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Wania F, Shunthirasingham C. Passive air sampling for semi-volatile organic chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1925-2002. [PMID: 32822447 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00194e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During passive air sampling, the amount of a chemical taken up in a sorbent from the air without the help of a pump is quantified and converted into an air concentration. In an equilibrium sampler, this conversion requires a thermodynamic parameter, the equilibrium sorption coefficient between gas-phase and sorbent. In a kinetic sampler, a time-averaged air concentration is obtained using a sampling rate, which is a kinetic parameter. Design requirements for kinetic and equilibrium sampling conflict with each other. The volatility of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) varies over five orders of magnitude, which implies that passive air samplers are inevitably kinetic samplers for less volatile SVOCs and equilibrium samplers for more volatile SVOCs. Therefore, most currently used passive sampler designs for SVOCs are a compromise that requires the consideration of both a thermodynamic and a kinetic parameter. Their quantitative interpretation depends on assumptions that are rarely fulfilled, and on input parameters, that are often only known with high uncertainty. Kinetic passive air sampling for SVOCs is also challenging because their typically very low atmospheric concentrations necessitate relatively high sampling rates that can only be achieved without the use of diffusive barriers. This in turn renders sampling rates dependent on wind conditions and therefore highly variable. Despite the overall high uncertainty arising from these challenges, passive air samplers for SVOCs have valuable roles to play in recording (i) spatial concentration variability at scales ranging from a few centimeters to tens of thousands of kilometers, (ii) long-term trends, (iii) air contamination in remote and inaccessible locations and (iv) indoor inhalation exposure. Going forward, thermal desorption of sorbents may lower the detection limits for some SVOCs to an extent that the use of diffusive barriers in the kinetic sampling of SVOCs becomes feasible, which is a prerequisite to decreasing the uncertainty of sampling rates. If the thermally stable sorbent additionally has a high sorptive capacity, it may be possible to design true kinetic samplers for most SVOCs. In the meantime, the passive air sampling community would benefit from being more transparent by rigorously quantifying and explicitly reporting uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Tang T, Cheng Z, Xu B, Zhang B, Zhu S, Cheng H, Li J, Chen Y, Zhang G. Triple Isotopes (δ 13C, δ 2H, and Δ 14C) Compositions and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Naphthalene: A Key Surrogate of Intermediate-Volatility Organic Compounds (IVOCs). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5409-5418. [PMID: 32259434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Naphthalene (NAP), as a surrogate of intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs), has been proposed to be an important precursor of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). However, the relative contribution of its emission sources is still not explicit. This study firstly conducted the source apportionment of atmospheric NAP using a triple-isotope (δ13C, δ2H, and Δ14C) technique combined with a Bayesian model in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region of China. At the urban sites, stable carbon (-27.7 ± 0.7‰, δ13C) and radiocarbon (-944.0 ± 20.4‰, Δ14C) isotope compositions of NAP did not exhibit significant seasonal variation, but the deuterium system showed a relatively more 2H depleted signature in winter (-86.7 ± 8.9‰, δ2H) in comparison to that in summer (-56.4 ± 3.9‰, δ2H). Radiocarbon signatures indicated that 95.1 ± 1.8% of NAP was emitted from fossil sources in these cities. The Bayesian model results indicated that the emission source compositions in the BTH urban sites had a similar pattern. The contribution of liquid fossil combustion was highest (46.7 ± 2.6%), followed by coal high-temperature combustion (26.8 ± 7.1%), coal low-temperature combustion (18.9 ± 6.4%), and biomass burning (7.6 ± 3.1%). At the suburban site, the contribution of coal low-temperature combustion could reach 70.1 ± 6.4%. The triple-isotope based approach provides a top-down constraint on the sources of atmospheric NAP and could be further applied to other IVOCs in the ambient atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiangang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhineng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Buqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Bolong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Hairong Cheng
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
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Frescura LM, de Menezes BB, Duarte R, da Rosa MB. Application of multivariate analysis on naphthalene adsorption in aqueous solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3329-3337. [PMID: 31838706 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Naphthalene (NAP) is found as a pollutant in water, soil, and air, and adsorption is the most prominent removal process of this compound, among the methods studied. A study concerning the types of adsorbents and the parameters with the greatest influence on the adsorption process is interesting to direct future works on new adsorbents. The use of multivariate data analysis tools becomes an appealing way to compile data obtained from bibliographic reviews and to establish a behavior in NAP adsorption. This work aims to evaluate the parameters with greater influence on NAP adsorption process regarding adsorption