T, Cerff M, Ottow K, Hobley T, Posten C. In situ magnetic separation for extracellular protein production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:535-45. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
7
|
Park IS, Kim JH, Kim BG. The effects of ftsZ mutation on the production of recombinant protein in Bacillus subtilis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 69:57-64. [PMID: 15940458 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-1953-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Revised: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the possibility of using a mutation of ftsZ as a pseudo-spore mutant is investigated. ftsZ, which is essential for cell division and sporulation of Bacillus subtilis, was placed under the spac promoter, which is inducible with isopropyl thiogalactose (IPTG). Cell growth of the ftsZ mutant and its beta-galactosidase activity under the aprE promoter were compared with the wild type. In the presence of 1 mM IPTG, cell growth of the ftsZ mutant was almost the same as that of the wild type and its sporulation frequency was slightly lower than that of the wild type. However, under uninduced conditions, cell growth of ftsZ mutant was severely impaired. When induced with 0.2 mM IPTG, the ftsZ mutant showed about 13 times higher beta-galactosidase activity than the wild type. When the ftsZ mutant was used for secretory production of subtilisin, only three times higher extracellular subtilisin activity was measured, compared with the wild type. By real-time PCR investigation, it was revealed that the ftsZ mutant intracellular mRNA level for subtilisin was more than 16 times higher, compared with the wild type. However, it appears that the secretion pathway is somewhat damaged in the ftsZ mutant. These results suggest that the cell division mutant can also be used like a sporulation mutant to produce recombinant proteins, with a precise control of cell growth and induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- In-Suk Park
- School of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brans A, Filée P, Chevigné A, Claessens A, Joris B. New integrative method to generate Bacillus subtilis recombinant strains free of selection markers. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 70:7241-50. [PMID: 15574923 PMCID: PMC535166 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.12.7241-7250.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel method described in this paper combines the use of blaI, which encodes a repressor involved in Bacillus licheniformis BlaP beta-lactamase regulation, an antibiotic resistance gene, and a B. subtilis strain (BS1541) that is conditionally auxotrophic for lysine. We constructed a BlaI cassette containing blaI and the spectinomycin resistance genes and two short direct repeat DNA sequences, one at each extremity of the cassette. The BS1541 strain was obtained by replacing the B. subtilis P(lysA) promoter with that of the P(blaP) beta-lactamase promoter. In the resulting strain, the cloning of the blaI repressor gene confers lysine auxotrophy to BS1541. After integration of the BlaI cassette into the chromosome of a conditionally lys-auxotrophic (BS1541) strain by homologous recombination and positive selection for spectinomycin resistance, the eviction of the BlaI cassette was achieved by single crossover between the two short direct repeat sequences. This strategy was successfully used to inactivate a single gene and to introduce a gene of interest in the Bacillus chromosome. In both cases the resulting strains are free of selection marker. This allows the use of the BlaI cassette to repeatedly further modify the Bacillus chromosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Brans
- Centre for Protein Engineering, Institut de Chimie, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, B4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Westers L, Westers H, Quax WJ. Bacillus subtilis as cell factory for pharmaceutical proteins: a biotechnological approach to optimize the host organism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2004; 1694:299-310. [PMID: 15546673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2004.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2003] [Revised: 02/13/2004] [Accepted: 02/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive soil bacterium that secretes numerous enzymes to degrade a variety of substrates, enabling the bacterium to survive in a continuously changing environment. These enzymes are produced commercially and this production represents about 60% of the industrial-enzyme market. Unfortunately, the secretion of heterologous proteins, originating from Gram-negative bacteria or from eukaryotes, is often severely hampered. Several bottlenecks in the B. subtilis secretion pathway, such as poor targeting to the translocase, degradation of the secretory protein, and incorrect folding, have been revealed. Nevertheless, research into the mechanisms and control of the secretion pathways will lead to improved Bacillus protein secretion systems and broaden the applications as industrial production host. This review focuses on studies that aimed at optimizing B. subtilis as cell factory for commercially interesting heterologous proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Westers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Application of LFH-PCR for the disruption ofSpoIIIE andSpoIIIG ofB. subtilis. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02942207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
12
|
