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Xiu M, Jayaratne R, Thai P, Christensen B, Zing I, Liu X, Morawska L. Evaluating the applicability of the ratio of PM 2.5 and carbon monoxide as source signatures. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119278. [PMID: 35461883 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is among the top risk faced by people around the world, and therefore combating it is among the top priorities. It begins with identifying the sources that contribute the most to local air pollution to prioritize their control. There are advanced methods for source identification and apportionment, but such methods are not available in many low-income countries and not everywhere in all high-income countries. We propose a simplified method by using source the signatures to help obtain information about the local source contribution if no other methods are available. Using low-cost monitors, particle mass (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations were measured and the ratio of CO/PM2.5 was determined. We investigated outdoor and indoor sources, including vehicular exhaust, combustion of biomass, incense and mosquito coil burning, and cigarette smoking. The results show that the ratios differed significantly between certain pollutant sources. Compressed natural gas (CNG) engines have a high ratio (mean value of 972 ± 419), which is attributed to relatively low PM2.5 emissions, while ship emissions and cigarette smoke recorded a relatively low ratio. Most traffic emissions recorded higher ratios than those of bushfire emissions, and ratios of most outdoor pollutant sources were much higher than those of indoor pollutant sources. There is a clear trend for ratios to decrease from high to low for CNG, petrol, diesel for buses, and fuel for ships. Our results suggest that the ratio of CO/PM2.5 can be used as an effective method to identify pollution sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xiu
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, 4000, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rohan Jayaratne
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, 4000, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Phong Thai
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, 4000, Brisbane, Australia; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4102, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bryce Christensen
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, 4000, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Isak Zing
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, 4000, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xiaoting Liu
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, 4000, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, 4000, Brisbane, Australia; Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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Meng H, Zhu Y, Evans GJ, Jeong CH, Yao X. Roles of SO2 oxidation in new particle formation events. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 30:90-101. [PMID: 25872713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of SO2 is commonly regarded as a major driver for new particle formation (NPF) in the atmosphere. In this study, we explored the connection between measured mixing ratio of SO2 and observed long-term (duration>3 hr) and short-term (duration<1.5 hr) NPF events at a semi-urban site in Toronto. Apparent NPF rates (J30) showed a moderate correlation with the concentration of sulfuric acid ([H2SO4]) calculated from the measured mixing ratio of SO2 in long-term NPF events and some short-term NPF events (Category I) (R2=0.66). The exponent in the fitting line of J30~[H2SO4]n in these events was 1.6. It was also found that SO2 mixing ratios varied a lot during long-term NPF events, leading to a significant variation of new particle counts. In the SO2-unexplained short-term NPF events (Category II), analysis showed that new particles were formed aloft and then mixed down to the ground level. Further calculation results showed that sulfuric acid oxidized from SO2 probably made a negligible contribution to the growth of >10 nm new particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Meng
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Greg J Evans
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Cheol-Heon Jeong
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E5, Canada.