capacity (qeexp) with the principal component analysis (PCA), and to group common NAP adsorbents by chemical characteristics through hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The variables qeexp, S, [NAP]0, T, CT, and [Ads] were used to perform PCA with correlation matrix. For the HCA, the variables S, [NAP]0, T, CT, and [Ads] with average linkage method (UPGMA) and Euclidean distance were used. Through PCA, it is possible to infer that S and [NAP]0 are the factors with greater influence in qeexp of NAP, while T, CT, and [Ads] have little correlation. PCA also shows that activated charcoal is the adsorbent with higher qeexp. HCA grouped the adsorbents into four groups by their chemical classes, except group A. Both PCA and HCA methods show themselves as potential tools to evaluate a data set of NAP adsorption processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Mironuk Frescura
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Av Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Bryan Brummelhaus de Menezes
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Av Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael Duarte
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Av Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Barcellos da Rosa
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Av Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Ma Y, Harrad S. Spatiotemporal analysis and human exposure assessment on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor air, settled house dust, and diet: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015. [PMID: 26197059 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the published literature on the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in indoor air, settled house dust, and food, and highlights geographical and temporal trends in indoor PAH contamination. In both indoor air and dust, ΣPAH concentrations in North America have decreased over the past 30 years with a halving time of 6.7±1.9years in indoor air and 5.0±2.3 years in indoor dust. In contrast, indoor PAH concentrations in Asia have remained steady. Concentrations of ΣPAH in indoor air are significantly (p<0.01) higher in Asia than North America. In studies recording both vapor and particulate phases, the global average concentration in indoor air of ΣPAH excluding naphthalene is between 7 and 14,300 ng/m(3). Over a similar period, the average ΣPAH concentration in house dust ranges between 127 to 115,817ng/g. Indoor/outdoor ratios of atmospheric concentrations of ΣPAH have declined globally with a half-life of 6.3±2.3 years. While indoor/outdoor ratios for benzo[a]pyrene toxicity equivalents (BaPeq) declined in North America with a half-life of 12.2±3.2 years, no significant decline was observed when data from all regions were considered. Comparison of the global database, revealed that I/O ratios for ΣPAH (average=4.3±1.3), exceeded significantly those of BaPeq (average=1.7±0.4) in the same samples. The significant decline in global I/O ratios suggests that indoor sources of PAH have been controlled more effectively than outdoor sources. Moreover, the significantly higher I/O ratios for ΣPAH compared to BaPeq, imply that indoor sources of PAH emit proportionally more of the less carcinogenic PAH than outdoor sources. Dietary exposure to PAH ranges from 137 to 55,000 ng/day. Definitive spatiotemporal trends in dietary exposure were precluded due to relatively small number of relevant studies. However, although reported in only one study, PAH concentrations in Chinese diets exceeded those in diet from other parts of the world, a pattern consistent with the spatial trends observed for concentrations of PAH in indoor air. Evaluation of human exposure to ΣPAH via inhalation, dust and diet ingestion, suggests that while intake via diet and inhalation exceeds that via dust ingestion; all three pathways contribute and merit continued assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Ma
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Laborie S, Moreau-Guigon E, Alliot F, Desportes A, Oziol L, Chevreuil M. A new analytical protocol for the determination of 62 endocrine-disrupting compounds in indoor air. Talanta 2015; 147:132-41. [PMID: 26592587 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop and validate a new analytical protocol for simultaneous determination of 62 semi-volatile organic compounds in both phases of indoor air. Studied compounds belong to several families: polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, phthalates, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, parabens, tetrabromobisphenol A, bisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecane, triclosan, alkylphenols, alkylphenol ethoxylates, synthetic musks (galaxolide and tonalide) and pesticides (lindane and cypermethrin). A medium volume sampling system was used to collect simultaneously these endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) from the gaseous and particulate phases. An accelerated solvent extraction method was optimized to obtain all EDCs in a single extract by atmospheric phase. Their extraction from the sorbents and their analysis by liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS, GC/MS and GC/MS/MS) was validated using spiked sorbents (recovery study and analytical uncertainty analysis by fully nested design). The developed protocol achieved low limits of quantification (<0.5ng m(-3)) and low uncertainty values (<5ng m(-3)) for all compounds. Once validated, the method was applied to indoor air samples from four locations (a house, an apartment, a day nursery and an office) and compared to literature to confirm its efficiency. All target EDCs were quantified in the samples and were primarily present in the gaseous phase. The major contaminants found in indoor air were, in descending order, phthalates, synthetic musks, alkylphenols and parabens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Laborie
