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Gómez-Pastora J, Kim J, Multanen V, Weigand M, Walters NA, Reátegui E, Palmer AF, Yazer MH, Zborowski M, Chalmers JJ. Intrinsically magnetic susceptibility in human blood and its potential impact on cell separation: Non-classical and intermediate monocytes have the strongest magnetic behavior in fresh human blood. Exp Hematol 2021; 99:21-31.e5. [PMID: 34015390 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The presence of iron in circulating monocytes is well known as they play an essential role in iron recycling. It has been demonstrated that the iron content of blood cells can be measured through their magnetic behavior; however, the magnetic properties of different monocyte subtypes remain unknown. In this study we report, for the first time, the magnetic behavior of classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes, which may be related to their iron storage capacity. The magnetic properties of monocytes were compared with those of other blood cells, such as lymphocytes and red blood cells in the oxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin states, and a cancer cell type. For this analysis, we used an instrument referred to as a Cell Tracking Velocimetry (CTV), which quantitatively characterizes the magnetic behavior of biological entities. Our results revealed that significant fractions of the intermediate and non-classical monocytes (up to 59% and 65% depending on the sample, respectively) have paramagnetic properties, suggesting their higher iron storage capacities. Moreover, our findings have implications for the immunomagnetic separation industry; we propose that negative magnetic isolation techniques for recovering monocytes from blood should be used with caution, as it is possible to lose magnetic monocytes when using this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Gómez-Pastora
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - James Kim
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Victor Multanen
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Mitchell Weigand
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Nicole A Walters
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Eduardo Reátegui
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Andre F Palmer
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Mark H Yazer
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Maciej Zborowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Jeffrey J Chalmers
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
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2
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Ma Y, Chen T, Iqbal MZ, Yang F, Hampp N, Wu A, Luo L. Applications of magnetic materials separation in biological nanomedicine. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2011-2028. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry College of Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Tianxiang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Zubair Iqbal
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Fang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Norbert Hampp
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Aiguo Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Liqiang Luo
- Department of Chemistry College of Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai P. R. China
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Zhang Y, Chen B, He M, Yang B, Zhang J, Hu B. Immunomagnetic Separation Combined with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Tumor Cells Using Gold Nanoparticle Labeling. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8082-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac500964s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department
of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department
of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Man He
- Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department
of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department
of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department
of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department
of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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4
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Reddy LH, Arias JL, Nicolas J, Couvreur P. Magnetic nanoparticles: design and characterization, toxicity and biocompatibility, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5818-78. [PMID: 23043508 DOI: 10.1021/cr300068p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1101] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Harivardhan Reddy
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie, Université Paris-Sud XI, UMR CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, IFR, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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5
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González-González M, Mayolo-Deloisa K, Rito-Palomares M. PEGylation, detection and chromatographic purification of site-specific PEGylated CD133-Biotin antibody in route to stem cell separation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 893-894:182-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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6
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Sajja VSK, Hanley TR, Gapsis H, Guernsey B, Kennedy DJ, Taylor MJ, Papas KK, Todd PW. Application of magnetic particle tracking velocimetry to quadrupole magnetic sorting of porcine pancreatic islets. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:2107-17. [PMID: 21495008 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic isolation is a promising method for separating and concentrating pancreatic islets of Langerhans for transplantation in Type 1 diabetes patients. We are developing a continuous magnetic islet sorter to overcome the restrictions of current purification methods that result in limited yield and viability. In Quadrupole Magnetic Sorting (QMS) islets are magnetized by infusing superparamagnetic microbeads into islets' vasculature via arteries that serve the pancreas. The performance of the islet sorter depends on the resulting speed of the islets in an applied magnetic field, a property known as magnetophoretic mobility. Essential to the design and successful operation of the QMS is a method to measure the magnetophoretic mobilities of magnetically infused islets. We have adapted a Magnetic Particle Tracking Velocimeter (MPTV) to measure the magnetophoretic mobility of particles up to 1,000 µm in diameter. Velocity measurements are performed in a well-characterized uniform magnetic energy gradient using video imaging followed by analysis of the video images with a computer algorithm that produces a histogram of absolute mobilities. MPTV was validated using magnetic agarose beads serving as islet surrogates and subjecting them to QMS. Mobility distributions of labeled porcine islets indicated that magnetized islets have sufficient mobility to be captured by the proposed sorting method, with this result confirmed in test isolations of magnetized islets.
