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Wang Z, Countryman AM, Corbett JJ, Saebi M. Economic and environmental impacts of ballast water management on Small Island Developing States and Least Developed Countries. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 301:113779. [PMID: 34597945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Ballast Water Management Convention can decrease the introduction risk of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens, yet the Convention increases shipping costs and causes subsequent economic impacts. This paper examines whether the Convention generates disproportionate invasion risk reduction results and economic impacts on Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and Least Developed Countries (LDCs). Risk reduction is estimated with an invasion risk assessment model based on a higher-order network, and the effects of the regulation on national economies and trade are estimated with an integrated shipping cost and computable general equilibrium modeling framework. Then we use the Lorenz curve to examine if the regulation generates risk or economic inequality among regions. Risk reduction ratios of all regions (except Singapore) are above 99%, which proves the effectiveness of the Convention. The Gini coefficient of 0.66 shows the inequality in risk changes relative to income levels among regions, but risk reductions across all nations vary without particularly high risks for SIDS and LDCs than for large economies. Similarly, we reveal inequality in economic impacts relative to income levels (the Gini coefficient is 0.58), but there is no evidence that SIDS and LDCs are disproportionately impacted compared to more developed regions. Most changes in GDP, real exports, and real imports of studied regions are minor (smaller than 0.1%). However, there are more noteworthy changes for select sectors and trade partners including Togo, Bangladesh, and Dominican Republic, whose exports may decrease for textiles and metal and chemicals. We conclude the Convention decreases biological invasion risk and does not generate disproportionate negative impacts on SIDS and LDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Wang
- School of Marine Science and Policy, College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, Delaware, USA.
| | - Amanda M Countryman
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Colorado State University, Colorado, USA.
| | - James J Corbett
- School of Marine Science and Policy, College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, Delaware, USA.
| | - Mandana Saebi
- University of Notre Dame, 384 Nieuwland, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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Wang Z, Saebi M, Corbett JJ, Grey EK, Curasi SR. Integrated Biological Risk and Cost Model Analysis Supports a Geopolitical Shift in Ballast Water Management. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12791-12800. [PMID: 34520184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluates efficacies of plausible ballast water management strategies and standards by integrating a global species spread risk assessment with a policy cost-effectiveness analysis. Specifically, we consider species spread risks and costs of port- and vessel-based strategies under both current organism concentration standards and stricter standards proposed by California. For each scenario, we estimate species spread risks and patterns using a higher-order analysis of a global ship-borne species spread model and estimate fleet costs for vessel- and barge-based ballast water treatment systems for each standard. We find that stricter standards may reduce species spread risk by a factor of 17 globally and would greatly simplify the complex network of ship-borne species spread. The current policy of IMO standards is most cost-effectively achieved through ship-based treatment, and that any additional risk reduction will be most cost-effectively achieved by port-based (or barge-based) technologies, particularly if these are strategically implemented at the top ports within the largest clusters. Barge-based ballast water management would require a shift in governance, and we suggest that this next level of policymaking could be feasible for special areas designated by the IMO, by State or multistate authorities, or by voluntary port applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Wang
- University of Delaware, 305 Robinson Hall, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Mandana Saebi
- University of Notre Dame, 384 Nieuwland, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - James J Corbett
- University of Delaware, 305 Robinson Hall, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Erin K Grey
- Universiyt of Maine, 172 Hitchner Hall, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - Salvatore R Curasi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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Bradie JN, Drake DAR, Ogilvie D, Casas-Monroy O, Bailey SA. Ballast Water Exchange Plus Treatment Lowers Species Invasion Rate in Freshwater Ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:82-89. [PMID: 33327717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The movement of ballast water by commercial shipping is a prominent pathway for aquatic invasions. Ships' ballast water management is now transitioning from open ocean exchange to a ballast water performance standard that will effectively require use of onboard treatment systems. Neither strategy is perfect, therefore, combined use of ballast water exchange plus treatment has been suggested to provide greatest protection of aquatic ecosystems. This study compared the performance of exchange plus treatment against treatment alone by modeling establishment rates of nonindigenous zooplankton introduced by ballast water across different habitat types (fresh, brackish, and marine) in Canada. Treatment was modeled under two efficacy scenarios (100% and 50% of ship trips) to consider the possibility that treatment may not always be successful. The model results indicate that exchange plus treatment will be more effective than treatment alone at reducing establishments when recipient ports are freshwater (58 140 vs 11 338 trips until ≥1 establishment occurs, respectively). Exchange plus treatment also serves as an important backup strategy if treatment systems are partially effective (50% of trips), primarily for freshwater recipient ecosystems (1442 versus 585 trips until ≥1 establishment occurs, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna N Bradie