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Elodie Moreau-Guigon
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Alliot
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Annie Desportes
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lucie Oziol
- Université Paris Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, UMR 8079, ESE, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Marc Chevreuil
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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Alkurdi F, Karabet F, Dimashki M. Characterization and concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in emissions from different heating systems in Damascus, Syria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:5747-5759. [PMID: 24442961 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Traffic has long been recognized as the major contributor to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions to the urban atmosphere. Stationary combustion sources, including residential space heating systems, are also a major contributor to PAH emissions. The aim of this study was to determine the profile and concentration of PAHs in stack flue gas emissions from different kinds of space heaters in order to increase the understanding of the scale of the PAH pollution problem caused by this source. This study set out to first assess the characteristics of PAHs and their corresponding benzo[a]pyrene equivalent emissions from a few types of domestic heaters and central heating systems to the urban atmosphere. The study, enabled for the first time, the characterization of PAHs in stationary combustion sources in the city of Damascus, Syria. Nine different types of heating systems were selected with respect to age, design, and type of fuel burned. The concentrations of 15 individual PAH compounds in the stack flue gas were determined in the extracts of the collected samples using high-performance liquid chromatography system (HPLC) equipped with ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence detectors. In general, older domestic wood stoves caused considerably higher PAH emissions than modern domestic heaters burning diesel oil. The average concentration of ΣPAH (sum of 15 compounds) in emissions from all types of studied heating systems ranged between 43 ± 0.4 and 316 ± 1.4 μg/m(3). Values of total benzo[a]pyrene equivalent ranged between 0.61 and 15.41 μg/m(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Farouk Alkurdi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria,
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Pongpiachan S. Fingerprint of Carcinogenic Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) during Bonfire Night. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:3243-54. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.5.3243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Kobayashi A, Kojima Y, Okochi H, Nagoya T. Development of Low Volume Air Sampling and Rapid Sample Preparation for the Determination of Atmospheric Gas-Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Styrene-Divinylbenzene Copolymer Resin Adsorbent. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2010. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.59.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Creative Science and Engineering, Waseda University
| | - Yuki Kojima
- Graduate School of Creative Science and Engineering, Waseda University
| | | | - Toshio Nagoya
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University
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Improved accuracy in the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air using 24h sampling on a mixed bed followed by thermal desorption capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1190:286-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tollbäck J, Bigatá MB, Crescenzi C, Ström J. Feasibility of Analyzing Fine Particulate Matter in Air Using Solid-Phase Extraction Membranes and Dynamic Subcritical Water Extraction. Anal Chem 2008; 80:3159-67. [DOI: 10.1021/ac7021458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Tollbäck
- Departments of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
| | - María Blasco Bigatá
- Departments of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
| | - Carlo Crescenzi
- Departments of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
| | - Johan Ström
- Departments of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
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Calderón-Segura ME, Gómez-Arroyo S, Villalobos-Pietrini R, Butterworth FM, Amador-Muñoz O. The effects of seasonal weather on the genotoxicity, cytokinetic properties, cytotoxicity and organochemical content of extracts of airborne particulates in Mexico City. Mutat Res 2004; 558:7-17. [PMID: 15036114 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2003.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2003] [Revised: 09/25/2003] [Accepted: 10/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracted organic material (EOM) from PM10 airborne particles collected during three distinct seasons in Mexico City was assayed for genotoxicity, cytokinetic effects and cytotoxicity. Using sister chromatid exchange (SCE) for genotoxicity, replication index (RI) and mitotic index (MI) for cytokinetics, and microscopic evaluation (cell death) for cytotoxicity on human lymphocytes exposed to increasing concentrations of EOM, this study showed that the extent of genotoxic, cytokinetic, and cytotoxic change caused by pollutants depended at least in part on the seasonal weather. Bioactivated extracts of samplings in April (warm and dry), August (warm and rainy) and November (cool and dry) produced the highest rate of genotoxicity (SCE) in November and the lowest rate in April. Without