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7
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Wu HW, Hsu RC, Lin CC, Hwang SM, Lee GB. An integrated microfluidic system for isolation, counting, and sorting of hematopoietic stem cells. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2010; 4:024112. [PMID: 20697577 PMCID: PMC2917870 DOI: 10.1063/1.3454767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study reports an integrated microfluidic system capable of isolation, counting, and sorting of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from cord blood in an automatic format by utilizing a magnetic-bead-based immunoassay. Three functional modules, including cell isolation, cell counting, and cell sorting modules are integrated on a single chip by using microfluidic technology. The cell isolation module is comprised of a four-membrane-type micromixer for binding of target stem cells and magnetic beads, two pneumatic micropumps for sample transport, and an S-shaped channel for isolation of HSCs using a permanent magnet underneath. The counting and sorting of HSCs are performed by utilizing the cell counting and sorting modules. Experimental results show that a separation efficiency as high as 88% for HSCs from cord blood is achieved within 40 min for a sample volume of 100 mul. Therefore, the development of this integrated microfluidic system may be promising for various applications such as stem cell research and cell therapy.
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Gijs MAM, Lacharme F, Lehmann U. Microfluidic applications of magnetic particles for biological analysis and catalysis. Chem Rev 2010; 110:1518-63. [PMID: 19961177 DOI: 10.1021/cr9001929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin A M Gijs
- Laboratory of Microsystems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne EPFL, Switzerland.
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9
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Williams PS, Hoyos M, Kurowski P, Salhi D, Moore LR, Zborowski M. Characterization of nonspecific crossover in split-flow thin channel fractionation. Anal Chem 2008; 80:7105-15. [PMID: 18698797 DOI: 10.1021/ac800841q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Split-flow thin channel (SPLITT) fractionation is a technique for continuous separation of particles or macromolecules in a fluid stream into fractions according to the lateral migration induced by application of a field perpendicular to the direction of flow. Typical applications have involved isolation of different fractions from a polydisperse sample. Some specialized applications involve the separation of the fraction influenced by the transverse field from the fraction that is not. For example, immunomagnetically labeled biological cells may be separated from nonlabeled cells with the application of a transverse magnetic field gradient. In such cases, it may be critically important to minimize contamination of the labeled cells with nonlabeled cells while at the same time maximizing the throughput. Such contamination is known as nonspecific crossover (NSC) and refers to the real or apparent migration of nonmobile particles or cells across stream lines with the mobile material. The possible mechanisms for NSC are discussed, and experimental results interpreted in terms of shear-induced diffusion (SID) caused by viscous interactions between particles in a sheared flow. It is concluded that SID may contribute to NSC, but that further experiments and mathematical modeling are necessary to more fully explore the phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stephen Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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Hu BH, Jones MR, Messersmith PB. Method for screening and MALDI-TOF MS sequencing of encoded combinatorial libraries. Anal Chem 2007; 79:7275-85. [PMID: 17713965 PMCID: PMC2586901 DOI: 10.1021/ac070418g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new method for encoded synthesis, efficient on-resin screening, and rapid unambiguous sequencing of combinatorial peptide libraries. An improved binary tag system for encoding peptide libraries during synthesis was designed to facilitate unequivocal assignment of isobaric residues by MALDI-TOF MS analysis. The improved method for encoded library synthesis was combined with a new versatile on-resin screening strategy that permitted multiple stages and types of screening to be employed successively on one library under mild conditions. The new method facilitated a combinatorial study of transglutaminase (TGase) enzyme substrate peptides, revealing new details of the effect of amino acid composition on TGase substrates. The approach was first demonstrated for an encoded library (130,321 compounds) of lysine pentapeptide substrates of TGase, synthesized using the "split-mix" method. The library was reacted on-resin with TGase enzyme and a soluble desthiobiotin labeled glutamine substrate. Initial screening was performed by adsorbing streptavidin-coated magnetic microparticles onto library beads, followed by magnetic separation. The differential binding affinities of desthiobiotin and biotin for streptavidin were exploited to release the magnetic microparticles and regenerate the desthiobiotin-labeled resin beads for further screening by flow-cytometry-based automated bead sorting, resulting in 345 beads that were sequenced by MALDI-TOF MS analysis. A second library consisted of encoded glutamine hexapeptide substrates, which was reacted on-resin with TGase enzyme and a soluble desthiobiotin-labeled cadaverine. Two-stage screening identified 267 glutamine peptides as TGase-reactive, of which 21 were further analyzed by solution-phase enzyme kinetics. Kinetic results indicated that the peptide PQQQYV from the library has a 68-fold greater substrate specificity than the best known glutamine substrate QQIV. The new encoding and screening strategies described here are expected to be broadly applicable to synthesis and screening of combinatorial peptide libraries in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phillip B. Messersmith
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: (847)467-5273., Fax: (847)491-4928. E-mail:
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11
