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Chen D, Xiao HY, Sun N, Yan J, Yin S. Characterizing leaf-deposited particles: Single-particle mass spectral analysis and comparison with naturally fallen particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 21:100432. [PMID: 38832301 PMCID: PMC11145416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2024.100432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The size and composition of particulate matter (PM) are pivotal in determining its adverse health effects. It is important to understand PM's retention by plants to facilitate its atmospheric removal. However, the distinctions between the size and composition of naturally fallen PM (NFPM) and leaf-deposited PM (LDPM) are not well-documented. Here we utilize a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer, coupled with a PM resuspension chamber, to analyze these differences. We find that LDPM particles are 6.8-97.3 % larger than NFPM. Employing a neural network algorithm based on adaptive resonance theory, we have identified distinct compositional profiles: NFPM predominantly consists of organic carbon (OC; 31.2 %) and potassium-rich components (19.1 %), whereas LDPM are largely composed of crustal species (53.9-60.6 %). Interestingly, coniferous species retain higher OC content (11.5-13.7 %) compared to broad-leaved species (0.5-1.2 %), while the levoglucosan content exhibit an opposite trend. Our study highlights the active role of tree leaves in modifying PM composition beyond mere passive capture, advocating for a strategic approach to species selection in urban greening initiatives to enhance PM mitigation. These insights provide guidance for urban planners and environmentalists in implementing nature-based solutions to improve urban air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dele Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hua-Yun Xiao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ningxiao Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingli Yan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shan Yin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
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Xu Y, Wang Z, Pei C, Wu C, Huang B, Cheng C, Zhou Z, Li M. Single particle mass spectral signatures from on-road and non-road vehicle exhaust particles and their application in refined source apportionment using deep learning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172822. [PMID: 38688364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
With advances in vehicle emission control technology, updating source profiles to meet the current requirements of source apportionment has become increasingly crucial. In this study, on-road and non-road vehicle particles were collected, and then the chemical compositions of individual particles were analyzed using single particle aerosol mass spectrometry. The data were grouped using an adaptive resonance theory neural network to identify signatures and establish a mass spectral database of mobile sources. In addition, a deep learning-based model (DeepAerosolClassifier) for classifying aerosol particles was established. The objective of this model was to accomplish source apportionment. During the training process, the model achieved an accuracy of 98.49 % for the validation set and an accuracy of 93.36 % for the testing set. Regarding the model interpretation, ideal spectra were generated using the model, verifying its accurate recognition of the characteristic patterns in the mass spectra. In a practical application, the model performed hourly source apportionment at three specific field monitoring sites. The effectiveness of the model in field measurement was validated by combining traffic flow and spatial information with the model results. Compared with other machine learning methods, our model achieved highly automated source apportionment while eliminating the need for feature selection, and it enables end-to-end operation. Thus, in the future, it can be applied in refined and online source apportionment of particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjiang Xu
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-, Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zaihua Wang
- Institute of Resources Utilization and Rare Earth Development, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Chenglei Pei
- Guangzhou Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-, Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510530, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-, Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-, Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mei Li
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-, Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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3
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Zhang Y, Pei C, Zhang J, Cheng C, Lian X, Chen M, Huang B, Fu Z, Zhou Z, Li M. Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:806-822. [PMID: 36182185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The real-time detection of the mixing states of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs in ambient particles is of great significance for analyzing the source, aging process, and health effects of PAHs and nitro-PAHs; yet there is still few effective technology to achieve this type of detection. In this study, 11 types of PAH and nitro-PAH standard samples were analyzed using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HP-SPAMS) in lab studies. The identification principles 'parent ions' and 'mass-to-charge (m/z) = 77' of each compound were obtained in this study. It was found that different laser energies did not affect the identification of the parent ions. The comparative experiments of ambient atmospheric particles, cooking and biomass burning emitted particles with and without the addition of PAHs were conducted and ruled out the interferences from primary and secondary organics on the identification of PAHs. Besides, the reliability of the characteristic ions extraction method was evaluated through the comparative study of similarity algorithm and deep learning algorithm. In addition, the real PAH-containing particles from vehicle exhaust emissions and ambient particles were also analyzed. This study improves the ability of single particle mass spectrometry technology to detect PAHs and nitro-PAHs, and HP-SPAMS was superior to SPAMS for detecting single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs. This study provides support for subsequent ambient observations to identify the characteristic spectrum of single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chenglei Pei
- Guangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Jinwen Zhang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xiufeng Lian
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mubai Chen
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhong Fu
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Wang W, Xu W, Deng S, Chai Y, Ma R, Shi G, Xu B, Li M, Li Y. Self-feedback LSTM regression model for real-time particle source apportionment. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:10-20. [PMID: 35459476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter pollution has attracted much wider attention globally. In recent years, the development of atmospheric particle collection techniques has put forwards new demands on the real-time source apportionments techniques. Such demands are summarized, in this paper, as how to set up new restraints in apportionment and how to develop a non-linear regression model to process complicated circumstances, such as the existence of secondary source and similar source. In this study, we firstly analyze the possible and potential restraints in single particle source apportionment, then propose a novel three-step self-feedback long short-term memory (SF-LSTM) network for approximating the source contribution. The proposed deep learning neural network includes three modules, as generation, scoring and refining, and regeneration modules. Benefited from the scoring modules, SF-LSTM implants four loss functions representing four restraints to be followed in the apportionment, meanwhile, the regeneration module calculates the source contribution in a non-linear way. The results show that the model outperforms the conventional regression methods in the overall performance of the four evaluation indicators (residual sum of squares, stability, sparsity, negativity) for the restraints. Additionally, in short time-resolution analyzing, SF-LSTM provides better results under the restraint of stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Trusted AI System Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; KLMDASR, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Weiman Xu
- Trusted AI System Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shuai Deng
- Trusted AI System Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yimeng Chai
- Trusted AI System Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ruoyu Ma
- Trusted AI System Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bo Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yue Li
- Trusted AI System Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; KLMDASR, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Sun W, Wang D, Yao L, Fu H, Fu Q, Wang H, Li Q, Wang L, Yang X, Xian A, Wang G, Xiao H, Chen J. Chemistry-triggered events of PM 2.5 explosive growth during late autumn and winter in Shanghai, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:112864. [PMID: 31369912 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the mechanism of PM2.5 explosive growth (EG), we conducted concurrent measurements of gaseous pollutants, PM2.5 and its chemical composition (inorganic ions, organic carbon, and element carbon) with a time resolution of 1 h in Shanghai in late autumn and winter from 2014 to 2017. In this study, the EG events, which are defined as the net increase in the mass concentration of PM2.5 by more than 100 μg m-3 within hours, are separately discussed for 3, 6, or 9 h. The number of EG events decreased from 19 cases in 2014 to 6 cases in 2017 and the corresponding PM2.5 concentration on average decreased from 183.6 μg m-3 to 128.8 μg m-3. Both regional transport and stagnant weather (windspeed < 2.0 m s-1) could lead to EG events. The potential source contribution function (PSCF) shows that the major high-pollution region is in East China (including Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Anhui Province) and the North China Plain. The contribution of stagnant conditions to EG episode hours of 55% (198 h, 156.9 μg m-3) is higher than that of regional transport (45%, 230 h, 163.0 μg m-3). To study the impact of local emission, chemical characteristics and driving factors of EG were discussed under stagnant conditions. The major components contributing to PM2.5 are NO3- (17.9%), organics (14.1%), SO42- (13.1%), and NH4+ (13.1%). The driving factors of EG events are the secondary aerosol formation of sulfate and nitrate and primary emissions (vehicle emissions, fireworks, and biomass burning), but the secondary transformation contributes more to EG events. The formation of sulfate and nitrate is dominated by gas-phase oxidation and heterogeneous reactions, which are enhanced by a high relative humidity. The current study helps to understand the chemical mechanism of haze and provides a scientific basis for air pollution control in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Dongfang Wang