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - David Andrew R Drake
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Dawson Ogilvie
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Oscar Casas-Monroy
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Sarah A Bailey
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
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Baltazar‐Soares M, Paiva F, Chen Y, Zhan A, Briski E. Diversity and distribution of genetic variation in gammarids: Comparing patterns between invasive and non-invasive species. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:7687-7698. [PMID: 29043025 PMCID: PMC5632605 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological invasions are worldwide phenomena that have reached alarming levels among aquatic species. There are key challenges to understand the factors behind invasion propensity of non-native populations in invasion biology. Interestingly, interpretations cannot be expanded to higher taxonomic levels due to the fact that in the same genus, there are species that are notorious invaders and those that never spread outside their native range. Such variation in invasion propensity offers the possibility to explore, at fine-scale taxonomic level, the existence of specific characteristics that might predict the variability in invasion success. In this work, we explored this possibility from a molecular perspective. The objective was to provide a better understanding of the genetic diversity distribution in the native range of species that exhibit contrasting invasive propensities. For this purpose, we used a total of 784 sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA-COI) collected from seven Gammaroidea, a superfamily of Amphipoda that includes species that are both successful invaders (Gammarus tigrinus, Pontogammarus maeoticus, and Obesogammarus crassus) and strictly restricted to their native regions (Gammarus locusta, Gammarus salinus, Gammarus zaddachi, and Gammarus oceanicus). Despite that genetic diversity did not differ between invasive and non-invasive species, we observed that populations of non-invasive species showed a higher degree of genetic differentiation. Furthermore, we found that both geographic and evolutionary distances might explain genetic differentiation in both non-native and native ranges. This suggests that the lack of population genetic structure may facilitate the distribution of mutations that despite arising in the native range may be beneficial in invasive ranges. The fact that evolutionary distances explained genetic differentiation more often than geographic distances points toward that deep lineage divergence holds an important role in the distribution of neutral genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Baltazar‐Soares
- GEOMAR, Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Ozeanforschung KielKielGermany
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyBournemouth UniversityPooleDorsetUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Filipa Paiva
- GEOMAR, Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Ozeanforschung KielKielGermany
| | - Yiyong Chen
- Research Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Aibin Zhan
- Research Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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Zhang N, Wang Y, Xue J, Yuan L, Wang Q, Liu L, Wu H, Hu K. Risk assessment of human health from exposure to the discharged ballast water after full-scale electrolysis treatment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 77:192-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gollasch S, David M, Francé J, Mozetič P. Quantifying indicatively living phytoplankton cells in ballast water samples--recommendations for Port State Control. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 101:768-775. [PMID: 26454632 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Different phytoplankton analysis methods (pulse-amplitude modulated fluorometry (PAM) and microscopy) were compared in preparation for compliance monitoring and enforcement with ballast water discharge standards. The key objective was to practically evaluate the performance of different new methods and tools to identify indicatively living phytoplankton cells of the size <50 μm in minimum dimension and ≥ 10 μm in minimum dimension as addressed by the Ballast Water Performance Standard (Regulation D-2, International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, 2004). Four different PAM instruments were selected for the tests based upon knowledge and experience gained in different ballast water sample processing studies. The measurements of the PAM instruments were compared with epifluorescence microscope algae cell counts using fluorescein diacetate as viability stain. It was concluded that PAM fluorometry is a suitable method for indicative phytoplankton analysis of ballast water and the most accurate PAM instruments were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Gollasch
- Gollasch Consulting, Grosse Brunnenstrasse 61, 22763 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Matej David
- Dr. Matej David Consult d.o.o., Korte 13 e, 6310 Izola, Slovenia.
| | - Janja Francé
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Fornace 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia.
| | - Patricija Mozetič
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Fornace 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia.