Hu P, Leighton T, Ishkhanova G, Kustu S. Sensing of nitrogen limitation by Bacillus subtilis: comparison to enteric bacteria. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:5042-50. [PMID: 10438777 PMCID: PMC93994 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.16.5042-5050.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/1999] [Accepted: 06/11/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that Salmonella typhimurium apparently senses external nitrogen limitation as a decrease in the concentration of the internal glutamine pool. To determine whether the inverse relationship observed between doubling time and the glutamine pool size in enteric bacteria was also seen in phylogenetically distant organisms, we studied this correlation in Bacillus subtilis, a gram-positive, sporulating bacterium. We measured the sizes of the glutamine and glutamate pools for cells grown in batch culture on different nitrogen sources that yielded a range of doubling times, for cells grown in ammonia-limited continuous culture, and for mutant strains (glnA) in which the catalytic activity of glutamine synthetase was lowered. Although the glutamine pool size of B. subtilis clearly decreased under certain conditions of nitrogen limitation, particularly in continuous culture, the inverse relationship seen between glutamine pool size and doubling time in enteric bacteria was far less obvious in B. subtilis. To rule out the possibility that differences were due to the fact that B. subtilis has only a single pathway for ammonia assimilation, we disrupted the gene (gdh) that encodes the biosynthetic glutamate dehydrogenase in Salmonella. Studies of the S. typhimurium gdh strain in ammonia-limited continuous culture and of gdh glnA double-mutant strains indicated that decreases in the glutamine pool remained profound in strains with a single pathway for ammonia assimilation. Simple working hypotheses to account for the results with B. subtilis are that this organism refills an initially low glutamine pool by diminishing the utilization of glutamine for biosynthetic reactions and/or replenishes the pool by means of macromolecular degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Hu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Garbisu C, Carlson D, Adamkiewicz M, Yee BC, Wong JH, Resto E, Leighton T, Buchanan BB. Morphological and biochemical responses of Bacillus subtilis to selenite stress. Biofactors 1999; 10:311-9. [PMID: 10619698 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
When introduced into a chemically defined minimal medium supplemented with 1 mM sodium selenite (79 ppm Se(o)), Bacillus subtilis was found to undergo a series of morphological and biochemical adaptations. The morphological changes included the formation of "round bodies" associated with the detoxification of selenite to elemental selenium. Round bodies observed transiently were not apparent during balanced growth of cells adapted previously to selenite-containing medium. Under balanced growth conditions, cell structures similar to "round bodies", could be produced by treating cells with lysozyme. The selenite-induced structural alterations in cells were accompanied by an increase in the content of thioredoxin and the associated enzyme, NADP-thioredoxin reductase. The results suggest that the biovalence transformation of high levels of selenite may involve a dithiol system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Garbisu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Martı́nez A, Ramı́rez OT, Valle F. Effect of Growth Rate on the Production of β-Galactosidase from Escherichia Coli in Bacillus Subtilis Using Glucose-Limited Exponentially Fedbatch Cultures. Enzyme Microb Technol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(97)00248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
15
|
Bao D, Cheng JT, Kettner C, Jordan F. Assignment of the Nε2H and Nδ1H Resonances at the Active-Center Histidine in Chymotrypsin and Subtilisin Complexed to Peptideboronic Acids without Specific 15N Labeling1. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja972937e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Bao
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biodynamics, Rutgers, The State University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, and Du Pont Merck Pharmaceutical Company, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0328
| | - J.-T. Cheng
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biodynamics, Rutgers, The State University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, and Du Pont Merck Pharmaceutical Company, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0328
| | - Charles Kettner
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biodynamics, Rutgers, The State University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, and Du Pont Merck Pharmaceutical Company, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0328
| | - Frank Jordan
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Program in Cellular and Molecular Biodynamics, Rutgers, The State University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, and Du Pont Merck Pharmaceutical Company, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0328
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Oh MK, Kim BG, Park SH. Importance of spore mutants for fed-batch and continuous fermentation ofBacillus subtilis. Biotechnol Bioeng 1995; 47:696-702. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260470610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
17
|
Oh MK, Park SH, Kim BG. Enhanced subtilisin production with spore mutants of Bacillus subtilis and their characterization. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 750:444-51. [PMID: 7785875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb19994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M K Oh
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ronald Anderson C, Flickinger MC. Monitoring growth and acetic acid secretion by a thermotolerantBacillus using conduction microcalorimetry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01569911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|