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Aiyong Xian
- Yellow River Shandong Bureau, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Giorio C, Bortolini C, Kourtchev I, Tapparo A, Bogialli S, Kalberer M. Direct target and non-target analysis of urban aerosol sample extracts using atmospheric pressure photoionisation high-resolution mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 224:786-795. [PMID: 30851530 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous atmospheric pollutants of high concern for public health. In the atmosphere they undergo oxidation, mainly through reactions with ·OH and NOx to produce nitro- and oxygenated (oxy-) derivatives. In this study, we developed a new method for the detection of particle-bound PAHs, nitro-PAHs and oxy-PAHs using direct infusion into an atmospheric pressure photoionisation high-resolution mass spectrometer (APPI-HRMS). Method optimisation was done by testing different source temperatures, gas flow rates, mobile phases and dopants. Samples were extracted with methanol, concentrated by evaporation and directly infused in the APPI source after adding toluene as dopant. Acquisition was performed in both polarity modes. The method was applied to target analysis of seasonal PM2.5 samples from an urban background site in Padua (Italy), in the Po Valley, in which a series of PAHs, nitro- and oxy-PAHs were detected. APPI-HRMS was then used for non-target analysis of seasonal PM2.5 samples and results compared with nano-electrospray ionisation (nanoESI) HRMS. The results showed that, when samples were characterised by highly oxidised organic compounds, including S-containing compounds, like in summer samples, APPI did not bring any additional information with respect to nanoESI in negative polarity (nanoESI(-)). Conversely, for winter samples, APPI(-) could detect a series of aromatic and poly-aromatic compounds, mainly oxidised and nitrogenated aromatics, that were not otherwise detected with nanoESI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giorio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy.
| | - Claudio Bortolini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Ivan Kourtchev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Tapparo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Sara Bogialli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
Aerosol mixing state significantly affects concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), wet removal rates, thermodynamic properties, heterogeneous chemistry, and aerosol optical properties, with implications for human health and climate. Over the last two decades, significant research effort has gone into finding computationally-efficient methods for representing the most important aspects of aerosol mixing state in air pollution, weather prediction, and climate models. In this review, we summarize the interactions between mixing-state and aerosol hygroscopicity, optical properties, equilibrium thermodynamics and heterogeneous chemistry. We focus on the effects of simplified assumptions of aerosol mixing state on CCN concentrations, wet deposition, and aerosol absorption. We also summarize previous approaches for representing aerosol mixing state in atmospheric models, and we make recommendations regarding the representation of aerosol mixing state in future modelling studies.
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Zhang C, Lu X, Zhai J, Chen H, Yang X, Zhang Q, Zhao Q, Fu Q, Sha F, Jin J. Insights into the formation of secondary organic carbon in the summertime in urban Shanghai. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 72:118-132. [PMID: 30244738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate formation mechanisms of secondary organic carbon (SOC) in Eastern China, measurements were conducted in an urban site in Shanghai in the summer of 2015. A period of high O3 concentrations (daily peak > 120 ppb) was observed, during which daily maximum SOC concentrations exceeding 9.0 μg/(C·m3). Diurnal variations of SOC concentration and SOC/organic carbon (OC) ratio exhibited both daytime and nighttime peaks. The SOC concentrations correlated well with Ox (= O3 + NO2) and relative humidity in the daytime and nighttime, respectively, suggesting that secondary organic aerosol formation in Shanghai is driven by both photochemical production and aqueous phase reactions. Single particle mass spectrometry was used to examine the formation pathways of SOC. Along with the daytime increase of SOC, the number fraction of elemental carbon (EC) particles coated with OC quickly increased from 38.1% to 61.9% in the size range of 250-2000 nm, which was likely due to gas-to-particle partitioning of photochemically generated semi-volatile organic compounds onto EC particles. In the nighttime, particles rich in OC components were highly hygroscopic, and number fraction of these particles correlated well with relative humidity and SOC/OC nocturnal peaks. Meanwhile, as an aqueous-phase SOC tracer, particles that contained oxalate-Fe(III) complex also peaked at night. These observations suggested that aqueous-phase processes had an important contribution to the SOC nighttime formation. The influence of aerosol acidity on SOC formation was studied by both bulk and single particle level measurements, suggesting that the aqueous-phase formation of SOC was enhanced by particle acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ci Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiaohui Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jinghao Zhai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Qianbiao Zhao