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Dainiak MB, Kumar A, Galaev IY, Mattiasson B. Methods in cell separations. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 106:1-18. [PMID: 17660999 DOI: 10.1007/10_2007_069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Research in the field of cell biology and biomedicine relies on technologies that fractionate cell populations and isolate rare cell types to high purity. A brief overview of methods and commercially available products currently used in cell separations is presented. Cell fractionation by size and density and highly selective affinity-based technologies such as affinity chromatography, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and magnetic cell sorting are discussed in terms of throughput, yield, and purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B Dainiak
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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12
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Tong X, Yang L, Lang JC, Zborowski M, Chalmers JJ. Application of immunomagnetic cell enrichment in combination with RT-PCR for the detection of rare circulating head and neck tumor cells in human peripheral blood. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2007; 72:310-23. [PMID: 17205568 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Detection of rare, circulating tumor cells (CTC's) in human peripheral blood is a potential indicator of prognosis and diagnosis in oncology. Typical methods to detect these CTC's are either by immunocytochemistry (ICCS) or RT-PCR. However without accurate, rapid, and reproducible enrichment processes, these detection techniques are labor intensive and/or unreliable. In this article, a repeatable enrichment process that included a flow-through immunomagnetic cell separation system, the quadrupole magnetic sorter (QMS) was optimized with the aid of a statistical analysis software package. The QMS was operated in a negative mode of operation by immunomagnetically targeting normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) through the CD45 surface marker. Three head and neck squamous carcinoma cell lines (HNSCC), Detroit-562, SCC-4, and CAL-27, were used to determine the sensitivity of RT-PCR for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in spiked PBL. The detection purity needed for detection was found to be one cell in 10(4), one cell in 10(3), and one cell in 10(5) for the Detroit-562, SCC-4, and CAL-27, respectively. The actual number of cancer cells needed for RT-PCR detection ranged from 30 to 1 cell. To mimic the potential concentration of rare CTC present in peripheral blood of cancer patients, the spiking concentration was chosen to be one cancer cell per 10(5) total leukocytes from healthy donors. Using a single step immunomagnetic labeling, the final, optimized enrichment process produced a 57.6 +/- 30.3-fold (n = 6) enrichment of the rare cancer cells with a final cancer cell recovery of (77.8 +/- 6.6)%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Tong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Kekarainen T, Mannelin S, Laine J, Jaatinen T. Optimization of immunomagnetic separation for cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem cells. BMC Cell Biol 2006; 7:30. [PMID: 16882340 PMCID: PMC1557844 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-7-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing interest in cord blood as a source of primitive stem cells with the capacity for multilineage differentiation. Pure cell fractions are needed for the characterization and in vitro expansion of stem cells as well as for their use in preclinical research. However, enrichment of stem cells is challenging due to the lack of stem cell-specific markers and gentle protocols for the isolation of highly pure stem cell fractions. Protocols developed for the enrichment of peripheral blood-derived stem cells have been found to be suboptimal for cord blood. RESULTS In this study, immunomagnetic cell sorting protocols to purify CD34+, CD133+ and Lin- cells from fresh and cryopreserved cord blood were optimized. Reproducible purities of up to 97% were reached. The selected cells were highly viable having substantial colony-forming potential. CONCLUSION The optimized protocols enable rapid enrichment of highly pure hematopoietic stem cells from both fresh and cryopreserved cord blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuija Kekarainen
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jarmo Laine
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
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Vanderbyl SL, Sullenbarger B, White N, Perez CF, MacDonald GN, Stodola T, Bunnell BA, Ledebur HC, Lasky LC. Transgene expression after stable transfer of a mammalian artificial chromosome into human hematopoietic cells. Exp Hematol 2005; 33:1470-6. [PMID: 16338489 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The transfer of mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACs) to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) presents a promising new strategy for ex vivo gene therapy that alleviates numerous concerns surrounding viral transduction along with a unique platform for the systematic study of stem cell biology and fate. Here we report the transfer of a satellite DNA-based artificial chromosome (an ACE), made in mouse cells, into human cord blood hematopoietic cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS A GFP-Zeo-ACE encoding the genes for humanized Renilla green fluorescence protein (hrGFP) and zeomycin resistance (zeo) was transferred into CD34 positively selected cord blood cells using cationic reagents. RESULTS Post ACE transfer, CFU-GM-derived colonies were generated in methylcellulose in the presence or absence of bleomycin. Bleomycin-resistant cells expressed GFP and contained intact autonomous ACEs, as demonstrated by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Moreover, when the cells from these plates were replated in methylcellulose, we observed secondary bleomycin-resistant CFU-GM-derived colonies, demonstrating stable chromosome retention and transgene function in a CFU-GM progenitor. CONCLUSION To our knowledge this is the first report demonstrating the transfer of a mammalian artificial chromosome and the stable expression of an encoded transgene in human hematopoietic cells.