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Briski E, Gollasch S, David M, Linley RD, Casas-Monroy O, Rajakaruna H, Bailey SA. Combining Ballast Water Exchange and Treatment To Maximize Prevention of Species Introductions to Freshwater Ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:9566-9573. [PMID: 26171811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The most effective way to manage species transfers is to prevent their introduction via vector regulation. Soon, international ships will be required to meet numeric ballast discharge standards using ballast water treatment (BWT) systems, and ballast water exchange (BWE), currently required by several countries, will be phased out. However, there are concerns that BWT systems may not function reliably in fresh and/or turbid water. A land-based evaluation of simulated "BWE plus BWT" versus "BWT alone" demonstrated potential benefits of combining BWE with BWT for protection of freshwater ecosystems. We conducted ship-based testing to compare the efficacy of "BWE plus BWT" versus "BWT alone" on voyages starting with freshwater ballast. We tested the hypotheses that there is an additional effect of "BWE plus BWT" compared to "BWT alone" on the reduction of plankton, and that taxa remaining after "BWE plus BWT" will be marine (low risk for establishment at freshwater recipient ports). Our study found that BWE has significant additional effect on the reduction of plankton, and this effect increases with initial abundance. As per expectations, "BWT alone" tanks contained higher risk freshwater or euryhaline taxa at discharge, while "BWE plus BWT" tanks contained mostly lower risk marine taxa unlikely to survive in recipient freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeta Briski
- †GEOMAR, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- ‡Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Stephan Gollasch
- §Gollasch Consulting, Grosse Brunnenstrasse 61, 22763 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matej David
- ∥Dr. Matej David Consult, Korte 13e, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
| | - R Dallas Linley
- ‡Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Oscar Casas-Monroy
- ‡Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Harshana Rajakaruna
- ‡Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Sarah A Bailey
- ‡Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada
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Elskus AA, Ingersoll CG, Kemble NE, Echols KR, Brumbaugh WG, Henquinet JW, Watten BJ. An evaluation of the residual toxicity and chemistry of a sodium hydroxide-based ballast water treatment system for freshwater ships. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1405-1416. [PMID: 25693486 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nonnative organisms in the ballast water of freshwater ships must be killed to prevent the spread of invasive species. The ideal ballast water treatment system (BWTS) would kill 100% of ballast water organisms with minimal residual toxicity to organisms in receiving waters. In the present study, the residual toxicity and chemistry of a BWTS was evaluated. Sodium hydroxide was added to elevate pH to >11.5 to kill ballast water organisms, then reduced to pH <9 by sparging with wet-scrubbed diesel exhaust (the source of CO2 ). Cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia dubia), amphipods (Hyalella azteca), and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed for 2 d to BWTS water under an air atmosphere (pH drifted to ≥9) or a 2.5% CO2 atmosphere (pH 7.5-8.2), then transferred to control water for 5 d to assess potential delayed toxicity. Chemical concentrations in the BWTS water met vessel discharge guidelines with the exception of concentrations of copper. There was little to no residual toxicity to cladocerans or fish, but the BWTS water was toxic to amphipods. Maintaining a neutral pH and diluting BWTS water by 50% eliminated toxicity to the amphipods. The toxicity of BWTS water would likely be minimal because of rapid dilution in the receiving water, with subsurface release likely preventing pH rise. This BWTS has the potential to become a viable method for treating ballast water released into freshwater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria A Elskus
- Maine Field Office, University of Maine, US Geological Survey, Orono, Maine
| | | | - Nile E Kemble
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, US Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kathy R Echols
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, US Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri
| | - William G Brumbaugh
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, US Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Barnaby J Watten
- S.O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, US Geological Survey, Turners Falls, Massachusetts
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Casas-Monroy O, Linley RD, Adams JK, Chan FT, Drake DAR, Bailey SA. Relative invasion risk for plankton across marine and freshwater systems: examining efficacy of proposed international ballast water discharge standards. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118267. [PMID: 25763859 PMCID: PMC4357441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the implications of different management strategies is necessary to identify best conservation trajectories for ecosystems exposed to anthropogenic stressors. For example, science-based risk assessments at large scales are needed to understand efficacy of different vector management approaches aimed at preventing biological invasions associated with commercial shipping. We conducted a landscape-scale analysis to examine the relative invasion risk of ballast water discharges among different shipping pathways (e.g., Transoceanic, Coastal or Domestic), ecosystems (e.g., freshwater, brackish and marine), and timescales (annual and per discharge event) under current and future management regimes. The arrival and survival potential of nonindigenous species (NIS) was estimated based on directional shipping networks and their associated propagule pressure, environmental similarity between donor-recipient ecosystems (based on salinity and temperature), and effects of current and future management strategies (i.e., ballast water exchange and treatment to meet proposed international biological discharge standards). Our findings show that current requirements for ballast water exchange effectively reduce invasion risk to freshwater ecosystems but are less protective of marine ecosystems because of greater environmental mismatch between source (oceanic) and recipient (freshwater) ecoregions. Future requirements for ballast water treatment are expected to reduce risk of zooplankton NIS introductions across ecosystem types but are expected to be less effective in reducing risk of phytoplankton NIS. This large-scale risk assessment across heterogeneous ecosystems represents a major step towards understanding the likelihood of invasion in relation to shipping networks, the relative efficacy of different invasion management regimes and seizing opportunities to reduce the ecological and economic implications of biological invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Casas-Monroy
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Robert D. Linley
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Jennifer K. Adams
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Farrah T. Chan
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - D. Andrew R. Drake
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Sarah A. Bailey
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
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Paolucci EM, Hernandez MR, Potapov A, Lewis MA, MacIsaac HJ. Hybrid system increases efficiency of ballast water treatment. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban M. Paolucci
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research; University of Windsor; 401 Sunset Av. Windsor ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Marco R. Hernandez
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research; University of Windsor; 401 Sunset Av. Windsor ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Alexei Potapov
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences; 632 Central Academic Building; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2G1 Canada
| | - Mark A. Lewis
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences; 632 Central Academic Building; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2G1 Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences; CW 405, Biological Sciences Bldg; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Hugh J. MacIsaac
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research; University of Windsor; 401 Sunset Av. Windsor ON N9B 3P4 Canada
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