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Fei Sha
- Environment Management Bureau of Shanghai Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Environment Management Bureau of Shanghai Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200125, China
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Xu J, Wang H, Li X, Li Y, Wen J, Zhang J, Shi X, Li M, Wang W, Shi G, Feng Y. Refined source apportionment of coal combustion sources by using single particle mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 627:633-646. [PMID: 29426187 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, samples of three typical coal combustion source types, including Domestic bulk coal combustion (DBCC), Heat supply station (HSS), and Power plant (PP) were sampled and large sets of their mass spectra were obtained and analyzed by SPAMS during winter in a megacity in China. A primary goal of this study involves determining representative size-resolved single particle mass spectral signatures of three source types that can be used in source apportionment activities. Chemical types describe the majority of the particles of each source type were extracted by ART-2a algorithm with distinct size characteristics, and the corresponding tracer signals were identified. Mass spectral signatures from three source types were different from each other, and the tracer signals were effective in distinguishing different source types. A high size-resolution source apportionment method were proposed in this study through matching sources' mass spectral signatures to particle spectra in a twelve days ambient sampling to source apportion the particles. Contributions of three source types got different size characteristics, as HSS source got higher contribution in smaller sizes, But PP source got higher contributions as size increased. Source contributions were also quantified during two typical haze episodes, and results indicated that HSS source (for central-heating) and DBCC source (for domestic heating and cooking) may contribute evidently to pollution formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Haiting Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiujian Li
- College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, China
| | - Jie Wen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jinsheng Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xurong Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Mei Li
- Atmospheric Environment Institute of Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, China.
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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10
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Suarez-Bertoa R, Astorga C. Impact of cold temperature on Euro 6 passenger car emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:318-329. [PMID: 29190540 PMCID: PMC5817001 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Hydrocarbons, CO, NOx, NH3, N2O, CO2 and particulate matter emissions affect air quality, global warming and human health. Transport sector is an important source of these pollutants and high pollution episodes are often experienced during the cold season. However, EU vehicle emissions regulation at cold ambient temperature only addresses hydrocarbons and CO vehicular emissions. For that reason, we have studied the impact that cold ambient temperatures have on Euro 6 diesel and spark ignition (including: gasoline, ethanol flex-fuel and hybrid vehicles) vehicle emissions using the World-harmonized Light-duty Test Cycle (WLTC) at -7 °C and 23 °C. Results indicate that when facing the WLTC at 23 °C the tested vehicles present emissions below the values set for type approval of Euro 6 vehicles (still using NEDC), with the exception of NOx emissions from diesel vehicles that were 2.3-6 times higher than Euro 6 standards. However, emissions disproportionally increased when vehicles were tested at cold ambient temperature (-7 °C). High solid particle number (SPN) emissions (>1 × 1011 # km-1) were measured from gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles and gasoline port fuel injection vehicles. However, only diesel and GDI SPN emissions are currently regulated. Results show the need for a new, technology independent, procedure that enables the authorities to assess pollutant emissions from vehicles at cold ambient temperatures. Harmful pollutant emissions from spark ignition and diesel vehicles are strongly and negatively affected by cold ambient temperatures. Only hydrocarbon, CO emissions are currently regulated at cold temperature. Therefore, it is of great importance to revise current EU winter vehicle emissions regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Sustainable Transport Unit, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Covadonga Astorga
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Sustainable Transport Unit, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
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11
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Baltensperger U. Spiers Memorial Lecture. Introductory lecture: chemistry in the urban atmosphere. Faraday Discuss 2018; 189:9-29. [PMID: 27247983 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00065g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The urban atmosphere is characterised by a multitude of complex processes. Gaseous and particulate components are continuously emitted into the atmosphere from many different sources. These components are then dispersed in the urban atmosphere via turbulent mixing. Numerous chemical reactions modify the gas phase chemistry on multiple time scales, producing secondary pollutants. Through partitioning, the chemical and physical properties of the aerosol particles are also constantly changing as a consequence of dispersion and gas phase chemistry. This review presents an overview of the involved processes, focusing on the contributions presented at this conference and putting them into a broader context. Advanced methods for aerosol source apportionment are presented as well, followed by some aspects of health effects related to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