bioactivation the rates were still highest in November but equally low in April and August. Thus, almost all of the genotoxic responses in the bioactivation experiments during these latter months were from promutagens. However, in November equally large amounts of mutagens and promutagens were present. Cytokinetics (RI and MI) showed steady decreases as the concentration of EOM was increased, independent of bioactivation and weather. Cytotoxicity (cell death) occurred when higher concentrations of EOM were used. EOM was the least cytotoxic in April and most cytotoxic in November. Bioactivation was not required for cytokinetic change and cytotoxicity, suggesting that the agents involved may be different from the genotoxic agents. Using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) it could be shown that the type of pollutant chemicals in the EOM also depended on the weather. In particular, all 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) studied were present in November EOM whereas four different PAH were absent in the other 2 months. Generally the amounts were less in the EOM collected in April and August. Conversely, nitro-PAH compounds were greater in number in April EOM but higher in amount in November EOM. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Elena Calderón-Segura
- Laboratorio de Citogenética Ambiental, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510 D.F., México, Mexico
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Wilson NK, Chuang JC, Iachan R, Lyu C, Gordon SM, Morgan MK, Ozkaynak H, Sheldon LS. Design and sampling methodology for a large study of preschool children's aggregate exposures to persistent organic pollutants in their everyday environments. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2004; 14:260-74. [PMID: 15141155 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Young children, because of their immaturity and their rapid development compared to adults, are considered to be more susceptible to the health effects of environmental pollutants. They are also more likely to be exposed to these pollutants, because of their continual exploration of their environments with all their senses. Although there has been increased emphasis in recent years on exposure research aimed at this specific susceptible population, there are still large gaps in the available data, especially in the area of chronic, low-level exposures of children in their home and school environments. A research program on preschool children's exposures was established in 1996 at the USEPA National Exposure Research Laboratory. The emphasis of this program is on children's aggregate exposures to common contaminants in their everyday environments, from multiple media, through all routes of exposure. The current research project, "Children's Total Exposure to Persistent Pesticides and Other Persistent Organic Pollutants," (CTEPP), is a pilot-scale study of the exposures of 257 children, ages 1(1/2)-5 years, and their primary adult caregivers to contaminants in their everyday surroundings. The contaminants of interest include several pesticides, phenols, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and phthalate esters. Field recruitment and data collection began in February 2000 in North Carolina and were completed in November 2001 in Ohio. This paper describes the design strategy, survey sampling, recruiting, and field methods for the CTEPP study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy K Wilson
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Wilson NK, Chuang JC, Lyu C, Menton R, Morgan MK. Aggregate exposures of nine preschool children to persistent organic pollutants at day care and at home. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2003; 13:187-202. [PMID: 12743613 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
In the summer of 1997, we measured the aggregate exposures of nine preschool children, aged 2-5 years, to a suite of organic pesticides and other persistent organic pollutants that are commonly found in the home and school environment. The children attended either of two child day care centers in the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill area of North Carolina and were in day care at least 25 h/week. Over a 48-h period, we sampled indoor and outdoor air, play area soil and floor dust, as well as duplicate diets, hand surface wipes, and urine for each child at day care and at home. Our target analytes were several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), organochlorine pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB); two organophosphate pesticides (chlorpyrifos and diazinon), the lawn herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), three phenols (pentachlorophenol (PCP), nonyl phenols, and bisphenol-A), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP), and two phthalate esters (benzylbutyl and dibutyl phthalate). In urine, our target analytes were hydroxy-PAH, TCP, 2,4-D, and PCP. To allow estimation of each child's aggregate exposures over the 48-h sampling period, we also used time-activity diaries, which were filled out by each child's teacher at day care and the parent or other primary caregiver at home. In addition, we collected detailed household information that related to potential sources of exposure, such as pesticide use or smoking habits, through questionnaires and field observation. We found that the indoor exposures were greater than those outdoors, that exposures at day care and at home were of similar magnitudes, and that diet contributed greatly to the exposures. The children's potential aggregate doses, calculated from our data, were generally well below established reference doses (RfDs) for those compounds for which RfDs are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy K Wilson
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Durham, NC 27713-4411, USA.