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Cruz-Sanchez TM, Haddrell AE, Hackett TL, Singhera GK, Marchant D, Lekivetz R, Meredith A, Horne D, Knight DA, van Eeden SF, Bai TR, Hegele RG, Dorscheid DR, Agnes GR. Formation of a stable mimic of ambient particulate matter containing viable infectious respiratory syncytial virus and its dry-deposition directly onto cell cultures. Anal Chem 2012. [PMID: 23205519 DOI: 10.1021/ac302174y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological associations of worse respiratory outcomes from combined exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) and respiratory viral infection suggest possible interactions between PM and viruses. To characterize outcomes of such exposures, we developed an in vitro mimic of the in vivo event of exposure to PM contaminated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Concentration of infectious RSV stocks and a particle levitation apparatus were the foundations of the methodology developed to generate specific numbers of PM mimics (PM(Mimics)) of known composition for dry, direct deposition onto airway epithelial cell cultures. Three types of PM(Mimics) were generated for this study: (i) carbon alone (P(C)), (ii) carbon and infectious RSV (P(C+RSV)), and (iii) aerosols consisting of RSV (A(RSV)). P(C+RSV) were stable in solution and harbored infectious RSV for up to 6 months. Unlike A(RSV) infection, P(C+RSV) infection was found to be dynamin dependent and to cause lysosomal rupture. Cells dosed with PM(Mimics) comprised of RSV (A(RSV)), carbon (P(C)), or RSV and carbon (P(C+RSV)) responded differentially as exemplified by the secretion patterns of IL-6 and IL-8. Upon infection, and prior to lung cell death due to viral infection, regression analysis of these two mediators in response to incubation with A(RSV), P(C), or P(C+RSV) yielded higher concentrations upon infection with the latter and at earlier time points than the other PM(Mimics). In conclusion, this experimental platform provides an approach to study the combined effects of PM-viral interactions and airway epithelial exposures in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases involving inhalation of environmental agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita M Cruz-Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, V5A 1S6
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Friend AJ, Ayoko GA, Jayaratne ER, Jamriska M, Hopke PK, Morawska L. Source apportionment of ultrafine and fine particle concentrations in Brisbane, Australia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 19:2942-2950. [PMID: 22351354 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the significance of sources around measurement sites, assist the development of control strategies for the important sources and mitigate the adverse effects of air pollution due to particle size. METHODS In this study, sampling was conducted at two sites located in urban/industrial and residential areas situated at roadsides along the Brisbane Urban Corridor. Ultrafine and fine particle measurements obtained at the two sites in June-July 2002 were analysed by positive matrix factorization. RESULTS Six sources were present, including local traffic, two traffic sources, biomass burning and two currently unidentified sources. Secondary particles had a significant impact at site 1, while nitrates, peak traffic hours and main roads located close to the source also affected the results for both sites. CONCLUSIONS This significant traffic corridor exemplifies the type of sources present in heavily trafficked locations and future attempts to control pollution in this type of environment could focus on the sources that were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Friend
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
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Yao XH, Zhang L. Sulfate formation in atmospheric ultrafine particles at Canadian inland and coastal rural environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Morawska L, Jayaratne ER, Knibbs LD, Megatmokhtar M. Regulations and Policy Measures Related to the Reduction of Ambient Particulate Matter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-12278-1_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Tursić J, Grgić I, Berner A, Skantar J, Cuhalev I. Measurements of size-segregated emission particles by a sampling system based on the cascade impactor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:878-883. [PMID: 18323116 DOI: 10.1021/es071094g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A special sampling system for measurements of size-segregated particles directly at the source of emission was designed and constructed. The central part of this system is a low-pressure cascade impactor with 10 collection stages for the size ranges between 15 nm and 16 microm. Its capability and suitability was proven by sampling particles atthe stack (100 degrees C) of a coal-fired power station in Slovenia. These measurements showed very reasonable results in comparison with a commercial cascade impactor for PM10 and PM2.5 and with a plane device for total suspended particulate matter (TSP). The best agreement with the measurements made by a commercial impactor was found for concentrations of TSP above 10 mg m(-3), i.e., the average PM2.5/PM10 ratios obtained by a commercial impactor and by our impactor were 0.78 and 0.80, respectively. Analysis of selected elements in size-segregated emission particles additionally confirmed the suitability of our system. The measurements showed that the mass size distributions were generally bimodal, with the most pronounced mass peak in the 1-2 microm size range. The first results of elemental mass size distributions showed some distinctive differences in comparison to the most common ambient anthropogenic sources (i.e., traffic emissions). For example, trace elements, like Pb, Cd, As, and V, typically related to traffic emissions, are usually more abundant in particles less than 1 microm in size, whereas in our specific case they were found at about 2 microm. Thus, these mass size distributions can be used as a signature of this source. Simultaneous measurements of size-segregated particles at the source and in the surrounding environment can therefore significantly increase the sensitivity of the contribution of a specific source to the actual ambient concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janja Tursić
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Slovenia, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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