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12
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Machine Learning to Predict the Global Distribution of Aerosol Mixing State Metrics. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Giorio C, Marton D, Formenton G, Tapparo A. Formation of Metal-Cyanide Complexes in Deliquescent Airborne Particles: A New Possible Sink for HCN in Urban Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:14107-14113. [PMID: 29148736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen cyanide is a ubiquitous gas in the atmosphere and a biomass burning tracer. Reactive gases can be adsorbed onto aerosol particles where they can promote heterogeneous chemistry. In the present study, we report for the first time on the measurement and speciation of cyanides in atmospheric aerosol. Filter samples were collected at an urban background site in the city center of Padua (Italy), extracted and analyzed with headspace gas chromatography and nitrogen-phosphorus detection. The results showed that strongly bound cyanides were present in all aerosol samples at a concentration ranging between 0.3 and 6.5 ng/m3 in the PM2.5 fraction. The concentration of cyanides strongly correlates with concentration of total carbon and metals associated with combustion sources. The results obtained bring evidence that hydrogen cyanide can be adsorbed onto aerosol liquid water and can react with metal ions to form stable metal-cyanide complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giorio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova , Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE , Marseille, 13331, France
| | - Daniele Marton
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova , Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Gianni Formenton
- ARPAV Environmental Regional Agency , Laboratory Department, via Lissa 6, 30171 Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Tapparo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova , Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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14
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Xu J, Li M, Shi G, Wang H, Ma X, Wu J, Shi X, Feng Y. Mass spectra features of biomass burning boiler and coal burning boiler emitted particles by single particle aerosol mass spectrometer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:341-352. [PMID: 28448926 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, single particle mass spectra signatures of both coal burning boiler and biomass burning boiler emitted particles were studied. Particle samples were suspended in clean Resuspension Chamber, and analyzed by ELPI and SPAMS simultaneously. The size distribution of BBB (biomass burning boiler sample) and CBB (coal burning boiler sample) are different, as BBB peaks at smaller size, and CBB peaks at larger size. Mass spectra signatures of two samples were studied by analyzing the average mass spectrum of each particle cluster extracted by ART-2a in different size ranges. In conclusion, BBB sample mostly consists of OC and EC containing particles, and a small fraction of K-rich particles in the size range of 0.2-0.5μm. In 0.5-1.0μm, BBB sample consists of EC, OC, K-rich and Al_Silicate containing particles; CBB sample consists of EC, ECOC containing particles, while Al_Silicate (including Al_Ca_Ti_Silicate, Al_Ti_Silicate, Al_Silicate) containing particles got higher fractions as size increase. The similarity of single particle mass spectrum signatures between two samples were studied by analyzing the dot product, results indicated that part of the single particle mass spectra of two samples in the same size range are similar, which bring challenge to the future source apportionment activity by using single particle aerosol mass spectrometer. Results of this study will provide physicochemical information of important sources which contribute to particle pollution, and will support source apportionment activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mei Li
- Atmospheric Environment Institute of Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Haiting Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xian Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xurong Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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15
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Miao X, Li H, Bao R, Feng C, Wu H, Zhan H, Li Y, Zhao K. Discriminating the Mineralogical Composition in Drill Cuttings Based on Absorption Spectra in the Terahertz Range. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:186-193. [PMID: 27354401 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816653129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the geological units of a reservoir is essential to the development and management of the resource. In this paper, drill cuttings from several depths from an oilfield were studied using terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). Cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed to classify and analyze the cuttings. The cuttings were clearly classified based on CA and PCA methods, and the results were in agreement with the lithology. Moreover, calcite and dolomite have stronger absorption of a THz pulse than any other minerals, based on an analysis of the PC1 scores. Quantitative analyses of minor minerals were also realized by building a series of linear and non-linear models between contents and PC2 scores. The results prove THz technology to be a promising means for determining reservoir lithology as well as other properties, which will be a significant supplementary method in oil fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Miao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