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Wilson NK, Chuang JC, Lyu C. Levels of persistent organic pollutants in several child day care centers. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2001; 11:449-58. [PMID: 11791162 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2001] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of a suite of persistent organic chemicals were measured in multiple media in 10 child day care centers located in central North Carolina. Five centers served mainly children from low-income families, as defined by the federal Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) assistance program, and five served mainly children from middle-income families. The targeted chemicals were chosen because of their probable carcinogenicity, acute or chronic toxicity, or hypothesized potential for endocrine system disruption. Targeted compounds included polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pentachloro- and nonyl-phenol, bisphenol-A, dibutyl and butylbenzyl phthalate, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, the organophosphate pesticides diazinon and chlorpyrifos, and the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4D). Sampled media were indoor and outdoor air, food and beverages, indoor dust, and outdoor play area soil. Concentrations of the targeted compounds were determined using a combination of extraction and analysis methods, depending on the media. Analysis was predominantly by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC/ECD). Concentrations of the targeted pollutants were low and well below the levels generally considered to be of concern as possible health hazards. Potential exposures to the target compounds were estimated from the concentrations in the various media, the children's daily time-activity schedules at day care, and the best currently available estimates of the inhalation rates (8.3 m(3)/day) and soil ingestion rates (100 mg/day) of children ages 3-5. The potential exposures for the target compounds differed depending on the compound class and the sampled media. Potential exposures through dietary ingestion were greater than those through inhalation, which were greater than those through nondietary ingestion, for the total of all PAHs, the phenols, the organophosphate pesticides, and the organochlorine pesticides. Potential exposures through dietary ingestion were greater than those through nondietary ingestion, which were greater than those through inhalation, for those PAHs that are probable human carcinogens (B2 PAH), the phthalate esters, and 2,4D. For the PCBs, exposures through inhalation were greater than those through nondietary ingestion, and exposures through dietary ingestion were smallest. Differences in targeted compound levels between the centers that serve mainly low-income clients and those that serve mainly middle-income clients were small and depended on the compound class and the medium.
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Abstract
The use of sorbents in trapping volatile organic compounds in air for subsequent analysis is reviewed. Sorbents are classified in accordance with the mechanism used to recover the trapped compounds, either solvent or thermal desorption. The use of sorbents is contrasted with other sampling procedures, such as collecting whole air samples using canisters. New developments such as solid-phase microextraction are described. In particular, emphasis is placed on a holistic approach to sampling and analysis, and communication is encouraged between those who take samples in the field, and those who perform the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harper
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences 35294-0022, USA.
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Garivait H, Polprasert C, Yoshizumi K, Reutergardh LB. Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in Bangkok Urban Air I. Characterization and Quantification. Polycycl Aromat Compd 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/10406639908020553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Ortner EK, Rohwer ER. Trace analysis of semi-volatile organic air pollutants using thick film silicone rubber traps with capillary gas chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240190607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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19
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Lee DS, Nicholson KW. The measurement of atmospheric concentrations and deposition of semi-volatile organic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 1994; 32:59-91. [PMID: 24214008 DOI: 10.1007/bf00548152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/1994] [Revised: 05/15/1994] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A physical description of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) is given, both in terms of their characteristic nature in the atmosphere and the processes which control their deposition. The currently adopted methods used to measure the atmospheric concentrations of SVOCs have been summarised, along with their shortcomings. Techniques and associated problems have also been reviewed for measurements of atmospheric deposition. A summary has been given of the requirements necessary for a full assessment of atmospheric SVOCs and their deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Lee
- National Environmental Technology Centure, AEA Technology, OX14 3DB, Culham, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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20
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Storage stability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected from ambient air using solid supports. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00322195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in indoor and outdoor air in an eight-home study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0957-1272(91)90008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Braun T. Quasi-spherical solid polymer membranes in separation chemistry: polyurethane foams as sorbents. Recent advances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00472766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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