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Lara O, Tong X, Zborowski M, Chalmers JJ. Enrichment of rare cancer cells through depletion of normal cells using density and flow-through, immunomagnetic cell separation. Exp Hematol 2004; 32:891-904. [PMID: 15504544 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2004.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2003] [Revised: 07/06/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a reliable technique to enrich for rare cells in blood suspensions using only negative selection steps including a flow-through immunomagnetic cell separations system and by optimizing variables normally encountered during such enrichment processes. METHODS A human breast cancer cell line was cultivated and spiked at a ratio of 1 cancer cell to 10(5) total leukocytes in buffy coat or 1 cancer cell to 10(8) total cells in whole blood samples. The final, optimized process consisted of: a red cell lysis step, immunomagnetically staining leukocytes with an anti-CD45 PE, anti- MACS sandwich, immunomagnetic sorting using a flow-through system (QMS), and a final cell analysis step using either an automated cell counter, filtration, and visual counting or a cytospin analysis. RESULTS The final, optimized process produced a final enrichment of the rare cancer cells of 5.17 log(10) and an average, final recovery of 46%. It should be noted that a negative depletion protocol was used (i.e., no labeling of the rare cancer cells was used). CONCLUSIONS To the authors' knowledge, no examples in the literature exist of a 5.17 log(10) enrichment of cancer cells in human blood using a negative depletion protocol. The closest example is a 4 log(10) enrichment in which two positive magnetic cell separation steps were used (none were used in this study). Ongoing studies are investigating further modifications of the precommercial, prototype flow-through immunmagnetic separation system to increase both the enrichment and recovery rate. However, even at current performance levels, the presented process could significantly improve visual and molecular analysis of rare cells in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Lara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Chosy EJ, Nakamura M, Melnik K, Comella K, Lasky LC, Zborowski M, Chalmers JJ. Characterization of antibody binding to three cancer-related antigens using flow cytometry and cell tracking velocimetry. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003; 82:340-51. [PMID: 12599261 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Proper antibody labeling is a fundamental step in the positive selection/isolation of rare cancer cells using immunomagnetic cell separation technology. Using either a two-step or single-step labeling protocol, we examined a combination of six different antibodies specific for three different antigens (epithelial specific antigen, epithelial membrane antigen, and HER-2/Neu) on two different breast cancer cell lines (HCC1954 and MCF-7). When a two-step labeling protocol was used (i.e., anti-surface marker-fluoroscein-isothiocyanate [FITC] [primary Ab], anti-FITC magnetic colloid [secondary Ab]) saturation of the primary antibody was determined using fluorescence intensity measurements from flow cytometry (FCM). The saturation of the secondary antibody (or saturation of a single-step labeling) was determined using magnetophoretic mobility measurements from cell tracking velocimetry (CTV). When the maximum magnetophoretic mobility was the primary objective, our results demonstrate that the quantities necessary for antibody saturation with respect to fluorescence intensity were generally higher than those recommended by the manufacturer. The results demonstrate that magnetophoretic mobility varies depending on the types of cell lines, primary antibodies, and concentration of secondary magnetic colloid-conjugated antibody. It is concluded that saturation studies are a vital preparatory step in any separation method involving antibody labeling, especially those that require the specificity of rare cell detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Julia Chosy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ohio State University, 125 Koffolt Laboratories, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Comella K, Nakamura M, Melnik K, Chosy J, Zborowski M, Cooper MA, Fehniger TA, Caligiuri MA, Chalmers JJ. Effects of antibody concentration on the separation of human natural killer cells in a commercial immunomagnetic separation system. CYTOMETRY 2001; 45:285-93. [PMID: 11746098 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0320(20011201)45:4<285::aid-cyto10018>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The magnetic separation of a cell population based on cell surface markers is a critical step in many biological and clinical laboratories. In this study, the effect of antibody concentration on the separation of human natural killer cells in a commercial, immunomagnetic cell separation system was investigated. METHODS Specifically, the degree of saturation of antibody binding sites using a two-step antibody sandwich was quantified. The quantification of the first step, a primary anti-CD56-PE antibody, was achieved through fluorescence intensity measurements using a flow cytometer. The quantification of the second step, an anti-PE-microbeads antibody reagent, was achieved through magnetophoretic mobility measurements using cell tracking velocimetry. RESULTS From the results of these studies, two different labeling protocols were used to separate CD56+ cells from human, peripheral blood by a Miltenyi Biotech MiniMACS cell separation system. The first of these two labeling protocols was based on company recommendations, whereas the second was based on the results of the saturation studies. The results from these studies demonstrate that the magnetophoretic mobility is a function of both primary and secondary antibody concentrations and that mobility does have an effect on the performance of the separation system. CONCLUSIONS As the mobility increased due to an increase in bound antibodies, the positive cells were almost completely eliminated from the negative eluent. However, with an increase in bound antibodies, and thus mobility, the total amount of positive cells recovered decreases. It is speculated that these cells are irreversibly retained in the column. These results demonstrate the complexity of immunomagnetic cell separation and the need to further optimize the cell separation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Comella
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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