- 2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Optical Detection Technology for Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- 3 Petroleum Exploration & Production Research Institute, China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation (SINOPEC), China
| | - Rima Bao
- 2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Optical Detection Technology for Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Chengjing Feng
- 2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Optical Detection Technology for Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Wu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
- 4 Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Honglei Zhan
- 2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Optical Detection Technology for Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhang Li
- 2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Optical Detection Technology for Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
- 2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Optical Detection Technology for Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
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16
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Chen Y, Cao J, Huang R, Yang F, Wang Q, Wang Y. Characterization, mixing state, and evolution of urban single particles in Xi'an (China) during wintertime haze days. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:937-945. [PMID: 27599057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SPAMS) was deployed in the urban area of Xi'an to investigate size-resolved chemical composition and mixing state of single particles during the heavy haze episode occurred from January 13 to January 27 in 2013. Nine major single particle types were resolved with ART-2a algorithm including biomass burning (BB), Potassium-Secondary (KSec), elemental and organic Carbon (ECOC), sodium-potassium-rich ECOC (NaKECOC), sodium-potassium-rich-secondary (NaKSec), EC, OC, and Dust. Daily PM2.5 mass concentration was 213±122μgm-3. ~96% of the ambient particles were carbonaceous and internally mixed with secondary species such as sulfate and nitrate. The major particle types were from combustion sources, including coal burning, biomass burning, and vehicle exhaust. Mixing state analysis suggests gas-to-particle conversion was an important mechanism forming organic species during the winter haze episode. The relative abundances of the aged particle types, such as KSec and NaKSec increased with the elevated RH when RH<80%. The fraction of aged particles in terms of number concentration was prominent during high levels of PM2.5 under stagnant air conditions. This study gained new knowledge on atmospheric aerosol formation and evolution in urban environment heavy winter haze condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Rujin Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Fumo Yang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
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17
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Dall'Osto M, Beddows DCS, Harrison RM, Onat B. Fine Iron Aerosols Are Internally Mixed with Nitrate in the Urban European Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4212-4220. [PMID: 27002272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric iron aerosol is a bioavailable essential nutrient playing a role in oceanic productivity. Using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS), the particle size (0.3-1.5 μm), chemical composition and mixing state of Fe-containing particles collected at two European urban sites (London and Barcelona) were characterized. Out of the six particle types accounting for the entire Fe-aerosol population, that arising from long-range transport (LRT) of fine Fe-containing particles (Fe-LRT, 54-82% across the two sites) was predominant. This particle type was found to be internally mixed with nitrate and not with sulfate, and likely mostly associated with urban traffic activities. This is in profound contrast with previous studies carried out in Asia, where the majority of iron-containing particles are mixed with sulfate and are of coal combustion origin. Other minor fine iron aerosol sources included mineral dust (8-11%), traffic brake wear material (1-17%), shipping/oil (1-6%), biomass combustion (4-13%) and vegetative debris (1-3%). Overall, relative to anthropogenic Asian Fe-sulfate dust, anthropogenic European dust internally mixed with additional key nutrients such as nitrate is likely to play a different role in ocean global biogeochemical cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Dall'Osto
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia Institut de Ciències del Mar , CSIC Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - D C S Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT United Kingdom
| | - Burcu Onat
- Istanbul University Environmental Engineering Department Avcilar 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
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